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Facile synthesis of 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazoles via a sequential one-pot synthetic approach

  1. 1,2 ,
  2. 1 ,
  3. 2 ,
  4. 1,3 and
  5. 1,§
1AVIDIN Ltd., Alsó Kikötő sor 11, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
2Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
3AVICOR Ltd., Alsó Kikötő sor 11, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
  1. Corresponding author email
§ Tel.: +36-62/202107; Fax: +36-62/202108
This article is part of the Thematic Series "Multicomponent reactions II".
Guest Editor: T. J. J. Müller
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2338–2344. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.243
Received 03 Jun 2014, Accepted 18 Sep 2014, Published 08 Oct 2014
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Abstract

5-Aminopyrazole-4-carbonitrile and ethyl 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxylate, as potential trifunctional building blocks are introduced in a facile, chemo- and regioselective multicomponent assembly of imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazoles via the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction (GBB reaction). Besides the synthetic elaboration of a green-compatible isocyanide-based access in three-component mode, we describe an operationally simple, one-pot two-step GBB protocol for the rapid construction of a 46 membered imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole library with yields up to 83%.

Keywords: Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction; 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole; isocyanide; multicomponent reaction; N-heterocycles

Introduction

For the relatively rapid design and construction of a diverse, large pharmacophore library, the basic concepts of diversity-oriented synthesis and isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions, such as the Ugi four-component reaction (U-4CR), can be adopted. The sequential combination of four species (amines, aldehydes, isocyanides and carboxylic acids) in a single-pot synthetic operation permits access to bisamide peptidomimetics through a highly electrophilic nitrilium intermediate [1-4]. Modification of the conventional U-4CR protocol in three-component fashion by the incorporation of bifunctional 2-amino-substituted heterocycles provides an alternative route via an intramolecular N-trapping procedure, leading to various N,N-heterobicyclic systems [5-12]. A number of bifunctional 2-aminoazoles, including thiazole [13,14] and 1,3,4-thiadiazole [15,16] derivatives, or 2-aminoazine-based heterocycles, such as pyridines [17-19], pyrimidines [20-24] and pyrazines [25-27], have recently been utilized as Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé three-component reaction (GBB-3CR) inputs (Scheme 1).

[1860-5397-10-243-i1]

Scheme 1: The conventional GBB-3CR.

The transformations of either the 5-aminopyrazoles [28,29], or their 4-substituted ethoxycarbonyl [7,30-32] and carbonitrile [28,33-36] analogues via the GBB-3CR have not been appreciably examined so far. In the relevant literature [7,28,29,31-33], the products have predominantly been described as 5H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazoles with an endo double bond (and not as 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazoles), but without 2D NMR-based support. However, the GBB-3CR of functionalized pyrazoles might lead to the formation of two regioisomers [24] and four different tautomeric forms (5H- or 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole with an endo- or exocyclic double bond) of each regioisomer. As presented [7,28-36], the “endo” 1H- and 5H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazoles were synthesized by the treatment of the corresponding amino substituted pyrazoles with aldehydes and isocyanides in the presence (5–30 mol %) of Lewis or Brønsted acid at ambient temperature or under heating (50–140 °C). The main disadvantages of this protocol involve long reaction times (3–18 hours) and requisite purification protocols (column chromatography and/or recrystallisation) besides limited diversity arising from the pyrazole starting material. As far as we are aware, a one-pot two-step process involving the in situ formation of the desired amino-substituted N-heterocycles such as C4 functionalized 5-aminopyrazoles, followed by GBB-3CR has not been described to date.

On the other hand, the imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole core is definitely an attractive synthetic target, in view of its noteworthy pharmacological potential, which is strongly affected by the ring substitution pattern and the level of ring saturation. Among others, anti-inflammatory [37,38], antiviral [28,39] and antidiabetic [40] effects should be mentioned, besides the non-negligible cancer cell growth-inhibitory features of the corresponding compounds [30,34,41,42].

With respect to the current requirements of sustainable chemistry, our main aim was to design a streamlined and rapid green synthetic access route to a 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole library in sequential one-pot protocol utilizing four components such as hydrazine hydrate, ethoxymethylene substituted malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate derivatives, isocyanides and aldehydes.

Results and Discussion

In the initial stage, a model GBB-3CR was performed between 5-aminopyrazole-4-carbonitrile (1a), p-tolualdehyde (2a) and tert-butyl isocyanide (3a) in order to elucidate the structure of the product and investigate the regioselectivity. The synthesis of 5-aminopyrazole-4-carbonitrile (1a) was based on a literature method [43,44].

A single product was observed in a yield of 59% during a reaction time of 15 min when a catalytic amount of HClO4 (20 mol %) was used as GBB-3CR promoter [7] in EtOH. 1D- and 2D NMR techniques (1H,13C-HSQC, 1H,13C-HMBC, 1H,1H-COSY and 1H,1H-NOESY) confirmed the exclusive presence of a 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole core with an endocyclic double bond (6A), i.e., without the other possible regioisomeric and tautomeric forms 6B–H (Scheme 2, see Supporting Information File 1 for detailed data and spectra).

