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Dependency of the regio- and stereoselectivity of intramolecular, ring-closing glycosylations upon the ring size

  1. 1 ,
  2. 2 and
  3. 1
1Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
2Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Lausanne BCH-Dorigny, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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  2. Corresponding author email
Associate Editor: S. Flitsch
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1609–1619. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.7.189
Received 18 Jul 2011, Accepted 08 Nov 2011, Published 01 Dec 2011
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Abstract

Phenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(3-carboxypropionyl)-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside (1) was condensed via its pentafluorophenyl ester 2 with 5-aminopentyl (4a), 4-aminobutyl (4b), 3-aminopropyl (4c) and 2-aminoethyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-β-D-glucopyranoside (4d), prepared from the corresponding N-Cbz protected glucosides 3a–d, to give the corresponding 2-[3-(alkylcarbamoyl)propionyl] tethered saccharides 5a–d. Intramolecular, ring closing glycosylation of the saccharides with NIS and TMSOTf afforded the tethered β(1→3) linked disaccharides 6a–c, the α(1→3) linked disaccharides 7a–d and the α(1→2) linked disaccharide 8d in ratios depending upon the ring size formed during glycosylation. No β(1→2) linked disaccharides were formed. Molecular modeling of saccharides 6–8 revealed that a strong aromatic stacking interaction between the aromatic parts of the benzyl and benzylidene protecting groups in the galactosyl and glucosyl moieties was mainly responsible for the observed regioselectivity and anomeric selectivity of the ring-closing glycosylation step.

Keywords: intramolecular glycosylation; molecular modeling; prearranged glycosides

Introduction

Intramolecular O-glycosidic bond formation of tethered glycosyl donors and acceptors (prearranged glycosides) resembles to some extent enzyme-catalyzed glycosylation reactions where the glycosyl donor and glycosyl acceptor are first bound in the active site of an enzyme and thus, the glycosidic bond forms intramolecularly. Three different concepts for the intramolecularization of glycosylation reactions have been studied so far. For recent reviews on this subject see [1-4]. In the “leaving-group-based concept”, the glycosyl acceptor is attached to the leaving group of the glycosyl donor and O-glycosidic bond formation occurs synchronously to the cleavage of the leaving group [5-9]. In the “aglycon-delivery concept”, the glycosyl acceptor is attached to a labile acetal [10-14] or silylene group [15-17], which is cleaved and the glycosyl acceptor is “delivered” to the anomeric center upon its activation. In the “prearranged-glycoside concept”, the sole true intramolecular glycosylation approach which was developed in our [18-20] and Valverde’s group [21], glycosyl donor and acceptor are linked by a stable tether attached to positions not directly involved in the glycosylation step. Upon activation of the leaving group, an intramolecular, ring-closing condensation occurs affording a tethered saccharide (Figure 1).

[1860-5397-7-189-1]

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the “prearranged-glycoside concept” for intramolecular, ring-closing glycosylation.

Despite the fact that the “prearranged-glycoside concept” for intramolecular glycosylation has been successfully applied to the construction of glycosidic bonds that are otherwise difficult to establish (i.e., β-D-mannosidic and β-L-rhamnosidic bonds) and to the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides [22-24], the distinct effects which govern the regio- and stereoselectivity of the intramolecular formation of glycosidic bonds remain enigmatic. Both, the nature and the torsional flexibility of the tether and the tethered positions of the glycosyl donor and acceptor, as well as the size of the ring (that forms during the intramolecular glycosylation step), the solvent, and the activation procedure all seem to play a crucial role in this respect [3,25,26]. Previously, we have also shown for intramolecular mannosylations that double diastereodifferentiation is responsible in part for the anomeric selectivity of such intramolecular glycosylations, although the exact cause of this effect has not been unambiguously identified so far [27]. Therefore, we prepared a series of prearranged glycosides constructed out of a 1-thio-galactosyl donor and a 4,6-O-benzylidene-glucose acceptor tethered by peptide-bond-containing linkers of variable size, in order to study systematically the parameters influencing the outcome of the intramolecular, ring-closing glycosylation step. In order to further provide a rationalization for the observed regio- and stereochemistry of the reaction, we also performed a molecular modeling study, applying a force-field that was developed for general use in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry [28-30].

