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Carbon–carbon bond cleavage for Cu-mediated aromatic trifluoromethylations and pentafluoroethylations

  1. 1 ,
  2. 1 ,
  3. 2 and
  4. 2
1Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
2Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
  1. Corresponding author email
This article is part of the Thematic Series "Copper catalysis in organic synthesis".
Guest Editor: S. R. Chemler
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2661–2670. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.11.286
Received 30 Sep 2015, Accepted 11 Dec 2015, Published 18 Dec 2015
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Abstract

This short review highlights the copper-mediated fluoroalkylation using perfluoroalkylated carboxylic acid derivatives. Carbon–carbon bond cleavage of perfluoroalkylated carboxylic acid derivatives takes place in fluoroalkylation reactions at high temperature (150–200 °C) or under basic conditions to generate fluoroalkyl anion sources for the formation of fluoroalkylcopper species. The fluoroalkylation reactions, which proceed through decarboxylation or tetrahedral intermediates, are useful protocols for the synthesis of fluoroalkylated aromatics.

Keywords: β-carbon elimination; carbon–carbon bond cleavage; decarboxylation; tetrahedral intermediate; trifluoroacetate; fluoral; trifluoromethylation

Introduction

Organofluorine compounds attract attention because of their applicability in various fields, such as medicine, agrochemical and material science. It has been widely reported that nearly 15% of pharmaceuticals and 20% of agrochemicals on the market contain fluorine atoms, including several of the top drugs. Of particular interest are compounds containing the structural motif of a (trifluoromethyl)aryl group (Ar–CF3) [1-7]. The characteristic size, strong electron-withdrawing ability, and the high lipophilicity of the trifluoromethyl group are key properties of biologically active CF3-containing molecules [8]. Perfluoroalkylcopper compounds (CnF2n+1Cu), which are soft and relatively stable perfluoroalkyl organometallic reagents (CnF2n+1M) with high reactivity, act as prominent cross-coupling participants in aromatic perfluoroalkylation reactions [9-32]. In order to prepare CnF2n+1Cu species, several representative protocols have been reported. Among these protocols, each method has individual merit. Particularly, Ruppert–Prakash reagents (CnF2n+1SiR3) have been used as the source of perfluoroalkyl anions (CnF2n+1−) for the generation of CnF2n+1Cu. However, perfluoroalkylsilane sources are costly for large-scale operation. On the other hand, economical and useful perfluoroalkylated carboxylic acid derivatives, such as perfluoroalkylated carboxylates (CnF2n+1CO2Na or CnF2n+1CO2K), halodifluoroacetates (XCF2CO2R), perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (CnF2n+1CO2R), perfluoroalkyl ketones (CnF2n+1COR), and hemiaminals derived from fluoral (CF3C(OSiMe3)NR2), can generate CnF2n+1Cu via carbon–carbon bond cleavage. Herein we focus on Cu-mediated perfluoroalkylation reactions through which carbon dioxide, the esters, or the N-formylamines are eliminated from the perfluoroalkyl reagents.

Review

Decarboxylation of perfluoroalkylacetates

Trifluoroacetate salts are one of the most readily available trifluoromethylating agents compared to ozone-depleting CF3Br, and expensive CF3I. Sodium trifluoroacetate (CF3CO2Na) is a stable compound at room temperature. Under heating conditions (150–200 °C), CF3CO2Na plays the role of the CF3− source and [CF3Cu] species with CuI are generated in situ. In the presence of CuI, CF3CO2Na undergoes trifluoromethylation with aryl halides via decarboxylation [33,34] (Scheme 1).

[1860-5397-11-286-i1]

Scheme 1: Trifluoromethylation using trifluoroacetate.

