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Synthesis of non-racemic 4-nitro-2-sulfonylbutan-1-ones via Ni(II)-catalyzed asymmetric Michael reaction of β-ketosulfones

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1Department of Organic Chemistry, Samara State Technical University, Molodogvardeyskaya str., 244, 443100 Samara, Russian Federation
2Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, 119991, Mosсow, Russian Federation
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Associate Editor: S. Bräse
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1289–1297. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.127
Received 27 Feb 2019, Accepted 22 May 2019, Published 12 Jun 2019
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Abstract

Functionally substituted sulfones with stereogenic centers are valuable reagents in organic synthesis and key motifs in some bioactive compounds. The asymmetric Michael addition of β-ketosulfones to conjugated nitroalkenes in the presence of Ni(II) complexes with various chiral vicinal diamines was studied. This reaction provides convenient access to non-racemic 4-nitro-2-sulfonylbutan-1-ones with two stereocenters with high yield and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99%). It has been established that the catalytic Michael reaction itself was carried out with high diastereoselectivity, but the Michael adducts may epimerize at the C-2 position at a significant rate. Conditions for the preparation of individual diastereomers were found.

Keywords: asymmetric catalysis; chiral diamine ligands; ketosulfones; Michael addition; nickel complexes; nitroalkenes

Introduction

Sulfones are widely used in organic synthesis, particularly, in various reactions of C–C and C=C-bond formation [1-4]. The use of sulfones in Julia–Kocienski [1] and Ramberg–Bäcklund reactions [2] made this class of compounds frequently used in the synthesis of organic fine chemicals and natural compounds. In addition to using the sulfonyl group as an auxiliary, it is also included in some chiral bioactive molecules, such as remikiren (1, renin inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension) [5,6], eletriptan (2, Relpax®, serotonin 5-HT1 receptor agonist for the treatment of migraine) [7], and apremilast (3, Otezla®, inhibitor of the PDE4 for the treatment of certain types of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis) [8] (Figure 1). Recently we have shown that racemic sulfone 4 exhibits high antiviral activity against BVDV with low cytotoxicity [9]. However, it is of great importance to obtain all stereoisomers for the study of biological activity.

[1860-5397-15-127-1]

Figure 1: Рharmacologically active sulfones.

Therefore, the development of methods for the asymmetric synthesis of polyfunctional sulfones is valuable. The most notable of them are Ag- and Cu-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, which allows to obtain chiral cyclic sulfones with high enantioselectivity [10-12]. Also non-racemic cyclic sulfones can be obtained by the Diels–Alder reaction, catalyzed by chiral Lewis acids or organocatalysts. Rh- and Cu-catalyzed CH-insertion reactions occurring at moderate or high enantioselectivity are also known [13-18]. The studied methods for obtaining acyclic sulfones with stereogenic centers in the side chain are more limited. One of the most significant approaches to obtaining both cyclic and acyclic chiral sulfones is asymmetric hydrogenation in the presence of transition metal complexes. The preparation of hydroxy sulfones from β-ketosulfones in the presence of Ru [19,20], Ir [21] and Rh [22] complexes was described. Chiral sulfones were also obtained by hydrogenation of the C=C bond with α,β-unsaturated sulfones in the presence of Ir(I) complexes with P,N-ligands [23].

The asymmetric addition of various nucleophiles to unsaturated sulfones is also considered as an effective route to chiral sulfones. The conjugated addition of arylboronic acids to unsaturated sulfones under catalysis of Rh complexes was reported [24-26]. It was shown that arylboronic acids are attached to 1,2-disubstituted α,β-unsaturated sulfones in the presence of the Rh/(S,S)-chiraphos catalytic system. Modern methods for the synthesis of functionalized sulfones, with stereocenters in the side chain, by Michael addition are based, mainly, on the use of vinyl sulfones as Michael acceptors and aldehydes [27-32], ketones [33], α-cyano esters [34,35], β-keto esters [35], β-keto acids [36], thiomalonates [37], nitroalkanes [38], oxindoles [39] and thiols [40] as Michael donors. There are only few examples of the use of sulfones as Michael donors in asymmetric addition reactions. Thus, ketonitrosulfones were obtained with good enantiomeric excesses via asymmetric addition of α-nitrosulfones to enones in the presence of organocatalysts [41]. Asymmetric addition of β-ketosulfones to nitroalkenes was implemented using various organocatalysts [42]. The reaction of ketosulfones with nitroalkenes in the presence of organocatalysts shows high enantioselectivity, however, leads to a mixture of diastereomers.