Results and Discussion

For the preparation of the prearranged glycosides 5, we started from phenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(3-carboxypropionyl)-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside (1), which was prepared in three steps from 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-1,2-O-methoxyethylidene-α-D-galactopyranoside as previously described [31] and condensed with pentafluorophenol (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, ethyl acetate, 0 °C) to afford the pentafluorophenyl ester 2 in 87% yield. Aminoalkyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-β-D-glucopyranosides 4 were prepared from the corresponding Z-protected glucosides 3. Previously, we prepared 5-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)pentyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-β-D-glucopyranoside (3a) by acetalation of 5-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)pentyl β-D-glucopyranoside with benzaldehyde and ZnCl2 [32]. Here, we used the more convenient method for the acetalation step with benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (PhCH(OMe)2, cat. TsOH, MeCN, 25 °C) [33], which gave 3a in 71% yield. Selective removal of the Z group from 3a was a rather delicate task because the benzylidene group must remain unaffected. After careful optimization, hydrogenation of 3a with Lindlar catalyst (Pd on BaCO3) in ethanol at room temperature gave 4a in 91% yield, which was sufficiently pure to be used in the next step without further purification. No hydrogenolysis of the benzylidene group was observed under these conditions. Compound 3b has not been described in the literature so far. It was prepared by first glucosylating 4-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)butanol [34] with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate [35] (cat. TMSOTf, CH2Cl2, −10 °C, 2 h, 68%). Next, Zemplén deacylation of the intermediate glucoside (cat. NaOMe, MeOH, 25 °C, 16 h, 97%) and acetalation as described for compound 3a afforded compound 3b in 77% yield. Hydrogenation of the latter with Lindlar catalyst then gave 4b in 80% yield. Similarly, compounds 4c and 4d were prepared by hydrogenolysis of the known Z-protected glucosides 3c [33] and 3d [36]. Finally, compounds 4a–d were condensed with pentafluorophenyl ester 2 (ethyl acetate, 25 °C, 16 h) to afford the prearranged glycosides 5a–d in 78–89% yield (Figure 2). As the condensation of ester 2 and amines 4 progressed, the products 5 precipitated from the solvent due to their poor solubility in ethyl acetate. This, however, facilitated the workup of the reaction mixtures significantly, as the prearranged glycosides 5 was isolated by simple filtration and purified by recrystallization.

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Figure 2: Structures of compounds 1–5.

All prearranged glycosides 5 were intramolecularly glycosylated by activating the phenylthio group with the NIS-TMSOTf reagent (Scheme 1) [37]. Attention had to be paid to the choice of solvent, because the tethered glycosides 5 were only poorly soluble in most solvents that are usually applied for glycosylations with thioglycosides under activation with NIS. Best results were obtained with a 1:1 mixture of CH2Cl2 and MeCN. All intramolecular couplings proceeded smoothly at −5 °C within one hour. The products 6−8 were purified by conventional chromatography on silica gel with mixtures of CH2Cl2 and acetone as the eluent.

[1860-5397-7-189-i1]

Scheme 1: Intramolecular, ring-closing glycosylation of prearranged glycosides 5a–d.

For the prearranged glycoside 5a, only the β(1→3)-linked product 6a (50%) and the α(1→3)-linked product 7a (6%) were obtained upon intramolecular glycosylation, forming an 18-membered macrocyclic ring. No (1→2)-linked disaccharides 8 were detected. The structures of 6a and 7a were unambiguously assigned by NMR spectroscopy. In compound 6a C-1 of the galactosyl residue resonated at 103.2 ppm, indicating a β-linkage, while in compound 7a it resonated at 96.6 ppm, indicating an α-linkage. The (1→3)-linkage for both disaccharides was proven by HMBC NMR experiments, which revealed a weak 3J-CH-correlation between H-1 of the galactosyl residues and C-3 of the glucosyl residues. The structure of 6a was further proven by the opening of the peptide bridge at the ester function, to give β(1→3)-linked disaccharide 9 in 84% yield (Scheme 2). Similar results were obtained for the intramolecular glycosylation of prearranged glycoside 5b, which afforded the β(1→3)-linked 17-membered macrocyclic ring 6b in 58% yield and the corresponding α(1→3)-linked ring 7b in 8% yield. Again, no (1→2)-linked disaccharides 8 were found in this case, and the structures of 6b and 7b were unambiguously assigned by NMR spectroscopy showing C-1 of the galactose residue at 102.8 ppm for 6b and at 94.7 ppm for 7b. HMBC NMR experiments revealed 3J-CH-correlation between C-1 of the galactosyl residues and H-3 of the glucosyl residues. For the prearranged glycoside 5c, the results for the intramolecular 16-membered ring-forming glycosylation were also similar. Only the β(1→3)-linked disaccharide 6c (58%) and the α(1→3)-linked disaccharide 7c (15%) were obtained, although 7c was contaminated with traces of 6c. However, the structures of both 6c and 7c were again unambiguously assigned by NMR spectroscopy showing C-1 of the galactose residue at 102.7 ppm for 6c and at 95.4 ppm for 7c, and significant weak 3J-CH-correlations between H-1 of the galactosyl residue and C-3 of the glucosyl residue in 6c and C-1 of the galactosyl residue and H-3 of the glucosyl residue in 7c.

