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Organocatalytic asymmetric Henry reaction of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with bifunctional amine-thiourea catalysts bearing multiple hydrogen-bond donors

  1. 1,2 ,
  2. 1,2 ,
  3. 1,2 ,
  4. 1,2 ,
  5. 1 ,
  6. 1 and
  7. 1
1National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  1. Corresponding author email
This article is part of the Thematic Series "Bifunctional catalysis".
Guest Editor: D. J. Dixon
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 295–300. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.31
Received 27 Nov 2015, Accepted 01 Feb 2016, Published 16 Feb 2016
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Abstract

For the first time, a catalytic asymmetric Henry reaction of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones was achieved with a chiral bifunctional amine-thiourea as a catalyst possessing multiple hydrogen-bond donors. With this developed method, a range of 3-hydroxy-3-nitromethyl-1H-pyrrol-2(3H)-ones bearing quaternary stereocenters were obtained in acceptable yield (up to 75%) and enantioselectivity (up to 73% ee).

Keywords: asymmetric catalysis; bifunctional catalysts; Henry reaction; organocatalysis; 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones

Introduction

Asymmetric organocatalysis has been demonstrated to be an effective and versatile strategy in facilitating a variety of organic transformations over the past decade, and numerous catalytic asymmetric reactions have been developed with various activation modes [1-6]. In this realm, chiral bifunctional catalysts, possessing two active sites, have captured tremendous attention in particular due to their unique ability of the simultaneous activation of the nucleophile and the electrophile in the same transition state [7-11]. Among them, chiral bifunctional thioureas bearing multiple hydrogen-bond donors have been successfully used as chiral organocatalysts for the asymmetric Michael addition and Mannich reactions [12-14]. Meanwhile, the Henry reaction is one of the most important carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions that provides straightforward access to β-nitroalcohols, which can be further transformed into amino-alcohols, amino acids and carbonyl compounds [15]. Much attention has been devoted to the development of an efficient catalytic asymmetric version of this reaction from readily accessible nitroalkanes and carbonyl compounds [16], such as aldehydes [17-19], α-ketoesters [20], α-ketophosphonates [21,22], fluoromethyl ketones [23,24] and isatins [25,26]. Despite these significant advances described above, the use of more challenging ketones with heterocyclic structures as Henry acceptors has remained relatively less explored. In this context, developing a new Henry reaction for the construction of the useful and versatile β-nitroalcohol scaffolds is still desirable.

Pyrrole skeletons represent an important class of heterocycles and are frequently found in many biologically active molecules and natural products [27,28]. Particularly, 3-substituted-3-hydroxy-1H-pyrrol-2(3H)-one derivatives exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities [29]. The reaction of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with various nucleophiles should be a straightforward way to access diverse and interesting 3-substituted-3-hydroxy-1H-pyrrol-2(3H)-ones. A survey of the literature reveals that the study of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones is mainly focused on three-component spiro-heterocyclization reactions [30-32]. However, for the catalytic asymmetric transformation, only one example of an aldol reaction of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with ketones has been reported so far (Scheme 1) [33]. Recently, our group developed a chiral bifunctional multiple hydrogen-bond amine-thiourea-catalyzed Michael reaction of acetyl phosphonates with nitroolefins, giving a series of β-substituted nitro compounds with excellent stereoselectivity [34]. Therefore, as part of our research program aimed at establishing new methods for the construction of quaternary stereocenters [35-37], we envisioned that the Henry reaction of nitroalkanes with 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones should take place with a chiral bifunctional amine-thiourea catalyst, leading to 3-hydroxy-3-nitromethyl-1H-pyrrol-2(3H)-ones bearing quaternary stereocenters (Scheme 1) [14]. Notably, this work represents the first example of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones used as Henry acceptors for the asymmetric reaction. Herein, we report our preliminary results on this subject.

[1860-5397-12-31-i1]

Scheme 1: The strategy to construct chiral 3-substituted-3-hydroxy-1H-pyrrol-2(3H)-ones.