A pentafluoroethyl group (C2F5) was fixed at the arene with sodium pentafluoropropionate [35] (Scheme 2). The reaction mechanism is similar to that of the trifluromethylation using CF3CO2Na [33,34]. Upon heating, the mixture of CF3CO2Na and CuI in NMP, 3-chloroiodobenzene underwent cross-coupling to provide the pentafluoroethylated compound in 80% yield. The pentafluoroethylated aromatic product was applied to the synthesis of 2,2-difluorostyrenes through Mg(0)-promoted defluorinative silylation followed by fluorine-ion-catalyzed 1,2-desilylative defluorination.

[1860-5397-11-286-i2]

Scheme 2: Decarboxylative pentafluoroethylation and its application.

Buchwald et al. demonstrated aromatic trifluoromethylation using potassium trifluoroacetate (CF3CO2K), CuI and pyridine under flow conditions. Increasing the reaction temperature from 160 °C to 200 °C accelerated the decarboxylation of CF3CO2K [36] (Scheme 3). The trifluoromethylation using a microreactor resulted in a good yield within a short reaction time by virtue of the thermal stability of CF3Cu and control of mixing. Taking advantage of the flow microreactor, a new protocol for scalable aromatic trifluoromethylation was developed.

[1860-5397-11-286-i3]

Scheme 3: Trifluoromethyation with trifluoroacetate in a flow system.

From a mechanistic aspect, Vicic and co-workers explored the direct generation of CF3Cu from CF3CO2Cu. The use of (N-heterocyclic carbene)copper-trifluoroacetates prepared from trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was investigated in the decarboxylative trifluoromethylation of aryl halides [37] (Scheme 4). Not only iodobenzene but also 4-bromotoluene was trifluoromethylated by the [(NHC)Cu(TFA)] complex.

[1860-5397-11-286-i4]

Scheme 4: Trifluoromethylation of 4-bromotoluene by [(NHC)Cu(TFA)].

The perfluoroalkylation reactions mentioned above require a stoichiometric amount of copper reagent, whereas it was found that the addition of silver salts is effective for the copper-mediated trifluoromethylation of aryl iodides [38] (Scheme 5). The amount of copper used in the reaction was reduced to 30 or 40 mol % by adding a small amount of Ag2O. As a related decarboxylative transformation, silver-mediated aromatic trifluoromethylation was recently developed. Zhang et al. reported the direct aryl C–H trifluoromethylation in which TFA works as a trifluoromethylation reagent [39] (Scheme 6). In this reaction, TFA releases a CF3 radical via decarboxylation, which reacts with the arenes to yield trifluoromethyl-substituted products. This report suggests that TFA can act as a trifluoromethyl source in the reaction with inactivated aromatic compounds, while the control of regioselectivity is difficult.

[1860-5397-11-286-i5]

Scheme 5: Trifluoromethylation of aryl iodides with small amounts of Cu and Ag2O. aThe yield was determined by GC analysis. bThe yield was determined by 19F NMR analysis using CF3CH2OH as an internal standard.

[1860-5397-11-286-i6]

Scheme 6: C–H trifluoromethylation of arenes using trifluoroacetic acid.

Trifluoromethylation with difluorocarbene and fluoride ions

The reaction system with ClCF2CO2Me/KF/CuI also generates CF3Cu in situ [40,41] (Scheme 7). The demethylation of ClCF2CO2Me proceeds by iodide, followed by decarboxylation of the resulting chlorodifluoroacetate to provide difluorocarbene (:CF2), trapped by fluoride to give the CF3− species. This reacts with CuI leading to CF3Cu.

[1860-5397-11-286-i7]

Scheme 7: CF3Cu generated from chlorofluoroacetate and CuI.

The method described above for the trifluoromethylation of aryl iodides with ClCF2CO2Me and fluoride can be utilized for clinical studies. Herein, we introduce one example of decarboxylative [18F]trifluoromethylation for positron emission tomography (PET) studies. A synthetic methodology for [18F]labelled-CF3 arenes is desired for the application of PET imaging. The reason is that the [18F] isotope has a longer half-life (110 min) than 13N (10 min) or 15O (2 min); however, the incorporation of [18F] must be rapid and the use of the products containing [18F] must be immediate. Many of the reported strategies have a limited scope of starting materials or require expensive reagents and a multistep synthesis. The [18F]trifluoromethylation performed with commercially available reagents by using [18F]fluoride demands no complex such as [18F]CF2Cu, and thus the method should contribute to efficient PET imaging [42] (Scheme 8).