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Scheme 2: Ring opening of compound 6a.

Surprisingly, the prearranged glycoside 5d gave no β(1→3)-linked disaccharide 6d and only a small amount (13%) of the corresponding α(1→3)-linked 15-membered ring 7d. Instead, the 14-membered α(1→2)-linked ring 8d was formed as the major product and was isolated in 59% yield. Here, no β(1→2)-linked product was detected. The α(1→2)-linkage for 8d was evident from its NMR spectra showing a signal at 97.3 ppm for C-1 of the galactosyl residue and a weak 3J-CH-correlation between C-1 of the galactosyl residue and H-2 of the glucosyl residue. Likewise, compound 7d showed C-1 of its galactosyl residue resonating at 97.2 ppm and a weak 3J-CH-correlation between C-1 of the galactosyl and H-3 of the glucosyl residue. The results obtained in this study mirror to some extent the trend observed by Fairbanks for the intramolecular mannosylation of compound 10, where the donor and the acceptor were tethered at their 6-positions by di- through to tetrapeptides (Figure 3) [38-40]. As observed in our cases, the size of the ring that forms during intramolecular glycosylation influences the anomeric outcome of the glycosylation. However, the distinct regio- and stereoselectivities in such cases are also strongly influenced by the nature of the tether and thus, by the preferred conformations that the prearranged glycosides adopt during the ring-closing condensation. Likewise, Warriner showed that the anomeric selectivity of an intramolecular glycosylation between a glycosyl donor and an acceptor that are tethered by a specially designed tripeptide through their respective 6-OH groups, depends on the peptide tether (peptide-templated saccharide synthesis) [41,42]. Therefore, in order to understand these factors better, we performed a molecular modeling study for the intramolecular glycosylation of the prearranged glycosides 5 and their cyclization products 6–8.

[1860-5397-7-189-3]

Figure 3: Intramolecular glycosylation of peptide-tethered mannosides according to Fairbanks [38-40].

Molecular modeling studies

Molecular models of the intramolecular glycosylation products 6–8 were built by using the molecular modeling program suite Moloc [28,29]. First, the β(1→3)-selective cyclization junction was modelled and energy minimized in a recently reparametrized version of the MAB force field [30], revealing that a strong aromatic triad is formed between the 4,6-O-benzylidene group of the glucose moieties and the 4- and 6-O-benzylether groups of the adjacent galactose residues (Figure 4).

[1860-5397-7-189-4]

Figure 4: Isolated β(1→3)-glycosidic linkage favored by triad aromatic-stacking interactions (ASI).

Further, the main glycosylation products 6–8 for interlinking chains (CH2)n with n = 5, 4, 3, 2 were constructed and energy minimized (Figure 5). A strain-free β(1→3)-junction is possible for all constitutions, whereby the family of conformations (including the case n = 2) is compatible with the aforementioned stacking effect. It is expected, that the hydroxy group at position 2 of disaccharide 6a is buried within the ring, and thus, is less reactive and hence difficult to acylate or to glycosylate: Indeed, all attempts to benzoylate the disaccharide 6a under various conditions failed.

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Figure 5: Stereo view of the superposition of β(1→3)-linked disaccharide models of 6a–d in stable triad-ASI conformations. 6a (n = 5) orange, 6b (n = 4) green, 6c (n = 3) pink, 6d (n = 2) magenta.

In spite of this favourable arrangement, for the case n = 2 predominant formation of the α(1→2)-linked product 8d was observed, justifying a more profound conformational analysis of this product (Figure 6). Conformational molecular dynamics runs (MD) were performed on both anomers of the two regioisomers of 8d to simulate the behavior of the molecule during more than 5000 ps of molecular motion. Thereby, it was found that for the observed regio- and stereochemistry an alternative conformation with two ASIs (2 + 2 ASI) and two intramolecular hydrogen bonds is significantly (2.2 kcal/mol) more stable than the virtual β(1→3)-linked product 6d; however, the triad-stabilized starting conformation for the MD is energetically significantly higher (4.8 kcal/mol) than the MD optimized conformation, since the latter profits from two hydrogen bonds and also two ASIs, even though it is decoupled. Thus, for the product constitution 8d with the highest relative macrocyclic ring constraint, the observed regio- and stereoselectivity can be related with intra- and interresidual molecular hydrogen bonding and non-bonding ASI terms in the most stable product conformation.

