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Search for "enzymes" in Full Text gives 481 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.

Ready access to 7,8-dihydroindolo[2,3-d][1]benzazepine-6(5H)-one scaffold and analogues via early-stage Fischer ring-closure reaction

  • Irina Kuznetcova,
  • Felix Bacher,
  • Daniel Vegh,
  • Hsiang-Yu Chuang and
  • Vladimir B. Arion

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 143–151, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.15

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  • particular enzymes. Preliminary results indicate that scaffold C shows good affinity to proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, a well-known anticancer target [47], with IC50 = 0.26 µM and is a suitable candidate for further structural optimization. Paullone related indolobenzazepinone isomers. 7,12
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Published 26 Jan 2022

1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid salts in organic synthesis

  • Ruan Carlos B. Ribeiro,
  • Patricia G. Ferreira,
  • Amanda de A. Borges,
  • Luana da S. M. Forezi,
  • Fernando de Carvalho da Silva and
  • Vitor F. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 53–69, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.5

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  • cause several damages to its components, such as carbohydrates, lipids, membrane components, and enzymes that are critical for DNA replication [9][10][11][12]. Most synthetic strategies toward naphthoquinones with potential biological activity start from natural and synthetic naphthoquinones, inserting
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Published 05 Jan 2022

Synthetic strategies toward 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside analogues

  • Umesh P. Aher,
  • Dhananjai Srivastava,
  • Girij P. Singh and
  • Jayashree B. S

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2680–2715, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.182

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  • -oxathiolane nucleosides via resolution methods. The chemical as well as enzymatic procedures are reviewed and segregated in this review for effective synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside analogues. Keywords: chiral auxiliaries; enzymes; Lewis acids; N-glycosylation; 1,3-oxathiolane sugar and nucleosides
  • natural nucleosides with β-ᴅ-configuration in the carbohydrate part. These molecules are known to have a common HIV transcriptase inhibition mechanism, in which cytoplasmic enzymes progressively phosphorylate the analogues to 5'-triphosphates. This then competes with the naturally occurring nucleoside
  • triphosphate substrate to bind to cellular DNA polymerase and viral reverse transcriptase [9]. The effectiveness of nucleoside analogues depends on the ability to replicate naturally occurring nucleosides, interfering with viral as well as cellular enzymes and hampering essential metabolism processes of
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Published 04 Nov 2021

α-Ketol and α-iminol rearrangements in synthetic organic and biosynthetic reactions

  • Scott Benz and
  • Andrew S. Murkin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2570–2584, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.172

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  • reactions nevertheless accomplishes the same goal of connecting two carbon-skeleton alterations conveniently in one pot with a combined yield of 45%. α-Ketol rearrangements in biosynthetic reactions At the time of this review, only two enzymes have been identified that catalyze an α-ketol rearrangement as
  • the only identified enzymes that catalyze α-ketol rearrangements so far, there is little doubt additional examples are to be discovered. The remainder of this section provides cases of biological pathways and reactions that have been hypothesized to involve α-ketol rearrangements. In a study proposing
  • continued development in these areas can be expected in the coming years. It is becoming apparent that nature also utilizes these rearrangements in natural product biosynthesis, and one might expect to see an increase in the discovery of enzymes governing these reactions. Generalized α-ketol or α-iminol
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Published 15 Oct 2021

Cryogels: recent applications in 3D-bioprinting, injectable cryogels, drug delivery, and wound healing

  • Luke O. Jones,
  • Leah Williams,
  • Tasmin Boam,
  • Martin Kalmet,
  • Chidubem Oguike and
  • Fiona L. Hatton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2553–2569, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.171

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  • explored [43], as within the colon are many polysaccharides and a large number of bacteria which secrete enzymes [41]. Within this work, varying the concentration of various pH-sensitive polymers was considered in terms of swelling, and it was shown that abrupt changes in swelling could be obtained at a
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Published 14 Oct 2021

Synthesis and investigation on optical and electrochemical properties of 2,4-diaryl-9-chloro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroacridines

  • Najeh Tka,
  • Mohamed Adnene Hadj Ayed,
  • Mourad Ben Braiek,
  • Mahjoub Jabli and
  • Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2450–2461, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.162

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  • their partially hydrogenated analogues, even though they were used as electron-donor groups for OLED applications [42][43]. On the other hand, tetrahydroacridines have received much attention in medicinal chemistry, due to their ability to inhibit topoisomerase enzymes and block the DNA transcription
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Published 20 Sep 2021

Targeting active site residues and structural anchoring positions in terpene synthases

  • Anwei Hou and
  • Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2441–2449, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.161

