Improving the reactivity of phenylacetylene macrocycles toward topochemical polymerization by side chains modification

• Simon Rondeau-Gagné,
• Jules Roméo Néabo,
• Maxime Daigle,
• Katy Cantin and
• Jean-François Morin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1613–1619, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.167

• heating the gel from 223 to 298 K, an endotherm was observed in both cases, which is closely related to the melting point of free cyclohexane [39]. To explore the morphology of the structures created during the gel formation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on PAM2 only since PAM3 did not

Biantennary oligoglycines and glyco-oligoglycines self-associating in aqueous medium

• Svetlana V. Tsygankova,
• Alexander A. Chinarev,
• Alexander B. Tuzikov,
• Nikolai Severin,
• Alexey A. Kalachev,
• Juergen P. Rabe,
• Alexandra S. Gambaryan and
• Nicolai V. Bovin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1372–1382, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.140

• dynamics study was considered impossible. No tectomer structure was observed under acidic conditions (рН < 5), whereas under neutral and basic conditions the reaction proceeded similarly in terms of both the velocity and the morphology of formed tectomers. The oligoethylene glycol derivatives Н-Glyn-NH

• washing with buffer solution (рН 6.5 or 9.0). The morphology of the first layer remains unchanged and the available defects (‘holes’) are preserved. The layer height is 3.7–4.0 nm, which may correspond to both mono- and bilayer (conformations “1 + 1” and “2 + 0”, respectively, see Figure 4). The dynamics

• cell. The layer morphology was identical to the one observed in experiments in air (Figure 5). Dynamic light scattering data give evidence that in neutral aqueous solutions the association of compounds Н-Gly5-NH-X-NH-Gly5-Н (cores С2 and С10) leads to the formation of large aggregates. By means of SFM

Molecular recognition of surface-immobilized carbohydrates by a synthetic lectin

• Melanie Rauschenberg,
• Eva-Corrina Fritz,
• Christian Schulz,
• Tobias Kaufmann and
• Bart Jan Ravoo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1354–1364, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.138

• morphology [47][48][49][50]. Therefore, the epoxide SAMs were prepared by the method of Julthongpiput et al. because well-defined monolayers of epoxides on glass and silicon substrates can be obtained by using (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane in toluene [42]. The successful surface modification was

Novel indolin-2-one-substituted methanofullerenes bearing long n-alkyl chains: synthesis and application in bulk-heterojunction solar cells

• Irina P. Romanova,
• Andrei V. Bogdanov,
• Inessa A. Izdelieva,
• Vasily A. Trukhanov,
• Gulnara R. Shaikhutdinova,
• Dmitry G. Yakhvarov,
• Shamil K. Latypov,
• Vladimir F. Mironov,
• Vladimir A. Dyakov,
• Ilya V. Golovnin,
• Dmitry Yu. Paraschuk and
• Oleg G. Sinyashin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1121–1128, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.111

• suggested that the coarser surface morphology in the P3HT/HBIM blends is a result of the fullerene-rich domains, which are too large for the optimal polymer–fullerene phase separation. Possibly, the coarser surface morphology is due to the lower solubility of HBIM as compared to PCBM. Usually, alkyl

• heterojunction morphology, in which the typical size of the phase-separated domains is about tens of nanometers. The optimal morphology supports efficient charge separation and charge transport in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Our studies showed that the increasing of the alkyl chain length from C1 to C9 had

• , for which the features at 550 and 600 nm are more pronounced) so that more or less optimal morphology in the P3HT/PCBM blend is achieved. However, according to Figure 6, the content of the P3HT crystalline phase in the as-prepared P3HT/AIM blends is already no less than in that in the optimized P3HT

A new building block for DNA network formation by self-assembly and polymerase chain reaction

• Holger Bußkamp,
• Sascha Keller,
• Marta Robotta,
• Malte Drescher and
• Andreas Marx

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1037–1046, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.104

• Supporting Information File 1). This DH is variable at different angles because DNA networks were not expected to have spherical morphology in solution [47]. Furthermore, different DH values in the case of branched DNA samples were owed to the dynamics in solution. Comparing scattering intensity of linear

Tanzawaic acids I–L: Four new polyketides from Penicillium sp. IBWF104-06

• Louis P. Sandjo,
• Eckhard Thines,
• Till Opatz and
• Anja Schüffler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 251–258, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.20