[1860-5397-7-189-6]

Figure 6: Most-stable product conformations for the cyclo-glycosidation reaction with ring size spacer n = 2 (constitutions 6d, 7d, 8d, and further the isomer β(1→2), were not observed). The various regio- and stereoisomers were modeled and subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) runs of at least 5000 ps, wherefrom the observed major diastereomer 8d emerged with a lowest free energy by more than 2.2 kcal/mol with respect to the β(1→3) isomer 6d.

Mechanistically, the complex reaction is thought to be initiated by a fast [43], exergonic glycosyl cation formation, which is then followed by the comparatively slow, entropy-reducing intramolecular cyclization step. Within the frame of an overall SN1 reaction, the cyclization step is regarded as the rate-determining step; therefore, the transition state for the nucleophilic addition to the glycosyl cyclic oxonium intermediate may allow for a rationalization of the observed regioselectivity over the course of the reaction. If the rate-determining step of the reaction is endergonic, then differences in productlike transition states will account for the observed selectivity according to Hammond’s postulate [44].

For the reaction path to the most constrained macrocylic ring system (constitution series d with n = 2), this argument holds, even to the extent of regarding the most stable product conformation as a valid model for the transition state: The observed major diastereomer 8d, α(1→2), emerges as the most stable product conformation by more than 2.2 kcal/mol compared to its next highest diastereomer 6d, β(1→3), as documented in Figure 6. Nevertheless, a closer approximation to the real transition state involving the pyranose cyclic oxonium intermediate is possible within our calibrated force field approach: Figure 7 highlights the stereoelectronic course of the reaction, which involves the 2’-OH nucleophilic center in a favorable, 1,2-diaxial addition to the cyclic C=O(+) moiety, resulting in the α(1→2)-anomer. This reaction path not only leads directly to the establishment of the most-stable, chair conformation in the pyranose ring, but moreover proves to be entirely consistent with accepted stereoelectronic principles in organic chemistry [45-47]. Given these arguments, the obvious question for the alternative stereochemical outcome of the cyclo-glycosidation reaction for the cases n = 3, 4 and 5 (series c, b and a) arises: In terms of the canonical stereochemical principles, we do not perceive a clear reason why they should not also cyclize to the α(1→2)-stereoisomer; indeed, extensive MD calculations (>5000 ps) on each of the possible product diastereomers (Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9) converge into most-stable, rearranged product conformations with most having the α(1→2)-stereochemistry.

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Figure 7: Most-stable product conformations for the cyclo-glycosidation reaction with ring size spacer n = 3 (constitutions 6c, 7c, 8c, and further the isomer β(1→2), were not observed). As in Figure 6, the various regio- and stereoisomers were modeled and subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) runs of at least 5000 ps, wherefrom the observed major diastereomer 8c, α(1→2), in its lowest conformation was again obtained with a free energy that was 2.3 kcal/mol lower than that for the next highest diastereomer 7c, α(1→3).

[1860-5397-7-189-8]

Figure 8: Most-stable product conformations for the cyclo-glycosidation reaction with ring size spacer n = 4 (constitutions 6b, 7b, 8b, and further the isomer β(1→2), were not observed). As in Figure 6, the various regio- and stereoisomers were modeled and subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) runs of at least 5000 ps, wherefrom the observed major diastereomer 7b, α(1→3), in its lowest conformation was obtained with a free energy that was 1.8 kcal/mol lower than that for the next highest diastereomer 8b, α(1→2).

[1860-5397-7-189-9]

Figure 9: Most-stable product conformations for the cyclo-glycosidation reaction with ring size spacer n = 5 (constitutions 6a, 7a, 8a, and further the isomer β(1→2), was not observed). As in Figure 6, the various regio- and stereoisomers were modeled and subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) runs of at least 5000 ps, wherefrom the observed major diastereomer 8a, α(1→2), in its lowest conformation invariably emerged with a free energy that was 1.0 kcal/mol lower than that for the next higher diastereomer 7a, α(1→3).