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  • motifs (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1), composed in bacterial and non-plant eukaryotic enzymes of the aspartate-rich motif DDXX(X)D around position 90 and the NSE triad ND(L,I,V)XSXX(K,R)E near position 230 (Figure 1) [9]. While the amino acid sequences of two TPSs can strongly deviate, their
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Published 17 Sep 2021

Post-functionalization of drug-loaded nanoparticles prepared by polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) with mitochondria targeting ligands

  • Janina-Miriam Noy,
  • Fan Chen and
  • Martina Stenzel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2302–2314, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.148

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  • proteins, enzymes and receptors bind to As(III) molecules [8][9]. It is on the other hand interesting that the zwitterionic micelles represent overall better anticancer efficiency when TPP is attached, while the PEG micelle performance is better without added TPP. The PPM-NP4-TPP micelle represents more
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Published 03 Sep 2021

Halides as versatile anions in asymmetric anion-binding organocatalysis

  • Lukas Schifferer,
  • Martin Stinglhamer,
  • Kirandeep Kaur and
  • Olga García Macheño

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2270–2286, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.145

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  • halogens are often regarded as surrogates for further functionalization, their role in natural and physiological processes is much more diverse. One of these processes is the ability of large complex molecules and enzymes to recognize halide anions via hydrogen bonds in aqueous media [5]. Amongst others
  • challenging to design small molecule catalysts that resemble anion-binding properties of enzymes. Hence, a major challenge of small organic receptors to mimic nature’s capability of binding to the targeted anions resides in the supramolecular properties of enzymes and co-factors to form exact matching binding
  • targeting of the small receptor molecule and, thus, reducing the need for complexity compared to enzymes or co-factors. Conversely, a multitude of geometries may need to be considered for anions with linear, coplanar, trigonal or tetrahedral topologies (Figure 1b) [5][10]. However, following the advances in
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Published 01 Sep 2021

Constrained thermoresponsive polymers – new insights into fundamentals and applications

  • Patricia Flemming,
  • Alexander S. Münch,
  • Andreas Fery and
  • Petra Uhlmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2123–2163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.138

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  • ., bacteria, biomolecules [15], enzymes [16]) or physical stimuli (e.g., light [17][18][19], temperature [12][18], mechanical forces, as well as electric [20][21] and magnetic fields [22][23][24]) [1][25][26]. As a result of these environmental triggers, smart materials exhibit a defined reversible change in
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Published 20 Aug 2021

Catalyzed and uncatalyzed procedures for the syntheses of isomeric covalent multi-indolyl hetero non-metallides: an account

  • Ranadeep Talukdar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2102–2122, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.137

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  • opening attempt of chiral oxirane 153 in the presence of BF3.Et2O (Scheme 20) [104]. The synthetic route to the desired product was smoothly brought to its course by employing CuCN in the medium. Amines The enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are responsible
  • for tryptophan metabolism in the human body. Thus, the inhibition of these enzymes may help in tumor immunotherapy [105][106][107]. Xu recently found indole-2-carboxylic acid derivatives as IDO1/TDO dual inhibitors. In their effort to synthesize the following bis(indol-4-yl)amine derivatives via a
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Published 19 Aug 2021

Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides

  • Giulio Fittolani,
  • Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas,
  • Denisa Vargová,
  • Manishkumar A. Chaube and
  • Martina Delbianco

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1981–2025, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.129

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  • polysaccharides. For each class of polysaccharides, we discuss the available synthetic approaches and their current limitations. Keywords: enzymes; glycans; polysaccharides; synthesis; well-defined polymers; Introduction Polysaccharides are an abundant class of natural polymers that play important roles in the
  • polymerization [18], C) chemical synthesis. The use of enzymes has undeniable advantages because it offers the possibility to use unprotected sugars as substrates and guarantees remarkable control of the regio- and stereoselectivity during glycosylation. Mono- or oligosaccharides bearing a reactive leaving group
  • (LG, e.g., phosphate, fluoride, nucleotide) are polymerized by the enzyme to form the desired polysaccharide (Figure 1A). Several classes of enzymes are available, including hydrolases, phosphorylases, sucrases, glycosyltransferases, and glycosynthases [19][20][21][22]. An excellent overview of the
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Published 05 Aug 2021

On the application of 3d metals for C–H activation toward bioactive compounds: The key step for the synthesis of silver bullets

  • Renato L. Carvalho,
  • Amanda S. de Miranda,
  • Mateus P. Nunes,
  • Roberto S. Gomes,
  • Guilherme A. M. Jardim and
  • Eufrânio N. da Silva Júnior

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1849–1938, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.126

