Recent advances in direct C–H arylation: Methodology, selectivity and mechanism in oxazole series

• Cécile Verrier,
• Pierrik Lassalas,
• Laure Théveau,
• Guy Quéguiner,
• François Trécourt,
• Francis Marsais and
• Christophe Hoarau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1584–1601, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.187

• methodology The first examples of direct C–H heteroarylation of various azoles were reported by Ohta, including the direct C5-selective pyrazinylation of oxazole with chloropyrazines in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4 as catalyst and potassium acetate base (Scheme 4) [36][37]. This protocol was successfully applied

• , which was highly effective in the direct arylation of oxazoles with various arylbromides (Scheme 7) [44]. In his initial study, Miura observed a substantial amount of C2-arylation of azoles, including benzoxazole, using Cu(I) alone as catalyst (Scheme 8) [40]. In 2007, this methodology was judiciously

• arylation of heterocycles, including electron-rich azoles with aryl bromides, by using potassium phosphate as a base and phenanthroline as a ligand (Scheme 8) [47]. Over the past few decades, it has also been demonstrated that copper catalysis is not required in order to attain good yield and selectivity in

Advances in synthetic approach to and antifungal activity of triazoles

• Kumari Shalini,
• Nitin Kumar,
• Sushma Drabu and
• Pramod Kumar Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 668–677, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.79

• azoles are a class of synthetic compounds that possess one or more azole rings. Whilst both imidazole and triazole are five membered ring heterocycles, imidazole contains two ring nitrogen atoms, whereas triazoles have three. However, compared with imidazoles (clotrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole

• to some synthetic antifungal agents makes it necessary to continue the search for new antimicrobial substances. Azoles are the largest class of antifungal agents in current clinical use [36]. During the last two decades, the incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) increased dramatically

• invasive Aspergillus and Candida infections. It has a wide range of antifungal activity against various fungal strains such as Candida spp. resistant to older azoles, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus spp, Bacillus dermatitidis, Candida immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum and other

Michael-type addition of azoles of broad-scale acidity to methyl acrylate

• Sławomir Boncel,
• Kinga Saletra,
• Barbara Hefczyc and
• Krzysztof Z. Walczak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 173–178, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.24

• , no corresponding regioisomers were obtained. Keywords: imidazole derivatives; methyl acrylate; Michael-type addition; pyrazole derivatives; 1,2,4-triazole derivatives; Introduction Derivatives of azoles are important biologically active compounds. Many, especially those containing imidazole

• of various azoles to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl and nitro derivatives has been frequently exploited in the synthesis of precursors of biologically active compounds [3][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. This reaction, although structurally restricted to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and their

• reports on the synthesis of Michael-type adducts of azoles by the use of microwave irradiation [7][24]. The optimisation of aza-Michael reactions with N-methylimidazole as the base catalyst was published in 2007 by Liu et al [25]. However, when this catalyst was used with azoles of narrower-scale acidity

Synthesis of some novel hydrazono acyclic nucleoside analogues

• Mohammad N. Soltani Rad,
• Ali Khalafi-Nezhad and
• Somayeh Behrouz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 49, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.49

• has led to an ongoing search for safe and efficient chemotherapeutic agents with potent broad-spectrum antifungal activities. Some of the best known antifungal azole drugs having rational versatility in structures are miconazole (A), oxiconazole (B) and related compounds, namely aryl azoles (Figure 1

• different strategies were considered for the synthesis of the title compounds taking into account the differences in chemical behavior of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases compared to azoles. Because of their better solubility, reactivity and ease of separation of products, the reactions of the azole

• that among published methods for N-alkylation of imidazole derivatives [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], the method developed by Liu et al. [35] was the most appropriate one for N-alkylation of azoles and their derivatives, since in this method the formation of quaternary imidazolium salts is

Sordarin, an antifungal agent with a unique mode of action

• Huan Liang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2008, 4, No. 31, doi:10.3762/bjoc.4.31

• immunosuppressed patients, especially those suffering from AIDS or cancer, fungal infections have become a significant, often life-threatening problem [1][2]. Present treatments rely on antifungals such as polyene antibiotics (amphotericin B), nucleoside analogs (5-fluorocytosine) and azoles (fluoconazole