As summarized in Table 1, the most stable product conformations are generally supportive of the formation of the α(1→2) stereo- and regiochemistry, which would occur over a transition state as depicted in Figure 10 for the case n = 2. For the comparatively unconstrained cases n > 2 our analysis appears thus to have failed, since for these cases the β(1→3) isomers have predominantly been isolated from the reaction. Can we nevertheless find a stringent, modeling-based argument for the alternative course of the reaction with extended linker geometries?

Table 1: Calculated free energies of the most stable isomers of compounds 6–8 and the isomers not found during cyclization of compounds 5.

Compounds Length of
(CH2)n groupa 		Energy [kcal∙mol−1] of the most stable isomersb
6a–d β(1→3) 7a–d α(1→3) 8a–d β(1→2)c 8a–d α(1→2)
6–8a n = 5 42.77 40.76 45.79c 39.70c
6–8b n = 4 49.61 42.99 50.55c 44.75c
6–8c n = 3 47.51 44.29 47.22c 42.01c
6–8d n = 2 46.89c 53.01 47.28c 44.62

aSee Scheme 1; bEnergies were calculated by molecular dynamics, >5000 ps, for each isomer. Individual aromatic stacking patterns and H-bond contributions in the respective product conformations are illustrated in composite Figures 6–9; cIsomers not obtained during the intramolecular cyclization of compounds 5a–d.

[1860-5397-7-189-10]

Figure 10: Canonical stereoelectronic course of the intramolecular glycosylation reaction leading to the α(1→2)-linked product 8d favored by two independent aromatic-stacking interactions (2 + 2 ASI). Notably, the diaxial attack of the nucleophile in this case allows the direct formation of a chair conformation out of the pyranose cyclic oxonium intermediate.

Figure 11 illustrates what we intuitively anticipated at the beginning of the discussion, namely that the aromatic stacking interactions have a remarkable influence on the course of an intramolecular cyclization reaction: If the precyclized (seco) cyclic oxonium ion is modeled as an approximation for its transition state, the established stereoelectronic principles are overruled not only by a triple ASI, but rather by a quadruply aligned stack: A tetrad ASI. In extended MD runs (>10,000 ps), the tetrad does not dislocate into aggregates with alternate stacking patterns, whereas the corresponding constitution with a shorter tether bridge n = 2 rearranges after a short time of MD. The “non-canonical” tetrad ASI transition state is further stabilized by a strong transannular amide N–H···OH(2’) hydrogen bond as well as by an assisting, neighboring H-bond (3’)O–H···O=C(ester), which renders the previous more nucleophilic. In this case, the attack occurs from the opposite side of the oxonium intermediate and leads to stable product conformation only after formation of an initial pyranose envelope/boat conformation, which however easily flips to the chair conformation with the anomeric hydrogen in the axial and the glycosidic oxygen in the equatorial orientation.

[1860-5397-7-189-11]

Figure 11: Unusual stereoelectronic course of the intramolecular glycosylation reaction leading to the β(1→3)-linked products 8a–c induced by a cumulated tetrad aromatic-stacking interaction (4 ASI), and further by a strong transannular amide N–H···OH(2’) hydrogen bond (yellow) as well as an assisting neighboring H-bond (3’)O–H···O=C(ester) (blue). Extended MD runs (>10.000 ps) do not lead to a dissociation of the relayed aromatic tetrad.

Similar, possibly less-spectacular cases of product-controlling ASI effects have notably been found in peptide cyclization reactions [48,49] and very generally for the case of the induction of handedness in nucleic acid constructs ([50] and references cited therein). A remarkable differentiation of the regioselectivity of acylation reactions at differently exposed hydroxy groups was found for chiral 2’-O-tetrahydropyranyl nucleotides [51], whereby a particular hydroxy group is significantly deshielded in 1H NMR and consequently its nucleophilicity is thought to be enhanced by intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

Conclusion

We showed, for the intramolecular glycosylation reaction via “prearranged” glycosides, that the stereo- and regioselectivity of this condensation reaction does not only depend upon the relative configuration of the involved hydroxyls of the glycosyl donor and acceptor, as was previously anticipated. Rather, in addition to these factors, interactions (π-stacking) of the protecting groups in close proximity to, as well as distant from, the reaction centers play an important role in determining the stereoselectivity of intramolecular glycosylations.

Supporting Information

Supporting Information File 1: Experimental data.
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Acknowledgment

This work was financially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie. We thank the groups of Professor K. Albert and Professor K. Zeller for measuring the NMR and MS spectra.

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