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  • direct access to several sulfur-containing pharmacological compounds that present valuable biological activities, such as anti-HIV (9) [51], inhibition of snake venom enzymes (10) [52], or even anti-estrogenic effects (11) [53] (Scheme 4A). Recently, Hou and co-workers also explored the utility of a
  • in good yields (Scheme 39C). The authors used the same methodology to synthesize two 4H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-one derivatives that act as inhibitors of two enzymes (compounds 130 and 131 in Scheme 39D). The first one is the enzyme C1r serine protease, involved in both inflammation and renal scarring
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Published 30 Jul 2021

A systems-based framework to computationally describe putative transcription factors and signaling pathways regulating glycan biosynthesis

  • Theodore Groth,
  • Rudiyanto Gunawan and
  • Sriram Neelamegham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1712–1724, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.119

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  • to be constitutively active in luminal breast cancer and confers antiapoptotic characteristics to cells [21]. The other two communities detected consisted primarily of chromatin-modifying enzymes. Complex N-linked glycan synthesis and the dolichol pathway were significantly enriched in the second
  • community. In the third community, O-linked mannose and LacdiNAc synthesis were disproportionately regulated. Overall, the pathway maps suggest that chromatin remodeling enzymes could potentially play roles in regulating glycan synthesis in luminal breast cancer. Like luminal, basal breast cancer TF
  • –glycogene relationships were also clustered into three communities. Here, the first community was enriched for chromatin-modifying enzymes, with complex N-linked glycan synthesis being the primary glycosylation pathway being affected (Figure 5a). The second community was enriched for interferon α/β/γ
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Published 22 Jul 2021

Volatile emission and biosynthesis in endophytic fungi colonizing black poplar leaves

  • Christin Walther,
  • Pamela Baumann,
  • Katrin Luck,
  • Beate Rothe,
  • Peter H. W. Biedermann,
  • Jonathan Gershenzon,
  • Tobias G. Köllner and
  • Sybille B. Unsicker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1698–1711, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.118

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  • precursors GPP, FPP, and GGPP into the different terpene skeletons [42][43][44]. However, our knowledge on terpene synthases of endophytic fungi is scarce, specifically in comparison to the vast knowledge on these enzymes in plants and bacteria [44][45]. Typical monoterpenes like limonene and linalool (5
  • respective enzymes accepted the substrate GPP and produced monoterpenes (Figure 2). CxTPS1 produced myrcene (9) and (E)-β-ocimene (10) in similar amounts. CxTPS2 produced (E)-β-ocimene (10) as the major product and minor amounts of myrcene (9), (Z)-β-ocimene (11), and linalool (5) (Figure 2). Only one
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Published 22 Jul 2021

Double-headed nucleosides: Synthesis and applications

  • Vineet Verma,
  • Jyotirmoy Maity,
  • Vipin K. Maikhuri,
  • Ritika Sharma,
  • Himal K. Ganguly and
  • Ashok K. Prasad

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1392–1439, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.98

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Published 08 Jun 2021

Antiviral therapy in shrimp through plant virus VLP containing VP28 dsRNA against WSSV

  • Santiago Ramos-Carreño,
  • Ivone Giffard-Mena,
  • Jose N. Zamudio-Ocadiz,
  • Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
  • Ricardo Valencia-Yañez,
  • Jaime Ruiz-Garcia,
  • Maria Teresa Viana and
  • Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1360–1373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.95

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  • lost in the water by pellet detachment; 2) were not ingested by shrimp; 3) shrimp enzymes degraded it; or 4) a high concentration of VLPs was lost in feces. We hypothesized that an adequate amount is not being absorbed, since the observed survival rate does not exceed 50%. Thus, the problem is not the
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Published 01 Jun 2021

A new glance at the chemosphere of macroalgal–bacterial interactions: In situ profiling of metabolites in symbiosis by mass spectrometry

  • Marine Vallet,
  • Filip Kaftan,
  • Veit Grabe,
  • Fatemeh Ghaderiardakani,
  • Simona Fenizia,
  • Aleš Svatoš,
  • Georg Pohnert and
  • Thomas Wichard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1313–1322, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.91

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  • aspartokinase (ask_ect). Aspartokinase (Ask), along with ʟ-aspartate-β-semialdehyde-dehydrogenase (Asd), provides the precursor ʟ-ASA for ectoine biosynthesis [33][44][45]. Homologs of the enzymes of the ectoine pathway from Halorhodospira halochloris were identified by BLAST searches of the U. mutabilis genome
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Published 19 May 2021

A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries

  • Guido Gambacorta,
  • James S. Sharley and
  • Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90

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  • . Other examples of the use of column reactors for the catalysis of aldol reactions include: The use of immobilised aldolase enzymes for the synthesis of carbohydrates [114] and the use of a calcinated hydrolactite-packed column for the condensation of furfural with acetone [115], however, this still
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Published 18 May 2021

