Transition-metal-catalyzed domino reactions of strained bicyclic alkenes

• Austin Pounder,
• Eric Neufeld,
• Peter Myler and
• William Tam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 487–540, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.38

• to domino reactions which include at least two distinct reactions. The review is divided on the basis of the transition-metal catalyst used in the reaction and will not cover metal-free methods. The literature is covered up to and including January 2023. For reasons of clarity, newly formed bonds are

CuAAC-inspired synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-bridged porphyrin conjugates: an overview

• Dileep Kumar Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 349–379, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.29

• 85 and porphyrin-psoralen conjugate 87 could be potential candidates for PDT applications. Recently, Charisiadis et al. [45] explored this modular click chemistry protocol for the synthesis of a noble metal-free meso-triazole cobalt porphyrin diimine-dioxime conjugate 91 by covalently connecting a

• Cheng [63] designed a click inspired synthesis of novel discotic mesogen bearing a porphyrin unit, a triazole linkage, and a peripheral 3,4,5-trialkoxybenzyl unit (Scheme 32). Firstly, free-base porphyrin conjugates 151a–c were obtained by the CuAAC reaction between metal free tetraalkynylporphyrin 149

An efficient metal-free and catalyst-free C–S/C–O bond-formation strategy: synthesis of pyrazole-conjugated thioamides and amides

• Shubham Sharma,
• Dharmender Singh,
• Sunit Kumar,
• Vaishali,
• Rahul Jamra,
• Naveen Banyal,
• Deepika,
• Chandi C. Malakar and
• Virender Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 231–244, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.22

• Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Manipur, Imphal, 795004, India 10.3762/bjoc.19.22 Abstract An operationally simple and metal-free approach is described for the synthesis of pyrazole

• , metal-free and easy to perform reaction conditions. Moreover, the pyrazole C-3/5-linked amide conjugates were also synthesized via an oxidative amination of pyrazole carbaldehydes and 2-aminopyridines using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Keywords: C–S/O bond formation; metal-free; oxidative amidation

NaI/PPh₃-catalyzed visible-light-mediated decarboxylative radical cascade cyclization of N-arylacrylamides for the efficient synthesis of quaternary oxindoles

• Dan Liu,
• Yue Zhao and
• Frederic W. Patureau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 57–65, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.5

• is mediated by visible light irradiation. A wide range of substrates bearing different substituents and derived from ubiquitous carboxylic acids, including α-amino acids, were synthesized and examined under this very mild, efficient, and cost effective transition-metal-free synthetic method. These

• afforded various functionalized oxindoles featuring a C3 quaternary stereogenic center. Mechanistic experiments suggest a radical mechanism. Keywords: decarboxylative cascade cyclization; iodide catalysis; metal-free photocatalysis; oxindole; phosphine catalysis; Introduction Radical-initiated cascade

• limited substrate scopes (Scheme 1a). With the rapid development of sustainable chemistry, developing low-cost and transition-metal-free photocatalytic methods has become a strategic priority. In 2019 [54], the groups of Fu and Shang pioneered the photocatalytic decarboxylative alkylation of silyl enol

Two-step continuous-flow synthesis of 6-membered cyclic iodonium salts via anodic oxidation

• Julian Spils,
• Thomas Wirth and
• Boris J. Nachtsheim

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 27–32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.2

• blocks for the synthesis of natural products [16][17][18][19][20][21]. One subclass of HVIs is diaryliodonium salts (DIS), which have been used as versatile electrophilic arylation reagents in metal-catalyzed and metal-free reactions [22][23]. The corresponding cyclic diaryliodonium salts (CDIS) have

Redox-active molecules as organocatalysts for selective oxidative transformations – an unperceived organocatalysis field

• Elena R. Lopat’eva,
• Igor B. Krylov,
• Dmitry A. Lapshin and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1672–1695, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.179

• include their synthetic availability, wide opportunities for rational structure design, generally lower toxicity, air and water stability, metal-free nature, and the scalability of their production and use. These features have made organocatalysis a prospering area and an even more promising methodology

• in the case of chelating substrates [80]. In order to avoid the usage of transition metal salts, metal-free oxidative systems for the generation of imide-N-oxyl radicals were proposed. In the majority of such systems, an N-hydroxyimide undergoes single-electron oxidation photochemically by a

• were used as redox-active organocatalysts for the oxidative coupling of aryl- and alkenylmagnesium compounds employing molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant [154] (Scheme 38). Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) have gained much attention in the last decade due to unique reactivity, such as metal-free H2