[1860-5397-10-243-i2]

Scheme 2: Plausible products 6A–H.

For optimization, the 3CR synthesis of 6 was investigated under different catalytic conditions (Table 1). No reaction occurred in the absence of either a Brønsted or a Lewis acid catalyst (Table 1, entry 1). However, the use of Lewis acids, such as indium(III) salts or TMSCl, improved the reaction rate, with yields up to 67% (Table 1, entries 2–4). The GBB-3CR catalysed by Brønsted acids, including PTSA or HClO4, led to similar yields as on Lewis acid catalysis, though better results were obtained by using a catalytic amount of TFA in EtOH (Table 1, entries 5–7). From the aspect of an operationally simple green protocol, a mixture of water and EtOH as reaction medium yielded optimum results in terms of isolated yield, reaction time and mode of isolation (Table 1, entries 7–15). The one-pot 3CR of 5-aminopyrazole-4-carbonitrile (1a), p-tolualdehyde (2a) and tert-butyl isocyanide (3a) catalysed by TFA (20 mol %) in water/EtOH 1:1 furnished 6 isolated by simple filtration in a yield of 79% during 15 min.

Table 1: Solvent and catalyst screen of the GBB-3CRa.

[Graphic 1]
Entry Catalyst Cat. load (mol %) Solvent Reaction time Yield (%)
1 – – EtOH > 72 h 0
2 In(OTf)3 20 EtOH 15 min 61b
3 InCl3 20 EtOH 15 min 67b
4 TMSCl 20 EtOH 15 min 64b
5 TsOH∙H2O 20 EtOH 15 min 52b
6 HClO4 20 EtOH 15 min 59b
7 TFA 20 EtOH 15 min 74b
8 TFA 20 CH2Cl2 15 min 35c
9 TFA 20 CH2Cl2 20 h 59b
10 TFA 20 CH2Cl2/MeOH 1:1 15 min 68b
11 TFA 20 MeCN 15 min 68b
12 TFA 20 THF 15 min 74b
13 TFA 20 MeOH 15 min 71b
14 TFA 20 H2O 15 min 63c
15 TFA 20 EtOH/H2O 1:1 15 min 79b
16 TFA 1 EtOH/H2O 1:1 36 h 46b
17 TFA 2 EtOH/H2O 1:1 20 h 62b
18 TFA 5 EtOH/H2O 1:1 1 h 75b
19 TFA 10 EtOH/H2O 1:1 25 min 76b

aReaction conditions: 1a (0.50 mmol), 2a (0.55 mmol), 3a (0.55 mmol), solvent (1 mL), room temperature. bIsolated yield after simple filtration. cIsolated yield after flash chromatography.

These results led us to envisage a sequential one-pot access to 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole species through the in situ microwave-assisted formation of 1a followed by a GBB-3CR. A comparative study for the optimum synthesis of 6 revealed that the cyclocondensation of ethoxymethylene malononitrile (4a) with hydrazine (5) under microwave irradiation (80 °C, 150 W, 10 min, EtOH) proceeded with complete conversion (Scheme 3). It should be mentioned that the presence of water in this step resulted in a complex reaction mixture, moreover, the role of the reagent addition sequence was found to be crucial. The GBB reaction proceeded smoothly with acceptable efficacy during 15 min (overall yield of 6: 65%), with the addition of water, aldehyde 2a, a catalytic amount of TFA (20 mol %) and isocyanide 3a to the solution of the preformed 5-aminopyrazole-4-carbonitrile (1a) at room temperature.

[1860-5397-10-243-i3]

Scheme 3: Synthesis of 6 via the sequential one-pot method.

The well-established sequential one-pot protocol was then adopted to synthetize a series of 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazoles from selected aldehydes 2a–j and isocyanide building blocks 3a–d (Table 2). Following the microwave-assisted rapid formation of 1a, the one-pot GBB reactions were completed during 10–60 min in yields of 23–83%. Unfortunately, limited substitution effect correlations could be established by employing aromatic aldehydes 2a–h. The introduction of electron-donating substituents such as 4-Me or 2,4,6-tri-OMe (derived from aldehydes 2a and 2h) resulted in similar conversions as for 2b, whereas the presence of two electron-withdrawing substituents as in 2e–g resulted in decreased yields. α-Methylcinnamaldehyde (2i) as an uncommon isocyanide-based MCR component was successfully subjected to the GBB reaction, leading to the formation of the corresponding bicycles 38–41 in yields of 26–67%. All the reactions except those based on pivalaldehyde (2j) provided access to 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazoles through simple filtration. Of the aliphatic isocyanides 3a–d applied, methyl isocyanoacetate (3c) often gave the lowest isolated yields, probably in consequence of self-trapping [45].