For the catalytic activation of β-ketosulfones by metal complexes chiral Lewis acids may be considered as an alternative way to carry out the asymmetric Michael reaction with their participation. Asymmetric conjugate addition of activated methylene compounds (such as diketones, keto esters and malonates) to nitroalkenes in the presence of Mg [43], Co [44,45], Mn [45] and Ru [46] complexes was performed. The most remarkable results were obtained with Ni(II) complexes as catalyst for the Michael addition of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to nitroalkenes [47-54]. This reaction was used as a key stage in the synthesis of non-racemic analogues of GABA and substituted pyrrolidinones with neurotropic activity [47,51,52,54].

It should be noted that the reaction of β-keto phosphonates with nitroalkenes in the presence of Ni(II) complexes with chiral vicinal diamines was carried out not only with excellent enantioselectivity, but also diastereoselectivity [55]. Moreover, β-keto sulfoxides react with nitroalkenes under catalysis by Ni(II) complexes [56].

The above considerations lead to the use of β-ketosulfones in the Ni(II)-catalyzed reaction, since the proposed mechanism [47], that involves the formation of cyclic Ni enolate, and the high CH acidity of ketosulfones (pKa 9.8–10.5 [4]). The formation of the key intermediate can be provided by the coordination of β-ketosulfones through the oxygen atom of the sulfonyl group with Ni. For example, sulfoxide complexes with O-coordination of the corresponding ligands are widely known [57]. Although the donor properties of sulfones are lower than those of sulfoxides.

Results and Discussion

Initially we carried out a screening of catalysts using the Ni(II) complexes 7a–h with chiral vicinal diamines L1–L8 (Figure 2) in a model reaction of 1-phenyl-2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethan-1-one (5a) with ω-nitrostyrene (6a). The results of the study are shown in Table 1.

[1860-5397-15-127-2]

Figure 2: Structures of the ligands L1–L8.

Table 1: Screening of Ni(II) complexes with chiral diamines in the asymmetric addition of 1-phenyl-2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethan-1-one (5) to ω-nitrostyrene (6a)a.

[Graphic 1]
Entry Catalyst Conversion, %b drb,c
8a:9a 		ee, %d
1 [NiBr2L12]
7a 		86 2:1 91:82
2 [NiBr2L22]
7b 		82 7.3/1 89:80
3 [NiBr2L32]
7c 		80 2.2:1 91:82
4 [NiBr2L42]
7d 		40 6.5:1 70:65
5 [NiBr2L52]
7e 		42 1.4:1 92:71
6 [NiBr2L62]
7f 		40 2.4:1 96:51
7 [NiBr2L72]
7g 		39 1:1.4 >99:87
8 [NiBr2L82]
7h 		86 1.4:1 87:70
9 no cat. – – –

aReaction conditions: 5a 1.00 mmol, 6a 1.05 mmol, THF 1.5 mL, catalysts 7a–h 0.02 mmol, 20 °C, 24 h; bdetermined by 1H NMR; cthe absolute configuration of compound 8a was assumed by analogy with 8d; the relative configurations of the compounds 8a and 9a were assigned by studying their 1H NMR spectra in comparison with compound 8d, for which X-ray diffraction data were obtained (see below); ddetermined by chiral HPLC.

The Michael addition of the β-ketosulfone 5a was carried out with moderate to high enantioselectivity but low diastereoselectivity and led to the formation of two diastereomers (2R,3S)-8a and (2S,3S)-9a. Since we did not succeed in growing a crystal that was suitable for X-ray determination of the absolute configuration of 8а, we defined the absolute configuration as compared to the analogous adamantyl derivative, which will be discussed below. It should be noted that low diastereoselectivity was previously observed in the asymmetric addition of various Michael donors to nitroalkenes in the presence of both metal complexes [47] and organocatalysts [58-61]. This was explained by the authors as a result of the high CH acidity of the corresponding Michael adducts. The highest reaction rate with good enantioselectivity is achieved using catalyst 7a (Table 1, entry 1). For this reason, further studies were carried out with catalyst 7a. The study of the solvent effect on the reaction are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2: Solvent effect on the reaction of 1-phenyl-2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethan-1-one (5a) with ω-nitrostyrene (6a)a.