• by morphology. Strain IBWF104-06 has been deposited in the culture collection of the Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research (IBWF e.V.), Kaiserslautern, Germany. For maintenance, the fungus was grown on agar slants on YMG agar (yeast extract 4.0 g/L, malt extract 10 g/L, glucose 10 g/L, the pH

Charge-transfer interaction mediated organogels from 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid appended pyrene

• Jun Hu,
• Jindan Wu,
• Qian Wang and
• Yong Ju

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2877–2885, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.324

• acceptor in these CT gels. Microscopic study Generally, it is believed that the gelation system is the result of a gelator network formed during the cooling or shaking process [52]. The morphology of the xerogels obtained from CT gels was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to

SF002-96-1, a new drimane sesquiterpene lactone from an Aspergillus species, inhibits survivin expression

• Silke Felix,
• Louis P. Sandjo,
• Till Opatz and
• Gerhard Erkel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2866–2876, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.323

• characteristic of apoptosis, like cleavage of the chromosomal DNA at internucleosomal sites into fragments of approximately 200 bp and the fragmented morphology of the nuclear bodies (Figure 6B,C) after 5 h of treatment. Exposure of the cells with different concentrations of SF002-96-1 showed a concomitant

• glass-slide, covered with a coverslip and the morphology of the cell nuclei was observed by using a fluorescence microscope (Zeiss, Axioskop). Structure of SF002-96-1. COSY (bold) and HMBC (arrow) correlations of SF002-96-1. NOESY correlations of SF002-96-1. Effect of SF002-96-1 on survivin promoter

• ) Detection of DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis after treatment of Colo 320 cells for 5 h with different concentrations of the test compound. Control: untreated cells only. (C) Morphology analysis of the cell nuclei by DAPI staining after treatment of Colo 320 cells with 26.31 µM of SF002-96-1

Crystal design using multipolar electrostatic interactions: A concept study for organic electronics

• Peer Kirsch,
• Qiong Tong and
• Harald Untenecker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2367–2373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.272

• ]. However, the price to pay for this optimized morphology is the presence of bulky silyl groups which do not electronically contribute to the charge transport. For this reason we set out to execute an alternative concept to achieve a brick-like, slipped stacking in planar, acene-based organic semiconductors

Self-assembly of 2,3-dihydroxycholestane steroids into supramolecular organogels as a soft template for the in-situ generation of silicate nanomaterials

• Valeria C. Edelsztein,
• Andrea S. Mac Cormack,
• Matías Ciarlantini and
• Pablo H. Di Chenna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.213

• cyclohexane and dichloromethane also showed a good gelling ability. These remarkable properties for such a simple steroid molecule prompted us to study the gelation scope, morphology, mode of self-assembly and the potential use of the gels to prepare silica nanoparticles through a bottom-up approach. Gelation

• bonding, had a maximum Tg of 72 °C, 77 °C and 66 °C, respectively, but at considerably higher concentrations of 26, 6 and 8 wt % (see Supporting Information File 1). LMOG 1 could also selectively gelate the organic layer from a water/organic solvent mixture after a heating–cooling process. Morphology and

• LMOG 1 in the liquid-like solution phase trapped within the SAFIN (see Supporting Information File 1 for IR spectra) [17]. The microscopic morphology of the xerogel of 1 from DCM, n-hexane and dioxane was analyzed by SEM. The images showed an entangled fibrillar network for all solvents. Particularly

The application of a monolithic triphenylphosphine reagent for conducting Ramirez gem-dibromoolefination reactions in flow

• Kimberley A. Roper,
• Malcolm B. Berry and
• Steven V. Ley

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1781–1790, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.207

• as well as presenting practical problems when used in packed beds in flow reactions due to changes in structure and morphology when subjected to solvents of varying polarity [14][15]. To avoid some of the problems associated with using resin beads, monolithic supports have been developed for use in

Metal-free aerobic oxidations mediated by N-hydroxyphthalimide. A concise review

• Lucio Melone and
• Carlo Punta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1296–1310, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.146

• morphology and the molecular weight of the starting material [48]. Moreover, this catalytic system could be employed with dioxygen in place of NaClO as the ultimate oxidizing agent [49]. In this case, the mechanism follows a radical chain via classical HAT by PINO abstraction (Scheme 17). Aldehydes and the

Incorporation of perfluorohexyl-functionalised thiophenes into oligofluorene-truxenes: synthesis and physical properties

• Neil Thomson,
• Alexander L. Kanibolotsky,
• Joseph Cameron,
• Tell Tuttle,
• Neil J. Findlay and
• Peter J. Skabara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1243–1251, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.141

