Recent advances in electrochemical copper catalysis for modern organic synthesis

• Yemin Kim and
• Won Jun Jang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 155–178, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.9

• copper-coordinated azomethine ylide 39. Subsequently, the chiral products 35–37 are produced through the reaction between the metalated azomethine ylide 39 and the quinone intermediate 38. The reaction pathway, either 1,4-addition or 1,6-addition, depends on the structure of the hydroquinone 34. The less

Controlling the reactivity of La@C₈₂ by reduction: reaction of the La@C₈₂ anion with alkyl halide with high regioselectivity

• Yutaka Maeda,
• Saeka Akita,
• Mitsuaki Suzuki,
• Michio Yamada,
• Takeshi Akasaka,
• Kaoru Kobayashi and
• Shigeru Nagase

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1858–1866, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.138

• involvement of azomethine ylide; however, the detailed mechanism has not been elucidated. In this article, we describe the thermal reaction of the La@C2v-C82 anion, activated by one-electron reduction, with benzyl bromide derivatives. Results and Discussion The La@C2v-C82 anion [20] was prepared by chemical

Decarboxylative 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of amino acids for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds

• Xiaofeng Zhang,
• Xiaoming Ma and
• Wei Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1677–1693, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.123

• -stabilized azomethine ylide; Introduction The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides (AMYs) [1][2][3][4][5][6] is a powerful method for the synthesis of bioactive pyrrolidine-containing compounds and natural product analogs [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. AMYs generated from the reaction of

One-pot double annulations to confer diastereoselective spirooxindolepyrrolothiazoles

• Juan Lu,
• Bin Yao,
• Desheng Zhan,
• Zhuo Sun,
• Yun Ji and
• Xiaofeng Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1607–1616, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.171

• . Subsequent decarboxylation of thiazolooxazol-1-one I affords non-stabilized azomethine ylide (AY) for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with olefinic oxindole 4a to give spirooxindolepyrrolothiazoles 5 and 7. The endo-TS is more favorable than exo-TS for the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to afford the major and minor

Synthesis of bis-spirocyclic derivatives of 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane via cyclopropene cycloadditions to the stable azomethine ylide derived from Ruhemann's purple

• Alexander S. Filatov,
• Olesya V. Khoroshilova,
• Anna G. Larina,
• Vitali M. Boitsov and
• Alexander V. Stepakov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.77

• 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DC) reactions of cyclopropenes to the stable azomethine ylide – protonated form of Ruhemann's purple (PRP) has been developed. Both 3-substituted and 3,3-disubstituted cyclopropenes reacted with PRP, affording the corresponding bis-spirocyclic 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane

• and cannot be isolated as individual compounds. At the same time, the reaction of ninhydrin and proline results in the formation of the stable azomethine ylide. This 1,3-dipole demonstrated high reactivity towards diverse cyclopropenes, including parent cyclopropene [22]. Note that the reactions of

• reductive amination/cyclization of enantiopure cis-cyclopropane dicarbonyls [26]. The strategy based on azomethine ylide cycloadditions to cyclopropenes enables ready access to a wide range of spiro-fused 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes (Scheme 1a). Inspired by our recent achievements, we have focused on

Regioselectivity of the S_EAr-based cyclizations and S_EAr-terminated annulations of 3,5-unsubstituted, 4-substituted indoles

• Jonali Das and
• Sajal Kumar Das

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 293–302, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.33

• 2021, Deng et al. showcased an unprecedented iridium-catalyzed asymmetric [4 + 3] cycloaddition of racemic 4-indolyl allylic alcohols 22 with α-imino esters 23 as azomethine ylide precursors to afford azepino[3,4,5-cd]indoles 24 in good yields and with complete regioselectivity and generally excellent

• tolerates a variety of substituents in both 22 and 23. From a mechanistic point of view, the reaction proceeds through a domino azomethine ylide formation/allylation/Pictet–Spengler reaction sequence. Recently, An and Xiao and co-workers disclosed high-yielding syntheses of a wide range of indole-3,4-fused

Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions in heterocyclic chemistry and mechanistic aspects

• Shivani Gulati,
• Stephy Elza John and
• Nagula Shankaraiah

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 819–865, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.71

• plausible mechanism shown in Scheme 14 explains the formation of azomethine ylide B by condensation of isatin with amino acid followed by release of a molecule of CO2 via A. The imine B undergoes 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with the dipolarophiles 39. The cyclization yields the desired product 40 of the three

• yield from 69% to 84% over the conventional protocol as observed during the study. The explored mechanism in Scheme 16 indicates an in situ anti-azomethine ylide (A) generation (between isatin and primary amine) favored due to steric hindrance in syn-ylide. The crucial step determines the route via

• ylide formation over the expected Strecker degradation. The azomethine ylide trapped by 3-alkenylindole undergoes 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and led to the cycloadducts 44. 4 Pyrans Pyran is a six-membered heterocyclic, non-aromatic ring, consisting of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom with two

[3 + 2] Cycloaddition with photogenerated azomethine ylides in β-cyclodextrin

• Margareta Sohora,
• Leo Mandić and
• Nikola Basarić

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1296–1304, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.110

• different reactions, [3 + 2] cycloadditions showed applicability in the synthesis of heterocyclic 5-ring compounds [3], as well as in the green synthesis of a number of natural products [4]. One of the useful synthons in [3 + 2] cycloadditions is azomethine ylide [5][6][7], also used in intramolecular

• . Irradiation of such a complex leads to decarboxylation and formation of the reactive intermediate, azomethine ylide, within the supramolecular host. The subsequent [3 + 2] cycloaddition within the inclusion complex gives heterocyclic cycloadducts, even though it is conducted in aqueous solvent in which ylides

Fluorinated maleimide-substituted porphyrins and chlorins: synthesis and characterization

• Valentina A. Ol’shevskaya,
• Elena G. Kononova and
• Andrei V. Zaitsev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2704–2709, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.263

• human tissues are the most transparent [48]. Based upon our previous successful results with porphyrins we studied the possibility to obtain maleimide derivatives of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-17,18-N-methylpyrrolidine chlorin 9 [49] prepared by the reaction of porphyrin 1 with azomethine

• ylide, generated in situ from sarcosine and paraformaldehyde. The reaction of chlorin 9 with the excess of NaN3 in DMF/DMSO resulted in tetraazide chlorin 10 in 85% yield after the purification. The reduction of azide groups in chlorin 10 with SnCl2 in MeOH gave tetraamino-substituted chlorin 11 which

Unexpected one-pot formation of the 1H-6a,8a-epiminotricyclopenta[a,c,e][8]annulene system from cyclopentanone, ammonia and dimethyl fumarate. Synthesis of highly strained polycyclic nitroxide and EPR study

• Sergey A. Dobrynin,
• Igor A. Kirilyuk,
• Yuri V. Gatilov,
• Andrey A. Kuzhelev,
• Olesya A. Krumkacheva,
• Matvey V. Fedin,
• Michael K. Bowman and
• Elena G. Bagryanskaya

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2664–2670, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.259

• observed in a one-pot synthesis from cyclopentanone, dimethyl fumarate and ammonium acetate. This multistep reaction includes 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of dimethyl fumarate to the cyclic azomethine ylide formed in situ from cyclopentanone and ammonia. The polycyclic amine product was easily converted into

• nitroxide [4]. Here we report the unexpected formation of a highly strained polycyclic amine from cyclopentanone, dimethyl fumarate and ammonium acetate. This multistep reaction obviously includes the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of dimethyl fumarate with cyclic azomethine ylide formed in situ from

• heterocycle formation [11]. Presumably, a prototropic shift in the enamine-imine intermediate 4 is followed by electrocyclization to the cyclic azomethine ylide, which then reacts with dimethyl fumarate in a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The suggested mechanism accounts for the trans-position of the methyne