[Graphic 2]
Entry Solvent Conversion, %b drb
8a:9a 		eec
8a:9a
1 toluene 98 1:– 94
2 EtOAc 82 1.6:1 87:57
3 THF 86 2:1 91:82
4 CH2Cl2 89 2.2:1 81:63
5 CHF2CF2CH2OH 40 1.8:1 83:75
6 MeOH 47 1.8:1 83:35
7 CH3NO2 42 1:1 80:75
8 DMF 43 1:1 0:0
9 ethane-1,2-diol 18 1:1.9 NDd
10 MeCN 50 1.2:1 89:75

aReaction conditions: 5a 1.00 mmol, 6a 1.05 mmol, solvent 1.5 mL, catalyst 7a 0.02 mmol, 20 °C, 24 h; bdetermined by 1H NMR; cdetermined by chiral HPLC; dnot determined.

As can be seen from Table 2, the dr value decreases when using more polar solvents. An individual diastereomer 8a is formed when toluene is used as a solvent (Table 2, entry 1). The highest reaction rate and enantioselectivity are also achieved in toluene. Considering these factors, toluene was chosen as the best solvent for this reaction.

The obtained experimental data show that in some cases the formation of diastereomer (2R,3S)-8a or diastereomer (2S,3S)-9a as the major one is observed depending on the type of catalyst, and, on the other hand, the ratio of diastereomers in the presence of the same catalyst strongly depends on the solvent used. This suggests that the dr is determined by the rates ratio of the catalytic reaction (which can occur with high or low diastereoselectivity) and the epimerization of products 8a or 9a. Оne of the stereoisomers can be formed directly during the reaction. To test this hypothesis, we decided to study the evolution of dr on the course of reaction by 1H NMR spectroscopy (Figure 3). The reaction of sulfone 5a with ω-nitrostyrene (6a) was chosen as the model reaction.

[1860-5397-15-127-3]

Figure 3: Evolution of the conversion of 5 and diastereomeric composition of the products of reaction of 5a with 6a in the presence of catalyst 7a (2 mol %) in chloroform-d.

Conversion was determined by decrease of the integral intensity of the sulfone 5a methylene group signal at 4.75 ppm. The diastereomers 8a:9a ratio was determined by the ratio of the integral intensities of signals of the methine groups of 8a and 9a at 4.62–4.57 and 4.53–4.47 ppm, respectively. As the studies have shown, during the first 12 hours, one diastereomer (2R,3S)-8a was formed predominantly (dr 8a:9a of more than 14:1). During this time, the conversion reached 71%. Only after this period, the appearance of the significant amount of second diastereomer (2S,3S)-9a was recorded. After 24 hours, the dr (8a:9a) reached 6.3:1, while the conversion is 82%. After 50 hours, the dr reached 3:1, while the reaction practically stopped.

Further, we carried out a control experiment to evaluate the epimerization rate of product 8a in solution under the same conditions. For this purpose the individual diastereomer 8a was dissolved in chloroform-d and the formation of the second diastereomer 9a was monitored by 1H NMR. Surprisingly, we found that, along with the epimerization of (2R,3S)-8a to (2S,3S)-9a, retro-Michael reaction occurred (Figure 4).

[1860-5397-15-127-4]

Figure 4: Time profile of epimerization and retro-Michael reaction of (2R,3S)-8a in chloroform-d solution.

It is noteworthy that firstly the formation of sulfone 5a was more rapid than the epimerization of product 8a. After about 60 hours the content of sulfone 5a in solution became almost constant, while the amount of epimer 9a continued to increase. This fact may indicate that the formation of compound 9a may occur not only as a result of keto–enol tautomerism in solution, but also as a result of dynamic equilibrium between the Michael/retro-Michael products. This assumption is confirmed by a partial racemization of sulfones 8 at a prolonged storage, passing both the stereocenter at position 2 and the stereocenter at the position 3 (according to the HPLC data).

This study shows that the asymmetric addition of sulfone 5a to ω-nitrostyrene (6a) occurs enantio- and diastereoselectively and leads to isomer 8a, and the formation of 9a is explained by subsequent epimerization of 8a. The study of the reaction of various β-ketosulfones with nitroalkenes in the presence of complex 7a was carried out under the optimized conditions (Table 3).

Table 3: Asymmetric addition of β-ketosulfones to nitroalkenes in the presence of complex 7aa.

