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Stereoselective cathodic synthesis of 8-substituted (1R,3R,4S)-menthylamines

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Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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This article is part of the Thematic Series "Electrosynthesis".
Associate Editor: J. A. Murphy
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 294–301. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.11.34
Received 28 Dec 2014, Accepted 11 Feb 2015, Published 27 Feb 2015
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Abstract

The electrochemical generation of menthylamines from the corresponding menthone oximes equipped with an additional substituent in position 8 is described. Due to 1,3-diaxial interactions a pronounced diastereoselectivity for the menthylamines is found.

Keywords: cathodic reduction; chiral amines; electrosynthesis; menthylamines; oximes

Introduction

Optically active amines serve as powerful and versatile tools in organic synthesis. Among numerous applications they are applied as chiral ligands [1], as catalysts for various asymmetric transformations [2], and as building blocks for alkaloid and pharmaceutical drug synthesis [3,4]. The increasing number of applications leads to a growing interest in the stereoselective preparation of such amines. Throughout the last decades, several strategies [3] such as stereospecific amination via C–H insertion [5-8] or asymmetric olefin hydroamination [9-13] have been investigated in order to obtain access to optically pure amines. However, the major fraction of starting materials for the synthesis of these compounds is still provided by the chiral pool. Usually, optically active alcohols or amino acids serve as starting material for such amine syntheses [14]. Naturally occurring terpenes such as carene [15], limonene [16], pinene [17,18] or camphor [19] are used as precursors for chiral β-amino alcohols. As precursors for α-chiral primary amines, fenchone [20] and camphor [21,22] are typically employed. Furthermore, optically pure dehydroabietylamine is readily available and applicable without further modification [23-25].

Among the terpenoid derived amines, menthylamine and its 8-substituted derivatives 1 represent a particularly interesting candidate. Due to the strong steric influence in the vicinity of the amino functionality, high selectivity can be expected for asymmetric transformations [26,27], since appropriate moieties as substituents R create a molecular U-turn (see Scheme 1).

[1860-5397-11-34-i1]

Scheme 1: Structural features of 8-substituted menthylamines 1.

However, while optically pure menthol derivatives play a significant role in organic synthesis [28], menthylamines have only been used in a few situations, which is attributable to their rather poor availability in optically pure manner. Among the applications reported so far, are the uses as building blocks in supramolecular receptors [29-34] or the synthesis of high-performance stationary phases for liquid chromatography [35-38]. (−)-Menthone (2) can be converted to menthylamine by different methods: A general way to convert naturally occurring terpenoids is the reductive amination under Leuckart–Wallach conditions (see Scheme 2, pathway I) [39]. This method was applied to convert 2 to N-alkyl substituted menthylamines [40]. However, a significant disadvantage of this method is the lack of stereocontrol and partial inversion of the configuration at position 4 resulting in a complex diastereomeric mixture. Alternatively, reduction of menthone oxime can be achieved, either employing Bouveault–Blanc conditions [41], or via hydrogenolysis at a transition metal catalyst [42]. Both approaches lead to the desired product as a diastereomeric mixture.

In the past, we elaborated straightforward and efficient approaches to optically pure (−)-menthylamine (3, see Scheme 2, pathways II, III, IV).

[1860-5397-11-34-i2]

Scheme 2: Synthetic strategies to menthylamines.

One protocol involves conversion of the inexpensive technical intermediate racemic neomenthol to menthylamine in a three-step sequence, followed by enantiomeric resolution employing tartaric acid (see Scheme 2, pathway IV) [43]. By the amount of water in the crystallisation mixture the precipitation of the desired diastereomeric salt can be chosen [44]. Furthermore, we developed a Bouveault–Blanc-type protocol where (−)-menthone oxime is converted to 3 in attractive diastereoselectivity (see Scheme 2, pathway II) [45]. However, the necessity for excess amounts of sodium metal constitutes a major drawback. Consequently, we also investigated on electrochemical alternatives for the reduction of (−)-menthone oxime. In this context, we found that it can be efficiently converted to the corresponding diastereomeric amines with an excess of 3a in a divided cell under galvanostatic conditions employing an Hg pool cathode (see Scheme 2, pathway III) [26]. Here, we report a new synthetic route to optically pure 8-substituted menthylamines 1 starting from commercially available (+)-pulegone (4, Scheme 3). An important feature of this sequence is the initial introduction of a sterically demanding moiety R in position 8 via cuprate addition. After conversion to menthone oximes 7 within the second step, R is supposed to enhance the stereoselectivity of the following electrochemical reduction process (Scheme 3, step 3). Concomitantly, the resulting amines 1 are expected to have improved properties as catalysts/auxiliaries for asymmetric transformations due to the increased sterical demand in the vicinity of the amine group.

[1860-5397-11-34-i3]

Scheme 3: Stereoselective synthesis of 8-substituted (1R,3R,4S)-menthylamines.