Synthesis of multiply fluorinated N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine analogs via the corresponding deoxyfluorinated glucosazide and galactosazide phenyl thioglycosides

  • Vojtěch Hamala,
  • Lucie Červenková Šťastná,
  • Martin Kurfiřt,
  • Petra Cuřínová,
  • Martin Dračínský and
  • Jindřich Karban

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1086–1095, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.85

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  • enzymes [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The introduction of additional fluorine atoms into a monofluorinated carbohydrate is an attractive way of modulating the binding affinity and pharmacokinetic properties of fluorinated glycomimetics. Hydrophobic segments incorporating multiple C–F bonds could (1) reduce the
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Published 11 May 2021

Beyond ribose and phosphate: Selected nucleic acid modifications for structure–function investigations and therapeutic applications

  • Christopher Liczner,
  • Kieran Duke,
  • Gabrielle Juneau,
  • Martin Egli and
  • Christopher J. Wilds

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 908–931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.76

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  • production of proteins, enzymes and receptors that may be inhibited by small-molecule and antibody therapeutics. However, native RNA oligonucleotides do not possess sufficient metabolic stability for in vivo applications. Therefore, chemical modification is absolutely essential to re-engineer RNA into a
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Published 28 Apr 2021

Kinetics of enzyme-catalysed desymmetrisation of prochiral substrates: product enantiomeric excess is not always constant

  • Peter J. Halling

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 873–884, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.73

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  • enantioselective enzymes in the resolution of a racemate. As such resolution reactions proceed, there are progressive changes in the enantiomeric excesses (ee), that of the product falling while that of the residual starting material increases. In a classic study of the kinetics of resolution, Chen and Sih [1
  • medium). It would thus be possible to treat all but 2 of the rate constants as independent input parameters. However, this is not the most sensible approach. Instead, combinations of rate constants can be related to values more likely to be known by users of relevant enzymes. And other combinations prove
  • overall picture. A further criterion was a preference for dimensionless parameters, like the ratio of two elementary rate constants (both first order or both second order). Dimensionless parameters make it easier to represent all possible behaviour of diverse enzymes. Finally, many parameters could be
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Published 21 Apr 2021

DNA with zwitterionic and negatively charged phosphate modifications: Formation of DNA triplexes, duplexes and cell uptake studies

  • Yongdong Su,
  • Maitsetseg Bayarjargal,
  • Tracy K. Hale and
  • Vyacheslav V. Filichev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.65

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  • therapeutic strategy [2][3][4][5]. Antigene strategies use ONs to specifically bind native DNA, induce genomic changes, and/or interfere with gene expression. Apart from strategies that use modular enzymes such as zinc-finger nucleases [6] or transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) [7] to
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Published 29 Mar 2021

Simulating the enzymes of ganglioside biosynthesis with Glycologue

  • Andrew G. McDonald and
  • Gavin P. Davey

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 739–748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.64

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  • those of the central nervous system, where they function in intercellular recognition and communication. We describe an in silico method for determining the metabolic pathways leading to the most common gangliosides, based on the known enzymes of their biosynthesis. A network of 41 glycolipids is
  • produced by the actions of the 10 enzymes included in the model. The different ganglioside nomenclature systems in common use are compared and a systematic variant of the widely used Svennerholm nomenclature is described. Knockouts of specific enzyme activities are used to simulate congenital defects in
  • gangliosides, such as GD1α, promote tumor-cell adhesion during metastasis [13]. The cholinergic neuron-specific gangliosides GQ1bα and GT1aα may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease [14]. Previously, we described a deductive apparatus of a formal system for modelling the enzymes of mucin-type
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Published 23 Mar 2021

β-Lactamase inhibition profile of new amidine-substituted diazabicyclooctanes

  • Zafar Iqbal,
  • Lijuan Zhai,
  • Yuanyu Gao,
  • Dong Tang,
  • Xueqin Ma,
  • Jinbo Ji,
  • Jian Sun,
  • Jingwen Ji,
  • Yuanbai Liu,
  • Rui Jiang,
  • Yangxiu Mu,
  • Lili He,
  • Haikang Yang and
  • Zhixiang Yang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 711–718, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.60

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  • , sulbactam and tazobactam [13] evolved as the BLIs of class A, B and few of class D β-lactamases [14]. These inhibitors were advantageous to clavulanic acid due to their lack of chromosomal induction of AmpC but found susceptible to a few of class A enzymes such as TEM type [10] and CTX-M (ESBL), identified
  • amidines at the C2 position of DBO in moderate to good overall yields. In vitro antibacterial testing of the compounds was performed against ten bacterial strains containing different β-lactamase enzymes. The compounds were tested alone and in combination with the existing antibiotic, meropenem. All
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Published 12 Mar 2021
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