[1860-5397-11-286-i8]

Scheme 8: [18F]Trifluoromethyation with difluorocarbenes for PET. aRadiochemical yield determined by HPLC.

Synthesis of perfluoroalkylcopper from perfluoroalkyl ketones or esters

Langlois et al. reported that trifluoromethylation with methyl trifluoroacetate was successfully carried out in DMF or sulfolane at 180 °C [43] (Scheme 9). Methyl trifluoroacetate, which is more readily available than methyl chlorodifluoroacetate, acts as a trifluoromethylating agent. In this synthesis, the methyl trifluoroacetate/CsF/CuI system would form the tetrahedral intermediates to generate CF3Cu species in situ.

[1860-5397-11-286-i9]

Scheme 9: Trifluoromethylation with trifluoroacetate and copper iodide.

Mikami and co-workers accomplished the synthesis of CF3Cu at room temperature with perfluoroalkyl ketone derivatives and appropriate nucleophiles. It is indicated that the CF3Cu reagent is directly formed from tetrahedral intermediate A [44] (Scheme 10). The CF3Cu reagent was applied to aromatic trifluoromethylation with aryl iodides, which have electron-withdrawing or electron-donating functional groups, in good to high yields (Scheme 11).

[1860-5397-11-286-i10]

Scheme 10: Preparation of trifluoromethylcopper from trifluoromethyl ketone.

[1860-5397-11-286-i11]

Scheme 11: Trifluoromethylation of aryl iodides. aIsolated yield. b1 equivalent each of CF3Cu reagent and 1,10-phenanthroline were used. cReaction temperature was 50 °C.

The preparation of the C2F5Cu reagent was investigated as well [45]. Pentafluoropropionate was reacted with CuCl salt in the presence of KOt-Bu to afford C2F5Cu. A variety of aryl bromides were reacted with C2F5Cu under the optimized conditions, providing pentafluoroethylated aryl products in moderate to high yield (Scheme 12).

[1860-5397-11-286-i12]

Scheme 12: Pentafluoroethylation of aryl bromides. aYield was determined by 19F NMR analysis using benzotrifluoride (BTF) or (trifluoromethoxy)benzene as an internal standard. bIsolated yield. c4 equivalents of CF3CF2Cu reagent were used.

The copper-mediated oxidative trifluoromethylation of arylboronic acids are important reactions in organic chemistry because arylboronic acids are widely used. Oxidative, aromatic perfluoroalkylation reactions with arylboronic acid derivatives have been studied by several groups. Qing et al. and Buchwald et al. used the Ruppert–Prakash reagent (CF3–SiMe3) directly as a CF3− source [46,47]. From CF3–SiMe3, Hartwig et al. developed a new combination of Ir-catalyzed C–H borylation and oxidative cross-coupling using [(phen)CF3Cu] [48]. Grushin et al. utilized fluoroform for the preparation of CF3Cu, which participated in cross-coupling reactions with ArB(OH)2 in air [49]. Starting from CF3CO2Et or C2F5CO2Et, Mikami et al. obtained CF3Cu [44] or C2F5Cu [45]. The substrate scope of trifluoromethylation and pentafluoroethylation suggests that CF3Cu and C2F5Cu reagents are useful CnF2n+1− sources for perfluoroalkylation reactions. Furthermore, CF3Cu and C2F5Cu were utilized for oxidative perfluoroalkylation reactions of arylboronic acids [44,45] (Scheme 13).