Results and Discussion

We started our studies with the reaction of ethyl 1-benzyl-4,5-dioxo-2-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate (1a) and nitromethane (2a) in the presence of various chiral bifunctional organocatalysts 3a–e in dichloromethane (Table 1). As expected, the reaction proceeded and gave the desired product 4a in 18% yield and 28% ee with cinchonidine and L-valine-based catalyst 3a (Table 1, entry 1). The bifunctional, thiourea-tertiary amine catalyst 3b, derived from quinine and L-valine, furnished a similar result to catalyst 3a (Table 1, entry 2). Next, the reaction was attempted with catalyst 3c derived from L-phenylalanine and catalyst 3d derived from L-phenylglycine, and improvements in enantioselectivity were observed (Table 1, entries 3 and 4). Changing L-phenylalanine to D-phenylalanine furnished catalyst 3e, and the enantioselectivity was improved to 61% ee (Table 1, entry 5). Having identified 3e as the best catalyst, we undertook a solvent screening for this transformation with 20 mol % 3e at 30 °C (Table 1, entries 6–12). Arenes such as toluene and mesitylene gave relatively lower ee values (Table 1, entries 6 and 7). In contrast, the reactions in ethers gave improved yield with slightly increased enantioselectivity (Table 1, entries 8–10). However, strong polar solvents such as acetonitrile and ethyl acetate proved inferior to this Henry reaction (Table 1, entries 11 and 12). The solvent survey revealed that THF was the suitable solvent in terms of the yield and enantioselectivity (Table 1, entry 8).

Table 1: Screening of the catalysts and solvents.a

[Graphic 1]
Entry Catalyst Solvent Yield (%)b ee (%)c
1 3a DCM 18 28
2 3b DCM 25 27
3 3c DCM 25 38
4 3d DCM 29 41
5 3e DCM 23 61
6 3e toluene 24 46
7 3e mesitylene 36 58
8 3e THF 61 61
9 3e dioxane 59 53
10 3e Et2O 48 62
11 3e CH3CN 14 40
12 3e EtOAc 18 59

aUnless otherwise noted, the reactions were carried out with 1a (0.2 mmol), 2a (2.0 mmol), catalyst 3 (20 mol %) in solvent (2 mL) at 30 °C for 14 h. bIsolated yield. cDetermined by chiral HPLC analysis.

To further optimize the reaction conditions, the substituent at the nitrogen atom in 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones 1 and the substrate concentration were investigated. The results are summarized in Table 2. It was found that an isopropyl group furnished a better yield and ee value than a benzyl group (Table 2, entry 2 vs entry 1). Changing the isopropyl group to a methyl group decreased the enantioselectivity (Table 2, entry 3). To enhance the reactivity of the substrate, we also tried to introduce some electron-withdrawing substituents on the nitrogen atom. However, we could not obtain the desired substrates. Afterwards, upon the investigation of substrate concentration (Table 2, entries 4 and 5), it was found that increasing the substrate concentration could slightly increase the yield with unchanged enantioselectivity (Table 2, entry 4). Ultimately, the effects of the reaction temperature and the additive were also examined and no improved results were obtained (Table 2, entries 6–8). Based on these observations, the most appropriate conditions for the Henry reaction could be established: 1 equiv of 1a and 10 equiv of 2a with 20 mol % catalyst 3e in 1.0 mL THF at 30 °C (Table 2, entry 4).

Table 2: Further optimization of conditions.a

[Graphic 2]
Entry 1 x Time (h) 4 Yield (%)b ee (%)c
1 1a 2 14 4a 61 61
2 1b 2 14 4b 64 71
3 1c 2 14 4c 19 57
4 1b 1 14 4b 69 71
5 1b 3 14 4b 60 70
6d 1b 1 14 4b 64 46
7e 1b 1 62 4b trace ND
8f 1b 1 14 4b 75 66

aUnless otherwise noted, the reactions were carried out with 1a (0.2 mmol), 2a (2.0 mmol) and catalyst 3e (20 mol %) in THF for the specified reaction time. bIsolated yield. cDetermined by chiral HPLC analysis. dRun at 50 °C; eRun at 0 °C. f4 Å MS was added. ND, not determined.

Under the optimal reaction conditions, the substrate scope and the limitation of this organocatalytic Henry reaction were explored. The results are summarized in Table 3. First, we investigated the effects of the alkyl ester of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones 1. The replacement of the ethyl group by either a methyl or a butyl group had only a slight effect on the ee value but an obvious effect on the yield (Table 3, entries 1 and 2 vs Table 2, entry 4). After introducing different substituent groups on the phenyl ring of substrate 1, it was observed that the reactions take place, and the corresponding products in 44–73% yield with up to 73% ee were furnished. This was true regardless of the electronic nature and position of the substituents on the phenyl ring (Table 3, entries 3–10). When the substituent was in the ortho-position of the phenyl ring of the R2 group, a diastereoselectivity was observed that may be due to the steric hindrance of ortho substituents led to the atropisomers (Table 3, entry 3). A similar result was observed for the bulky 1-naphthyl group (Table 3, entry 11). The reaction was also performed with a 2-thienyl residue and the desired product was obtained in 51% yield and 71% ee (Table 3, entry 10). In addition, substrate 1o with no substituent on the nitrogen atom gave the desired product in 41% and 48% ee (Table 3, entry 12). The introduction of a phenyl group on the nitrogen atom had a negative effect on the reaction (Table 3, entry 13). Nitroethane was also used to react with 1H-pyrrole-2,3-dione 1b, and a good diastereoselectivity was achieved with an unfavorable yield and ee value (Table 3, entry 14). For the substrates with methoxy groups on the phenyl rings, the reaction gave relatively better results (Table 3, entries 4 and 7). We also tested the substrates 1q and 1r containing a methyl ester, and acceptable results were obtained (Table 3, entries 15 and 16). The absolute configuration of the major isomer 4i was unambiguously determined to be S by single-crystal X-ray analysis (Figure 1) [38]. The configurations of the other products were assigned by analogy.