• ; star-shaped molecules; synthesis; truxene; Introduction Star-shaped oligomers share a common central unit with multiple arms branching from the core [1]. The morphology and electronic properties of these oligomers often vary from the linear versions of the arms alone. 10,15-Dihydro-5H-diindeno[1,2-a;1

Simple and rapid hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol with aqueous formic acid in catalytic flow reactors

• Rahat Javaid,
• Shin-ichiro Kawasaki,
• Akira Suzuki and
• Toshishige M. Suzuki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1156–1163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.129

• emission spectroscopy (ICP–AES, Model SPS 3100; SII Nano Technology Inc.). The morphology of the inner surface of the catalytic tubular reactors was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX, XL30S; Philips Co.). UV–vis absorption spectra were

• measurement. (a) Graphical presentation of Pd–Ag co-plating and sequential removal of Ag to give a porous Pd surface. (b) SEM image of Pd–Ag co-plated surface along with EDX presentation of Pd and Ag deposition. (c) Surface morphology of porous Pd. Schematic diagram of experimental setup used for the

C–C Bond formation catalyzed by natural gelatin and collagen proteins

• Dennis Kühbeck,
• Basab Bijayi Dhar,
• Eva-Maria Schön,
• Carlos Cativiela,
• Vicente Gotor-Fernández and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1111–1118, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.123

• -emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of the biocatalysts associated faster reactions with porous fibrilar morphologies and slower kinetics with thicker and close-grained surfaces (Figure 3). These results suggest that the morphology and/or physical state of the proteins play an important

• study with other biocatalysts showed an increase of the first-order rate constant as follows: Chitosan < gelatin < BSA < collagen. Remarkably, the morphology and the physical state of the protein play an important role on the kinetics of the nitroaldol reaction. It should be emphasized that although

Enhancement of efficiency in organic photovoltaic devices containing self-complementary hydrogen-bonding domains

• Rohan J. Kumar,
• Jegadesan Subbiah and
• Andrew B. Holmes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1102–1110, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.122

• weight and polydispersity [16][17], as well as the technical difficulty of studying morphology changes in thin films. Whilst high-efficiency BHJ devices based on solution-processed small molecules have also relied on the use of solvent additives in order to achieve high efficiencies [18][19], they offer

• a relatively simple basis for designing supramolecular interactions. Such interactions can be readily investigated in solution and the results can be translated to the solid state. As such, these supramolecular interactions may offer a means to control bulk morphology without reliance on post

The conjugation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) to small peptides for generating multifunctional supramolecular nanofibers/hydrogels

• Jiayang Li,
• Yi Kuang,
• Junfeng Shi,
• Yuan Gao,
• Jie Zhou and
• Bing Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 908–917, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.104

• with an average width of around 48 nm (Figure 2B), which is a different morphology from that of 1a, and likely contributes to the thermal irreversibility of the hydrogel of 1b. Besides, the low density of the network in hydrogel 1b (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1) [64] agrees with its poor

Self-assembled organic–inorganic magnetic hybrid adsorbent ferrite based on cyclodextrin nanoparticles

• Ângelo M. L. Denadai,
• Frederico B. De Sousa,
• Joel J. Passos,
• Fernando C. Guatimosim,
• Kirla D. Barbosa,
• Ana E. Burgos,
• Fernando Castro de Oliveira,
• Jeann C. da Silva,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Nelcy D. S. Mohallem and
• Rubén D. Sinisterra

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1867–1876, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.215

• determine the particle size distribution, morphology and available binding sites on the surface of the materials. Microscopy analysis demonstrated that both ferrites present two different size domains, at the micro- and nanoscale level, with the latter being able to self-assemble into larger particles. Fe

• adsorption properties for both ferrites using chrome ions (Cr3+ and Cr2O72−) in aqueous solutions were tested and evaluated by ZP measurements. Results and Discussion Fe-Ni/Zn and Fe-Ni/Zn/βCD size characterization In order to investigate the Fe-Ni/Zn and Fe-Ni/Zn/βCD morphology and size distribution at

• . Ferrite morphology in the solid state was affected by βCD insertion, probably due to its size and key role as modulator during inorganic nucleation. Ferrites presented at least three different organization scales, from the micrometric to the nanometric level, and on the nanometric scale it was possible to

Design and synthesis of a photoswitchable guanidine catalyst

• Philipp Viehmann and
• Stefan Hecht

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1825–1830, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.209