[1860-5397-11-286-i13]

Scheme 13: Perfluoroalkylation reactions of arylboronic acids. aIsolated yield. bDMF was used instead of toluene as a solvent. c4 equivalents of CnFn+1Cu reagent were used. dPinacolboronate ester (Bpin) was used instead of boronic acid. eYield was determined by 19F NMR analysis using BTF as an internal standard.

Copper-catalyzed group transfer from fluoral derivatives

Catalytic systems in organic synthesis are desirable from an environmentally benign point of view. With regard to aromatic trifluoromethylation, the effort is devoted to reduce the copper reagents employed in the reactions. Copper-catalyzed aromatic trifluoromethylation with CF3SiMe3 was developed using phen as a ligand [50]. On the other hand, Billard and Langlois et al. described silylated hemiaminals of fluoral (trifluoroacetaldehyde) that act as a nucleophilic trifluoromethyl source for electrophiles such as aldehydes and ketones [51,52] (Scheme 14).

[1860-5397-11-286-i14]

Scheme 14: Trifluoromethylation with silylated hemiaminal of fluoral.

Amii and co-workers reported a copper-catalyzed aromatic trifluoromethylation from silylated hemiaminals of fluoral [53] (Scheme 15). Hemiaminal derivative 1 is readily prepared from commercially available CF3CH(OH)(OEt), which is a fluoral equivalent, and morpholine [52].

[1860-5397-11-286-i15]

Scheme 15: Catalytic trifluoromethylation with a fluoral derivative.

The substrate scope of the catalytic trifluoromethylation is shown in Scheme 16. Nitro, cyano, and ester groups in iodoarenes were tolerable under the reaction conditions of copper-catalyzed nucleophilic trifluoromethylation. Electron-rich iodoarenes underwent the nucleophilic trifluoromethylation to afford the corresponding trifluoromethylated benzenes. Furthermore, the trifluoromethyl group was introduced into naphthalenes and thiophene with hemiaminal 1.

[1860-5397-11-286-i16]

Scheme 16: The scope of Cu-catalyzed aromatic trifluoromethylation. The yield was determined by 19F NMR analysis using (trifluoromethoxy)benzene as an internal standard.

A catalytic amount of copper was enough to complete the reactions. In the synthesis of trifluoromethylarenes (Ar–CF3), the cross-coupling proceeded via the pathway shown in Scheme 17 [53]. First, the fluoride-ion-induced reaction of hemiaminal 1 with CuI-diamine complex 2 gave copper alkoxide 3. Then the trifluoromethyl group in 3 migrates to generate the trifluoromethylcopper(I) complex 5 with the elimination of N-formylmorpholine (4) [54]. Finally, Ar–CF3 is formed by the coupling of CF3Cu complex 5 with Ar–I, and CuI-diamine complex 2 is regenerated.

[1860-5397-11-286-i17]

Scheme 17: Plausible mechanism of Cu-catalyzed aromatic trifluoromethylation [53].

Conclusion

Fluorine has greatly contributed to the advancement of human life and the global demand for organofluorine compounds will continue to increase. Therefore, the introduction of fluorine-containing functional groups into organic molecules is recognized as a general strategy for the design of drugs and functional materials. In fact, the research activity on selective fluorination and trifluoromethylation has reached a mature state. The progress in fluoroalkylation of organic compounds could be accelerated by the use of fluoroalkylating reagents, which are inexpensive and easy to handle. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid derivatives, such as perfluoroalkyl acetates, trifluoroacetic acid, chlorodifluoroacetates, trifluoromethyl ketones and hemiaminals of trifluoroacetaldehyde, are attractive perfluoroalkyl anion sources for aromatic perfluoroalkylation reactions. The generation of perfluoroalkylcopper from perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid derivatives via carbon–carbon bond cleavage demands a high reaction temperature or basic conditions. Nevertheless, the simplicity of the operation and the reliability of higher yields would help the synthesis of fluorinated compounds in various fields.

Acknowledgements

The financial support of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) (ACT-C: Advanced Catalytic Transformation program for Carbon utilization) is acknowledged.

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