A novel bis-triazole scaffold accessed via two tandem [3 + 2] cycloaddition events including an uncatalyzed, room temperature azide–alkyne click reaction

• Ksenia Malkova,
• Andrey Bubyrev,
• Vasilisa Krivovicheva,
• Dmitry Dar’in,
• Alexander Bunev and
• Mikhail Krasavin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1636–1641, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.175

• scaffolds. Recently, we reported a novel, metal-free synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles via a three-component reaction of α-acetyl-α-diazomethanesulfonamide (1) with aldehydes and amines [4]. The reaction proceeded, presumably, through the formation of the initial 1,2,3-triazoline adduct 2 [5

Functionalization of imidazole N-oxide: a recent discovery in organic transformations

• Koustav Singha,
• Imran Habib and
• Mossaraf Hossain

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1575–1588, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.168

• , like cycloaddition, metal-free coupling reactions, three-component or multicomponent reactions etc., which use N-oxide chemistry. In 2021 Timofey D. Moseev and co-workers unfolded an attractive procedure of the coupling reaction between 2H-imidazole 1-oxides and polyphenols under metal-free conditions

• the past years are discussed. This review contains cycloaddition reactions, nucleophilic halogenation reactions, metal-free coupling reactions, formation of N-heterocyclic carbenes, and multicomponent reactions, mainly three-component reactions. The mentioned methodologies have been performed by

• substitution reactions Metal-free coupling reaction through nucleophilic substitution of H-atom (SNH) In 2020, a C–H/C–Li coupling reaction between 2H-imidazole 1-oxides and pentafluorophenyllithium under transition metal-free conditions was reported by Timofey D. Moseev and co-workers [17]. The reaction

Dissecting Mechanochemistry III

• Lars Borchardt and
• José G. Hernández

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1454–1456, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.150

• were also key reagents to develop the mechanochemical halogenation of azobenzenes as studied by Ćurić and co-workers [4]. They demonstrated how, depending on the azobenzene structure, the halogenation of the C–H bonds with NBX occurred in the presence of Pd(II) catalysts or under metal-free conditions

Synthesis of meso-pyrrole-substituted corroles by condensation of 1,9-diformyldipyrromethanes with pyrrole

• Baris Temelli and
• Pinar Kapci

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1403–1409, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.145

• reaction conditions and catalysts, unidentified product mixtures were obtained instead of corrole products in both reactions. Then, the reaction of 1,9-diformyl-5-phenyldipyrromethane (1a) in an excess amount of pyrrole was tested to obtain pyrrole-substituted metal-free corrole through the oxidation of

• production of mono pyrrole metal-free corrole compounds and the polymerization reactions of the obtained compounds are ongoing in our laboratory. Experimental General information All reactions were performed under N2 atmosphere. All reagents and solvents were of reagent grade. The NMR spectra were recorded

B–N/B–H Transborylation: borane-catalysed nitrile hydroboration

• Filip Meger,
• Alexander C. W. Kwok,
• Franziska Gilch,
• Dominic R. Willcox,
• Alex J. Hendy,
• Kieran Nicholson,
• Andrew D. Bage,
• Thomas Langer,
• Thomas A. Hunt and
• Stephen P. Thomas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1332–1337, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.138

• research into the development of new catalytic methodologies, specifically those that use Earth-abundant and low toxicity elements, as an alternative to transition-metal catalysis [9][10]. Using metal-free catalytic systems, including boron-based catalysts, circumvents some of the issues associated with

• traditional metal catalysis, including trace metal contamination [11][12] and volatility of supply. Whilst there are several examples of main-group catalysed nitrile hydroboration reactions [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], currently, there are only two reported metal-free catalytic

• nitriles with broad chemoselectivity, raise the standing of metal-free catalysis in nitrile hydroboration, and increase user accessibility by using commercially available catalysts and turnover reagents (Scheme 1b). Results and Discussion Investigations began by screening a combination of commercially

Mechanochemical bottom-up synthesis of phosphorus-linked, heptazine-based carbon nitrides using sodium phosphide

• Blaine G. Fiss,
• Georgia Douglas,
• Michael Ferguson,
• Jorge Becerra,
• Jesus Valdez,
• Trong-On Do,
• Tomislav Friščić and
• Audrey Moores

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1203–1209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.125

• minimize the bandgap of these metal-free photocatalysts, as well as improve their overall stability. Traditional routes to incorporate phosphorus have relied on high-temperature [7] or microwave [8] syntheses, and often proceed through the introduction of a phosphorus atom within the heptazine ring, which