Results and Discussion

Exploratory work

Our previous studies revealed that menthone oxime can be electrochemically reduced on either mercury pool or lead cathode (see Scheme 4) [26]. Under optimized reaction conditions, the use of a mercury pool cathode renders compound 3 in 86% yield with a diastereomeric ratio (dr) 3a:3b of 2.4. In contrast, using a lead cathode under optimized conditions leads to a reversed diastereomeric ratio of 0.6 in 99% yield. Notably, methyltriethylammonium methylsulfate (MTES) was used as additive in the latter case in order to suppress lead corrosion and to improve the current efficiency [26,46,47]. These promising results prompted us to study the stereoselectivity of the reduction in the presence of a sterically demanding group in position 8 of the substrate molecule.

[1860-5397-11-34-i4]

Scheme 4: Influence of the cathode system onto the stereoselectivity of the reduction of (1R,4S)-menthone oxime.

Synthesis of the menthone oxime substrates

In order to obtain the desired 8-substituted (1R,4S)-menthone oxime substrates 7 we started from commercially available (+)-pulegone (4) in technical grade (92%) (see Scheme 5). First, the desired aryl moiety was installed by cuprate addition generated from aryl bromide 5, yielding the corresponding menthones 6a–c in good yields. In all cases, simple distillation is sufficient to isolate 6 in high purity.

[1860-5397-11-34-i5]

Scheme 5: Preparation of 8-substituted (1R)-menthones 6 and the corresponding oximes 7.

Subsequent treatment of epimeric mixtures 6a–c with NH2OH∙HCl and NaOH provides the corresponding (1R,4S)-menthone oximes in good yields (68–85%). For both, cuprate addition and oxime formation, conversions of the compounds exhibiting the diphenyl moiety in position 8 (6c and 7c, R2 = Ph) require prolonged reaction times and render slightly lower yields.

Electrochemical reduction of 8-substituted menthone oximes

The electrolyses were carried out in a divided cell using a Nafion® sheet as separator and platinum as anodic material. Since previous studies revealed that the reduction of the non-substituted menthone oxime was most effective on mercury or lead as cathodic material [26], we were prompted to study the influence of such cathodes onto yield and stereoselectivity in the conversion of 7a (see Scheme 6).

[1860-5397-11-34-i6]

Scheme 6: Influence of cathode material on the preparation of (1R,3R,4S)-menthylamine 8a.

The results clearly indicate that lead represents the superior cathode for this application. Compared to mercury, the use of a lead cathode renders significantly higher yields (93% vs 19%). Furthermore, an improved dr of 8:1 in favor of the desired isomer 8a is obtained (compare dr = 6:1 obtained at Hg). Both results clearly demonstrate the positive effect of the substituent in position 8 onto the diastereoselectivity of the reduction (compare Scheme 4, dr = 2.4). Since lead was distinctly the prime cathode material it was used throughout all further investigations. To determine the influence by the temperature onto the selectivity, the reaction was carried out at 20, 40, and 60 °C (see Table 1). Methyltriethylammonium methylsulfate (MTES) serves as additive in order to suppress electrode corrosion due to PbSO4 formation [26,46,47].

Table 1: Effect of temperature onto yield and stereoselectivity of the electrochemical reduction of 7a on a lead cathode.

Entrya T [°C] yieldb [%] c.e.c [%] drd [8a:8b]
1 60 33 13 6.2
2 40 85 34 5.4
3 20 93 38 5.2

aCatholyte: 0.5% MTES and 2% H2SO4 in MeOH, current density: 12.5 mA cm–2, passed charge: 10 F mol–1, anode: platinum; byield determined by GC (internal standard); cc.e. = current efficiency; dratio determined by NMR spectroscopy.

With increasing temperature higher diastereoselectivity can be observed, but the product yield strongly decreases. At 60 °C, hydrolysis of the oxime becomes the predominant reaction, yielding large amounts of menthone 6a and the desired product 8 in only 33% yield (Table 1, entry 1). Moreover, the influence of alkylammonium salt additives on the reaction was studied (see Table 2). Such additives are known to have a positive effect on reductions on lead cathodes due to the formation of an ionic coating on the electrode surface and concomitant inhibition of cathodic corrosion and evolution of molecular hydrogen [46,47].

Table 2: Influence of alkylammonium salts on the electrochemical preparation of 8a.

Entrya additive yieldb [%] c.e.c [%] drd [8a:8b]
1 [Graphic 1]
9 		83 33 7.5
2 [Graphic 2]
10 		93 37 6.2
3 [Graphic 3]
11 		95 38 4.7

aCatholyte: 0.5% additive and 2% H2SO4 in MeOH, current density: 12.5 mA cm−2, passed charge: 10 F mol−1, anode: platinum; byield determined by GC (internal standard); cc.e. = current efficiency; dratio determined by NMR spectroscopy.