Table 3: Scope of the reaction.a

[Graphic 3]
Entry R/ R1/R2 2 Time (h) 4 Yield (%)b ee (%)c
1 iPr/Me/Ph (1d) 2a 14 4d 55 65
2 iPr/n-Bu/Ph (1e) 2a 70 4e 52 70
3 iPr/Et/2-ClC6H4 (1f) 2a 62 4f 53 73d
4 iPr/Et/3-MeOC6H4 (1g) 2a 62 4g 73 71
5 iPr/Et/3-ClC6H4 (1h) 2a 120 4h 47 71
6 iPr/Et/3-BrC6H4 (1i) 2a 120 4i 44 70
7 iPr/Et/4-MeOC6H4 (1j) 2a 62 4j 61 72
8 iPr/Et/4-MeC6H4 (1k) 2a 48 4k 64 69
9 iPr/Et/4-FC6H4 (1l) 2a 62 4l 73 70
10 iPr/Et/2-thienyl (1m) 2a 120 4m 51 71
11 iPr/Et/1-naphthyl (1n) 2a 120 4n 75 51e
12 H/Me/Ph (1o) 2a 120 4o 41 48
13 Ph/Et/Ph (1p) 2a 120 4p 42 29
14 iPr/Et/Ph (1b) 2b 24 4q 23 22f
15 iPr/Me/4-MeOC6H4 (1q) 2a 84 4r 51 69
16 iPr/Me/3-MeOC6H4 (1r) 2a 120 4s 71 58

aUnless otherwise noted, the reactions were carried out with 1 (0.2 mmol), 2 (2.0 mmol). bIsolated yield. cDetermined by chiral HPLC analysis. dee for the major isomer and ee of another isomer is 60%, and 54:46 dr was observed. eee for the major isomer and ee of another isomer is 49%, and 53:47 dr was observed. fee for the major isomer, and 94:6 dr was observed.

[1860-5397-12-31-1]

Figure 1: The X-ray structure of compound 4i.

On the basis of our experimental results and the related reports about the bifunctional activation mode of nitromethane with different electrophiles [14,17,39], we propose a possible model to explain the stereochemistry of this transformation. As shown in Figure 2, nitromethane is activated by the tertiary amine to form the nitro enolate. Simultaneously, the 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones 1 are orientated by the multiple hydrogen bonds of the catalyst. Thus, the nitro enolate attacks the keto carbonyl group of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones (to the si-face) to furnish the corresponding product with S-configuration (Figure 2).

[1860-5397-12-31-2]

Figure 2: A proposed transition state for the asymmetric Henry reaction.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we have developed an asymmetric Henry reaction of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with a chiral bifunctional amine-thiourea possessing multiple hydrogen-bond donors as the catalyst. With the developed protocol, a range of 3-hydroxy-3-nitromethyl-1H-pyrrol-2(3H)-ones bearing quaternary stereocenters were obtained in good yield (up to 75%) and with moderate to good enantioselectivity (up to 73% ee). A possible transition-state model, characterized by the bifunctional catalyst acting as a multiple hydrogen-bond donor, is also proposed. The application of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones in the catalytic asymmetric reactions for the preparation of biologically relevant compounds is currently underway.

Supporting Information

Supporting Information File 1: General procedure, analytical data and spectra of all compounds, methods for conversion.
Format: PDF Size: 5.4 MB Download
Supporting Information File 2: Single-crystal X-ray analysis of 4i.
Format: CIF Size: 25.9 KB Download

Acknowledgements

We are grateful for financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21372217, 21572223 and 21572224), the CAS Western Light Program, and Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Foundation (2013JQ0021 and 2015JQ0041).

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