Table 2: Sequential one-pot GBB library generationa.

[Graphic 2]
Entry R1CHO R2NC   Product Yield (%)
1 [Graphic 3]
2a 		t-BuNC 3a 6 79b,c (65)c
2 t-octyl-NC 3b 7 66c
3 MeOOCCH2NC 3c 8 58c
4 CyNC 3d 9 75c
5 [Graphic 4]
2b 		t-BuNC 3a 10 68c
6 t-octyl-NC 3b 11 70c
7 MeOOCCH2NC 3c 12 70c
8 CyNC 3d 13 69c
9 [Graphic 5]
2c 		t-BuNC 3a 14 67c
10 t-octyl-NC 3b 15 71c
11 MeOOCCH2NC 3c 16 41c
12 CyNC 3d 17 74c
13 [Graphic 6]
2d 		t-BuNC 3a 18 63c
14 t-octyl-NC 3b 19 59c
15 MeOOCCH2NC 3c 20 35c
16 CyNC 3d 21 66c
17 [Graphic 7]
2e 		t-BuNC 3a 22 59c
18 t-octyl-NC 3b 23 39c
19 MeOOCCH2NC 3c 24 23c
20 CyNC 3d 25 46c
21 [Graphic 8]
2f 		t-BuNC 3a 26 59c
22 t-octyl-NC 3b 27 53c
23 MeOOCCH2NC 3c 28 28c
24 CyNC 3d 29 24c
25 [Graphic 9]
2g 		t-BuNC 3a 30 53c
26 t-octyl-NC 3b 31 41c
27 MeOOCCH2NC 3c 32 33c
28 CyNC 3d 33 46c
29 [Graphic 10]
2h 		t-BuNC 3a 34 70c
30 t-octyl-NC 3b 35 83c
31 MeOOCCH2NC 3c 36 48c
32 CyNC 3d 37 48c
33 [Graphic 11]
2i 		t-BuNC 3a 38 61c
34 t-octyl-NC 3b 39 67c
35 MeOOCCH2NC 3c 40 26c
36 CyNC 3d 41 63c
37 [Graphic 12]
2j 		t-BuNC 3a 42 50d
38 t-octyl-NC 3b 43 45d
39 MeOOCCH2NC 3c 44 47d
40 CyNC 3d 45 40d

aReaction conditions: 4a (0.50 mmol), 5 (0.55 mmol), ethanol (0.5 mL), MW (10 min, 80 °C, 150 W), then water (0.5 mL), 2a–j (0.55 mmol), TFA (0.10 mmol), 3a–d (0.55 mmol), room temperature, 10–60 min. bIsolated yield from the GBB-3CR. cIsolated yield after simple filtration. dIsolated yield after flash chromatography.

To create diversely substituted 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazoles, the sequential one-pot GBB method has been extended by means of ethyl 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate (4b), (1-ethoxyethylidene) malononitrile (4c) and ethyl (E)-2-cyano-3-ethoxycrotonate (4d). Application of these starting materials in the optimized protocol with a slight modification (elevated temperature was necessary for the microwave assisted preformation of pyrazole intermediates 1b–d) afforded highly functionalized 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole analogues 46–51 in yields of 54–79% (Table 3).

Table 3: Synthesis of highly substituted 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazolesa.

[Graphic 13]
Entry R1 R2 R3CHO R4NC Product Yieldb (%)
1 H COOEt 2a 3a 46 54
2 H COOEt 2b 3b 47 56
3 Me CN 2a 3a 48 79
4 Me CN 2c 3c 49 57
5 Me COOEt 2a 3a 50 74
6 Me COOEt 2i 3b 51 59

aReaction conditions: 4b–d (0.50 mmol), 5 (0.55 mmol), ethanol (0.5 mL), MW (10 min; 4b: 150 °C, 4c,d: 120 °C; 150 W), then water (0.5 mL), 2a–c,i (0.55 mmol), TFA (0.10 mmol), 3a–c (0.55 mmol), room temperature, 10–60 min. bIsolated yield after simple filtration.

Conclusion

We have described here the development of a de novo and facile one-pot, two-step GBB method. The established protocol allowed the rapid synthesis of a 46-membered 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole library with isolated yields up to 83%. Following the microwave-aided formation of functionalized 5-aminopyrazoles, the GBB-3CR transformations occurred during 10–60 min under mild conditions. This protocol offers operationally simple, green access to highly substituted 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazoles with easily variable substitution pattern and does not require complex purification techniques.

Supporting Information

Supporting Information File 1: Experimental and characterisation data.
Format: PDF Size: 6.9 MB Download

Acknowledgements

This work was supported financially by the New Hungary Development Plan (TÁMOP TÁMOP-4.2.2.A-11/1/KONV-2012-0047), the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (K 101659) and the National Development Agency of Hungary (KMR_12-1-2012-0072).

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