• rac-lactide in order to explain the findings. Keywords: azobenzenes; guanidines; molecular switches; organocatalysis; photochromism; ring opening polymerization; Introduction The macroscopic properties of a given polymer, e.g., the glass-transition temperature, morphology, density and tensile

Dimerization of a cell-penetrating peptide leads to enhanced cellular uptake and drug delivery

• Jan Hoyer,
• Ulrich Schatzschneider,
• Michaela Schulz-Siegmund and
• Ines Neundorf

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1788–1797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.204

• cells, indicating that a large fraction of (sC18)2 was able to reach the cytosol. Whether this is due to a different mechanism of uptake or to improved endosomal escape requires further investigation. Importantly, no effect on cell morphology is apparent and, thus, no cytotoxicity at a concentration

• , which exert the same effect on cell morphology (Figure 8) and induce an equal amount of LDH release (Figure 9). This is surprising at least for compound 4, since several PAD–CPP conjugates were shown to induce apoptosis upon cytosolic delivery [28][29]. It is possible, though, that the even higher

Polysiloxane ionic liquids as good solvents for β-cyclodextrin-polydimethylsiloxane polyrotaxane structures

• Narcisa Marangoci,
• Rodinel Ardeleanu,
• Laura Ursu,
• Constanta Ibanescu,
• Maricel Danu,
• Mariana Pinteala and
• Bogdan C. Simionescu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1610–1618, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.184

• observation indicates the complete dissolution of PRot in PDMS-Im/Br ionic liquid. This may be due to the disruption of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds that exist in β-CD-polymer polyrotaxane structures by the ionic liquid [9]. In addition, an ordered morphology was observed from wet-STEM images of the

• mixture, which also indicates a good dissolution of PRot in the PDMS-Im/Br ionic liquid (Figure 2). Apparently, the size of the morphology is maintained in PDMS-Im/Br with PRot mixture (Figure 2C,D) when we compare it with those corresponding to the ionic liquid (Figure 2A,B). The rheological properties

Synthesis and characterization of low-molecular-weight π-conjugated polymers covered by persilylated β-cyclodextrin

• Aurica Farcas,
• Ana-Maria Resmerita,
• Andreea Stefanache,
• Mihaela Balan and
• Valeria Harabagiu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1505–1514, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.170

• morphology and thermal properties of the PDOF-BTc rotaxane copolymer compared to its noncomplexed PDOF-BT homologue. In contrast, the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of PDOF-BTc rotaxane copolymer indicated lower values suggesting that the condensation reaction is subjected to steric effects of the

• ][27][31], continues for the PDOF-BTc polymer rotaxane, where a decrease of the Sq and the value of the Ha parameter (the first moment of the height distribution) indicated that the rotaxane architecture changed the morphology of PDOF-BT copolymer. These results could provide microscopic evidence for

Restructuring polymers via nanoconfinement and subsequent release

• Alan E. Tonelli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1318–1332, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.151

• nucleant, the semi-crystalline morphology of PCL may be controlled. Of course, not only is the c-PCL nucleant necessarily nontoxic and biodegradable/bioabsorbable, it is also chemically compatible and has a “stealthy” nature. Bulk, as-received poly(ethylene terephthalate) (asr-PET) has been observed to

• demonstrated [69] that p-PET can be used in small quantities (a few percent) as an effective self-nucleating agent to control the bulk semicrystalline morphology of melt-processed asr-PET, and the resulting properties of nucleated PET (nuc-PET) were assessed. For instance, comparison of asr- and nuc-PET films

Control over molecular motion using the cis–trans photoisomerization of the azo group

• Estíbaliz Merino and
• María Ribagorda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1071–1090, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.119

• capable of holding other molecules. The isomerization process of azobenzene generates a molecular flapping and the molecules can be expelled outside in a photoinduced way. The morphology of the light-activated mesostructured silica nanoparticles (LAMs) is evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM

An easily accessible sulfated saccharide mimetic inhibits in vitro human tumor cell adhesion and angiogenesis of vascular endothelial cells

• Grazia Marano,
• Claas Gronewold,
• Martin Frank,
• Anette Merling,
• Christian Kliem,
• Sandra Sauer,
• Manfred Wiessler,
• Eva Frei and
• Reinhard Schwartz-Albiez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 787–803, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.89

• of the cell migration. GSF at a concentration of 5 mM diminished the number of WM-115 cells migrating into the wound after 24 h (Figure 5), and as shown in Figure 1 this is not due to a toxic effect of GSF. The influence on WM-266-4 cells was even more pronounced. These cells changed their morphology