[Graphic 3]
Entry R R' Compd Conv, %b drc,
8:9 		eec, %
for 8:for 9 		Yieldd, %
8:9 		dre,
8:9 		eee, %
for 8: for 9
1 Ph Ph 8a/9a 98 1:– 94:– 77:– 1:– >99:–
2 4-ClC6H4 Ph 8b/9b 90 1:– 92:– 72:– 1:– >99:–
3 3-MeOC6H4 Ph 8c/9c 80 1.9:1 88:82 –:46 1: 29 –:>99
4 1-Ad Ph 8d/9d 87 1:– 93:– 67:– 1:– >99:–
5 Ph 4-FC6H4 8e/9e 88 1:– 96:– 74:– 1:– >99:–
6 Ph 4-ClC6H4 8f/9f 93 1:– >99:– 71 1:– >99:–
7 Ph 2-ClC6H4 8g/9g 98 2.8:1 92:93 93f 2.8:1 92:93
8 Ph 4-NO2C6H4 8h/9h 95 1:– 76:– 65:– 1:– >99:–
9 Ph 3-MeO C6H4 8i/9i 93 1:1.13 78:89 52f 1:2 >99:>99

aReaction conditions: β-ketosulfone 5a–d 1.00 mmol, nitroalkene 6a–f 1.05 mmol, toluene 1.5 mL, catalyst 7a 0.02 mmol, 20 °C, 48 h; bdetermined by 1H NMR; cdr (by 1H NMR) and ee (by chiral HPLC) in reaction mixture; the absolute configuration of compounds 8a–i was assumed by analogy with 8d; the relative configurations of the compounds 8a–i and 9a–i were assigned by studying their 1H NMR spectra in comparison with compound 8d, for which X-ray diffraction data were obtained (see below); disolated yields; edr and ee after crystallization (for entries 1–6, 8, 9) or column chromatography (for entry 7); fisolated yields for a mixtures of diastereomers.

The dr values for 8:9 are ranged from 1:– to 1:1.13. The formation of а mixture of diastereomers is observed in the presence of substituents in the 2- or 3-position of the aryl ring of sulfones or nitroalkenes.

Crystals suitable for X-ray analysis were obtained for compound 8d (which is formed as an individual diastereomer). This made it possible to determine its absolute (2R,3S)-configuration, as well as to assign the absolute configuration for the other compounds obtained. The molecular structure of compound 8d is shown in Figure 5.

[1860-5397-15-127-5]

Figure 5: ORTEP diagram of (2R,3S)-8d.

The relative configurations of other Michael adducts 8 and 9 were determined by comparing their NMR data with those of compound 8d. For (2R,3S)-isomers the value of 3JHH for proton at 2-C was 5 Hz, while for (2S,3S)-isomers this value was 11 Hz.

It is possible to use the previously proposed mechanism for 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds [47] to explain how Ni catalysts are able to activate the substrates. The postulated catalytic cycle is summarized in Scheme 1.

[1860-5397-15-127-i1]

Scheme 1: The proposed mechanism of asymmetric addition of β-ketosulfones to nitroalkenes.

We assume that the β-ketosulfone coordinates to the Ni complex generating Ni-enolate B. The nitroalkene is activated by coordination to Ni. The complex B regenerates after the conjugate addition via transition state C and coordination of a new β-ketosulfone molecule to Ni. TS1 and TS2 are proposed by analogy with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds [47] to rationalize the asymmetric induction. As illustrated in Scheme 2, β-ketosulfone is coordinated to Ni in more Lewis acidic equatorial position, whereas the nitroalkene is positioned in apical by avoiding the steric repulsion of benzyl groups (TS2-I and 2-II vs TS1-I and 1-II, Scheme 2). Additional hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen atom of the amino group and the oxygen atom of the nitroalkene in TS2-I and 2-II may also help to rigidify the transition state and improve the stereoselectivities.

[1860-5397-15-127-i2]

Scheme 2: Transition state models for asymmetric addition of β-ketosulfones to nitroalkenes.

The observed (2R,3S)-diastereoselectivity in the presence of catalyst 7a stems from the addition of the Re face of the β-ketosulfone to the Si face of the nitroalkene in TS2-I. We suppose that the CO group of sulfone is placed on the side of the nitro group, whereas the bulkier sulfonyl group is oriented opposed to the nitro group to minimize steric interactions.

Conclusion

In summary, a convenient synthetic protocol for the preparation of valuable non-racemic 4-nitro-2-sulfonylbutan-1-ones via Ni(II)-catalyzed Michael addition was developed. Corresponding sulfones were obtained with high enantiomeric excesses (up to 99%) by asymmetric addition of β-ketosulfones to nitroalkenes in the presence of Ni(II) complexes with chiral vicinal diamines. In some cases, a high diastereoselectivity of the reaction was observed.

Supporting Information

Supporting Information File 1: Experimental procedures, copies of NMR, FTIR, mass spectra, HPLC and X-ray diffraction data.
Format: PDF Size: 6.4 MB Download

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 18-13-00447) and a STOE STADI VARI PILATUS-100K diffractometer purchased by MSU Development Program was used.

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