Pyridine C(sp2)–H bond functionalization under transition-metal and rare earth metal catalysis
- Haritha Sindhe,
- Malladi Mounika Reddy,
- Karthikeyan Rajkumar,
- Akshay Kamble,
- Amardeep Singh,
- Anand Kumar and
- Satyasheel Sharma
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 820–863, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.62
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representative examples of bioactive natural products and FDA-approved drugs containing a pyridine ...
Scheme 1: Classical and traditional methods for the synthesis of functionalized pyridines.
Scheme 2: Rare earth metal (Ln)-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 3: Pd-catalyzed C–H alkylation of pyridine N-oxide.
Scheme 4: CuI-catalyzed C–H alkylation of N-iminopyridinium ylides with tosylhydrazones (A) and a plausible r...
Scheme 5: Zirconium complex-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 6: Rare earth metal-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation with nonpolar unsaturated substrates.
Scheme 7: Heterobimetallic Rh–Al complex-catalyzed ortho-C–H monoalkylation of pyridines.
Scheme 8: Mono(phosphinoamido)-rare earth complex-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 9: Rhodium-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation with acrylates and acrylamides.
Scheme 10: Ni–Al bimetallic system-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 11: Iridium-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 12: para-C(sp2)–H Alkylation of pyridines with alkenes.
Scheme 13: Enantioselective pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 14: Pd-catalyzed C2-olefination of pyridines.
Scheme 15: Ru-catalyzed C-6 (C-2)-propenylation of 2-arylated pyridines.
Scheme 16: C–H addition of allenes to pyridines catalyzed by half-sandwich Sc metal complex.
Scheme 17: Pd-catalyzed stereodivergent synthesis of alkenylated pyridines.
Scheme 18: Pd-catalyzed ligand-promoted selective C3-olefination of pyridines.
Scheme 19: Mono-N-protected amino acids in Pd-catalyzed C3-alkenylation of pyridines.
Scheme 20: Amide-directed and rhodium-catalyzed C3-alkenylation of pyridines.
Scheme 21: Bimetallic Ni–Al-catalyzed para-selective alkenylation of pyridine.
Scheme 22: Arylboronic ester-assisted pyridine direct C–H arylation.
Scheme 23: Pd-catalyzed C–H arylation/benzylation with toluene.
Scheme 24: Pd-catalyzed pyridine C–H arylation with potassium aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoroborates.
Scheme 25: Transient activator strategy in pyridine C–H biarylation.
Scheme 26: Ligand-promoted C3-arylation of pyridine.
Scheme 27: Pd-catalyzed arylation of nicotinic and isonicotinic acids.
Scheme 28: Iron-catalyzed and imine-directed C–H arylation of pyridines.
Scheme 29: Pd–(bipy-6-OH) cooperative system-mediated direct pyridine C3-arylation.
Scheme 30: Pd-catalyzed pyridine N-oxide C–H arylation with heteroarylcarboxylic acids.
Scheme 31: Pd-catalyzed C–H cross-coupling of pyridine N-oxides with five-membered heterocycles.
Scheme 32: Cu-catalyzed dehydrative biaryl coupling of azine(pyridine) N-oxides and oxazoles.
Scheme 33: Rh(III)-catalyzed cross dehydrogenative C3-heteroarylation of pyridines.
Scheme 34: Pd-catalyzed C3-selective arylation of pyridines.
Scheme 35: Rhodium-catalyzed oxidative C–H annulation of pyridines to quinolines.
Scheme 36: Rhodium-catalyzed and NHC-directed C–H annulation of pyridine.
Scheme 37: Ni/NHC-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective C–H cyclization of pyridines.
Scheme 38: Rare earth metal-catalyzed intramolecular C–H cyclization of pyridine to azaindolines.
Scheme 39: Rh-catalyzed alkenylation of bipyridine with terminal silylacetylenes.
Scheme 40: Rollover cyclometallation in Rh-catalyzed pyridine C–H functionalization.
Scheme 41: Rollover pathway in Rh-catalyzed C–H functionalization of N,N,N-tridentate chelating compounds.
Scheme 42: Pd-catalyzed rollover pathway in bipyridine-6-carboxamides C–H arylation.
Scheme 43: Rh-catalyzed C3-acylmethylation of bipyridine-6-carboxamides with sulfoxonium ylides.
Scheme 44: Rh-catalyzed C–H functionalization of bipyridines with alkynes.
Scheme 45: Rh-catalyzed C–H acylmethylation and annulation of bipyridine with sulfoxonium ylides.
Scheme 46: Iridium-catalyzed C4-borylation of pyridines.
Scheme 47: C3-Borylation of pyridines.
Scheme 48: Pd-catalyzed regioselective synthesis of silylated dihydropyridines.