Derivatives of benzo-1,4-thiazine-3-carboxylic acid and the corresponding amino acid conjugates

• Péter Kisszékelyi,
• Tibor Peňaška,
• Klára Stankovianska,
• Mária Mečiarová and
• Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1195–1202, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.124

• a reversible acidochromic behavior [30]. Zhao et al. demonstrated a three-component transition-metal-free aerobic method using a KI/DMSO/O2 system for the facile generation of iminobenzo-1,4-thiazines in moderate to good yield [31]. 3,4-Dihydro-2H-benzo-1,4-thiazine derivatives 6 were also

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters: sensing and boosting spin-flipping by aggregation

• Ashish Kumar Mazumdar,
• Gyana Prakash Nanda,
• Nisha Yadav,
• Upasana Deori,
• Upasha Acharyya,
• Bahadur Sk and
• Pachaiyappan Rajamalli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1177–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.122

• Ashish Kumar Mazumdar Gyana Prakash Nanda Nisha Yadav Upasana Deori Upasha Acharyya Bahadur Sk Pachaiyappan Rajamalli Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India 10.3762/bjoc.18.122 Abstract Metal-free organic emitters with

• as well as the relevance for fluorescence-based acid–base sensing. Keywords: intramolecular charge transfer; molecular aggregates; sensing; thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF); Introduction Metal-free organic solid-state emitters have gained increasing interest in recent years due to

• base fumes, etc. [10][11]. However, the fluorescence quantum yield of such emitters in the solid state is relatively low due to the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect [12][13][14] and limits practical applications. Hence, metal-free emitters with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) in

Synthesis of N-phenyl- and N-thiazolyl-1H-indazoles by copper-catalyzed intramolecular N-arylation of ortho-chlorinated arylhydrazones

• Yara Cristina Marchioro Barbosa,
• Guilherme Caneppele Paveglio,
• Claudio Martin Pereira de Pereira,
• Sidnei Moura,
• Cristiane Storck Schwalm,
• Gleison Antonio Casagrande and
• Lucas Pizzuti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1079–1087, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.110

• de Caxias do Sul, 95070-560, Caxias do Sul-RS, Brazil 10.3762/bjoc.18.110 Abstract The broad application of 1H-indazoles has prompted the development of several approaches for the synthesis of such compounds, including metal-free, palladium-, or copper-promoted intramolecular N-arylation of in situ

• reaction of hydrazones and p-benzoquinones [16], and Co3+/Cu2+-catalyzed C−N/N−N coupling of imidates with anthranils as both aminating reagents and organic oxidants [17]. Additional established routes to 1H-indazoles comprise transition metal‐catalyzed [18][19][20] and metal-free [21][22] intramolecular

• ‐substituents, and others suffer from poor regioselectivity for substrates without a directing group [18][19][21][22]. On the other hand, methods based on metal-free [23], palladium- [24][25], and copper-promoted [26][27][28][29][30][31] intramolecular N-arylation of in situ-generated or isolated o

Automated grindstone chemistry: a simple and facile way for PEG-assisted stoichiometry-controlled halogenation of phenols and anilines using N-halosuccinimides

• Dharmendra Das,
• Akhil A. Bhosle,
• Amrita Chatterjee and
• Mainak Banerjee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 999–1008, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.100

• dihalogenations. As known, the decarboxylation (or desulfonation) was observed in the case of salicylic acids and anthranilic acids (or sulfanilic acids) leading to 2,4,6-trihalogenated products when 3 equiv of NXS was used. Simple instrumentation, metal-free approach, cost-effectiveness, atom economy, short

Synthetic strategies for the preparation of γ-phostams: 1,2-azaphospholidine 2-oxides and 1,2-azaphospholine 2-oxides

• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 889–915, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.90

• (Scheme 5) [25]. The metal-free intramolecular oxidative C–H bond amidation of methyl and ethyl 2,6-dimethylphenylphosphonamidates 24, 26, and 28 is an interesting strategy for the synthesis of 1-methoxy/ethoxy-7-methyl-2-hydrobenzo[c][1,2]azaphosphol-3-one 1-oxide derivatives 25, 27, and 29 in

• -arylmethylidene-2,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]azaphosphole 1-oxides via the TBAF-mediated cyclization of N-alkyl-P-(2-ethynylaryl)-P-phenylphosphinamides. Synthesis of 2-hydrobenzo[c][1,2]azaphosphol-3-one 1-oxides via the metal-free intramolecular oxidative C–H bond formation of alkyl 6-substituted 2