The chosen additives differ in size and number of ammonium groups. The use of additive 11 leads to the highest product yield (Table 2, entry 3) but with a dr of 4.7 the lowest stereoselectivity. However, optimal compromise is given by MTES (additive 10) as additive with a yield of 93% and a diastereomeric ratio of 6.2 (Table 2, entry 2). The compact cation 9 renders the best result with regard to diastereomeric ratio, but with inferior yield of 83%.

Next, the elaborated conditions were applied to oxime 7b (Table 3, entry 2). The corresponding menthylamines 12a and 12b were obtained in only 42% yield in a diastereomeric ratio of 6:1. However, the yield can be significantly improved using other alkylammonium additives, such as tetramethylammonium salt 9, BQAOH (11) and cyclic alkylammonium salt 13 (see Table 3, entries 1, 3 and 4), whereas 10 and 13 render improved yields along with lower diastereoselectivity, the use of additive 11 provides the highest yield with best stereoselectivity (see Table 3, entry 3). Again, the positive effect of the substituent in position 8 onto the diastereoselectivity of the reduction is clearly demonstrated (compare Scheme 4).

Table 3: Electrochemical synthesis of 12a using different additives.

[Graphic 4]
Entrya additive yieldb [%] c.e.c [%] drd [12a:12b]
1 9 63 25 6.8
2 10 42 17 5.6
3 11 78 31 8.6
4 [Graphic 5]
13 		73 29 4.4

aAnode: platinum; byield determined by GC (internal standard); cc.e. = current efficiency; dratio determined by NMR spectroscopy.

Since the achieved results with additive 11 are very promising (78%, dr 8.6) we were prompted to perform further studies on the effect of the concentration of 11 contained in the electrolyte. The results reveal that a concentration of 1 wt % renders optimum values for product yield, current efficiency and diastereomeric ratio (see Table 4).

Table 4: Influence of the concentration of additive 11 on the electroreduction of 7b.

Entrya c (additive 11)
[%] 		yieldb
[%] 		c.e.c
[%] 		drd
[12a:12b]
1 0.5 78 13 8.6
2 1 89 36 8.9
3 4 85 37 7.8

aCatholyte: 2% H2SO4 in MeOH, current density: 12.5 mA cm−2, passed charge: 10 F mol−1, anode: platinum; byield determined by GC (internal standard); cc.e. = current efficiency; dratio determined by NMR spectroscopy.

Increasing the additive amount to 4 wt % does not have any further benefit onto the oxime conversion, while simultaneously the stereoselectivity decreases slightly (Table 4, entry 3). Employing oxime 7c demonstrates the limitations of our methodology. After passing 10 F under the optimized reaction conditions using additive 10, non-converted oxime 7c was fully recovered. A possible explanation is a strong decrease of the electron transfer rate due to steric shielding of the oxime functionality (see Scheme 7). Also the low solubility of the substrate is obstructive.

[1860-5397-11-34-i7]

Scheme 7: Protection of the oxime functionality in 7c due to the sterically demanding diphenyl moiety in 8-position.

Diastereomerically pure 8-substituted menthylamines

To obtain diastereomerically and analytically pure 8-substituted (1R,3R,4S)-menthylamines, each diastereomeric mixture can be transformed to the corresponding hydrochlorides by passing HCl through a solution of 8 or 12 in diethyl ether followed by a selective crystallization of diastereomers 8c and 12c from 1,4-dioxane or CH2Cl2/heptane, respectively (see Scheme 8). 8c and 12c can thus be obtained in 73% and 88% yield.

[1860-5397-11-34-i8]

Scheme 8: Separation of the diastereomeric 8-substituted menthylamines by crystallization of their hydrochlorides.

Conclusion

We presented an efficient strategy to synthesize (1R,3R,4S)-menthylamines with aryl substituents in position 8. Starting from commercially available (+)-pulegone, the desired aryl moiety can be installed in position 8 by cuprate addition. Subsequent treatment with NH3OH∙HCl at alkaline conditions provides the enantiomerically pure (1R,4S)-menthone oximes in good yields. In the final step of the reaction sequence, the oxime is electrochemically reduced. We found that the use of a lead cathode in combination with alkylammonium additives render the desired 8-substituted (1R,3R,4S)-menthylamines in high yields and good diastereoselectivity. Compared to non-substituted (1R,3R,4S)-menthylamine, the diastereoselectivity is significantly improved, owing to the increased steric demand of the substituent on the stereocenter in vicinity to the oxime functionality. However, if the size of the substituent is further increased, the electrochemical conversion is significantly impaired.

Supporting Information

Supporting Information File 1: Experimental details and 1H and 13C NMR spectra are provided.
Format: PDF Size: 1.2 MB Download

Acknowledgements

Financial support by the BASF SE is highly appreciated.

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