Cathodic generation of reactive (phenylthio)difluoromethyl species and its reactions: mechanistic aspects and synthetic applications

• Sadanobu Iwase,
• Shinsuke Inagi and
• Toshio Fuchigami

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 872–880, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.88

• , these methods require various metal and organometallic reagents. On the other hand, electrochemical organic synthesis is a metal-free process and does not require any hazardous reagents and it produces less waste than conventional chemical syntheses. Therefore, electrochemical synthesis is desirable

Synthesis of α-(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)propiophenones: a new set of reagents for the light-mediated perfluoroalkylation of aromatics

• Durbis J. Castillo-Pazos,
• Juan D. Lasso and
• Chao-Jun Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 788–795, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.79

• synthetic chemistry, we report the synthesis of a series of bench-stable α-(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)propiophenones. Their application as photocleavable reagents was tested with electron-rich aromatics under metal-free, redox- and pH-neutral conditions to enable late-stage perfluorooctylation

• , the expansion of our previously reported propiophenone family of reagents was envisioned as suitable alternative to produce a bench stable, organic soluble, and iodine-free perfluroalkylation source. In 2017, our group developed a metal-free and redox-neutral protocol for the photoinduced alkylation

Inductive heating and flow chemistry – a perfect synergy of emerging enabling technologies

• Conrad Kuhwald,
• Sibel Türkhan and
• Andreas Kirschning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 688–706, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.70

• inductive heating technology has also been used in multistep processes targeting drugs or important molecules in the fragrance industry. The first example deals with a metal-free carbon–carbon-bond formation process between tosylhydrazones generated from the corresponding aldehydes 74 and boronic acids 76

DDQ in mechanochemical C–N coupling reactions

• Shyamal Kanti Bera,
• Rosalin Bhanja and
• Prasenjit Mal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 639–646, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.64

• green and eco-friendly methodology due to its solvent-free and metal-free nature. So, it can also be regarded as an alternative pathway to the traditional solution-based protocols. We anticipate that our developed strategy will have a substantial impact on the field of organic synthesis. Our work on

BINOL as a chiral element in mechanically interlocked molecules

• Matthias Krajnc and
• Jochen Niemeyer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 508–523, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.53

• spectrum of (R)-10 shows intense signals at 321 and 344 nm, which were assigned to the diyne thread located inside the chiral environment of the BINOL-based macrocycle (see Figure 3). An example of a metal-free template approach for the synthesis of a BINOL-based [2]rotaxane was reported by Stoddart and co

Tosylhydrazine-promoted self-conjugate reduction–Michael/aldol reaction of 3-phenacylideneoxindoles towards dispirocyclopentanebisoxindole derivatives

• Sayan Pramanik and
• Chhanda Mukhopadhyay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 469–478, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.49

• and operational simplicity through one pot reaction. Keywords: chemoselective conjugate reduction; dispirocyclopentanebisoxindole scaffolds; metal-free; one-pot operation; reductive cyclization; Introduction There is a vast demand of the structurally complex spirooxindole scaffold which is an

• important functional group transformation for the synthesis of heterocyclic and carbocyclic building blocks and reactive intermediates. Besides the use of various reducing agents, it is observed that tosylhydrazine develops the transition-metal-free and highly chemoselective conjugate reduction of α,β

• dimerization produces dispirocyclopentanebisoxindoles in a transition-metal-free protocol (Scheme 1). Results and Discussion There is extensive application of 3-phenacylideneoxindoles generating diverse reaction strategies following the regioselective and diastereoselective synthesis of carbocyclic and

Menadione: a platform and a target to valuable compounds synthesis

• Acácio S. de Souza,
• Ruan Carlos B. Ribeiro,
• Dora C. S. Costa,
• Fernanda P. Pauli,
• David R. Pinho,
• Matheus G. de Moraes,
• Fernando de C. da Silva,
• Luana da S. M. Forezi and
• Vitor F. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 381–419, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.43

Regioselectivity of the S_EAr-based cyclizations and S_EAr-terminated annulations of 3,5-unsubstituted, 4-substituted indoles

• Jonali Das and
• Sajal Kumar Das

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 293–302, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.33

• generated via 1,6-hydride shift in both I and II. Finally, an intramolecular Mannich-type cyclization then furnishes products 27. The cascade protocol enjoys several advantageous synthetic features, including high step- and atom-economy, transition-metal-free and room temperature conditions. In all cases