N-(1-Phenylethyl)aziridine-2-carboxylate esters in the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds

• Iwona E. Głowacka,
• Aleksandra Trocha,
• Andrzej E. Wróblewski and
• Dorota G. Piotrowska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1722–1757, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.168

• four stereoisomers with low (ca. 3:1) diastereoselectivity and in a non-enantioselective manner (Scheme 46) [21]. Undoubtedly, it was the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the azomethine ylide 180 with an electron-rich alkene. Fortunately, cycloadducts (2R,3R,4S)-, (2S,3S,4R)-, (2R,3S,4R)- and (2S,3R,4S

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinolines by formal 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of quinolinium salts

• Anthony Choi,
• Rebecca M. Morley and
• Iain Coldham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1480–1484, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.149

• could be converted to other derivatives by Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, reduction or oxidation reactions. Keywords: azomethine ylide; cycloaddition; heterocycle; pyrrolidine; stereoselective; Introduction Cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides are an important class of pericyclic reactions that give

An efficient and facile access to highly functionalized pyrrole derivatives

• Meng Gao,
• Wenting Zhao,
• Hongyi Zhao,
• Ziyun Lin,
• Dongfeng Zhang and
• Haihong Huang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 884–890, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.75

• , azomethine ylide) as the key substrate for 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, the reaction conditions were very different exemplified by the wide range of reaction times from 0.3 h to 120 h, and the variable yields from 68% to 100% in different solvents. In order to establish the optimal experimental conditions

• suitable for the one-pot synthesis of pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,3-diones 12a–k, we investigated the reaction conditions step by step. Initially, benzaldehyde (7a) and ethyl glycinate hydrochloride (8a) were chosen as the model substrates for obtaining azomethine ylide 9a, and the results are summarized in

• Table 1. Based on reported methods, Et3N as base, MgSO4 as desiccant and CH2Cl2 as solvent were used for the synthesis of the azomethine ylide [13][14][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Because 9a easily decomposed to benzaldehyde on silica gel when monitored by TLC, we used 1H NMR to monitor the

Dialkyl dicyanofumarates and dicyanomaleates as versatile building blocks for synthetic organic chemistry and mechanistic studies

• Grzegorz Mlostoń and
• Heinz Heimgartner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2235–2251, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.221

• - and Z-1b, and depending on the substitution pattern of the aziridine ring, the formation of the pyrrolidine derivative 34 occurred either with complete stereoselectivity or mixtures of isomeric products were obtained. The [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of the azomethine ylide E,Z-32a, formed via conrotatory

• mixture of products was obtained starting from trans-33b. The formation of these isomeric products suggests that in the course of the reaction, isomerizations of both the intermediate azomethine ylide of type 32 as well as of the electron-deficient dipolarophiles E- and Z-1b, occur. The observed

• isomeric pyrrolidines with preserved configuration in the fragment of the former dipolarophile [39]. Furthermore, the configuration of the ester groups at C2 and C5 corresponded with the structure of the intermediate azomethine ylide predicted for thermal ring opening of the starting aziridine. Also in

Multicomponent synthesis of spiropyrrolidine analogues derived from vinylindole/indazole by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction

• Manjunatha Narayanarao,
• Lokesh Koodlur,
• Vijayakumar G. Revanasiddappa,
• Subramanya Gopal and
• Susmita Kamila

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2893–2897, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.288

• out by reacting N-alkylvinyl products 3 with azomethine ylide, generated in situ through decarboxylative condensation of ninhydrin (4) and sarcosine (5). The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the ylide with the olefin 3 yielded spiropyrrolidines 7 with regiospecificity (Table 1, entries 1–4). The formation

• of the azomethine ylide intermediate and a plausible reaction pathway for the formation of the spiranes is depicted following the retrosynthetic strategy in Scheme 2. The applicability of the cycloaddition reaction was explored first for indole derivatives 7a–d and then extended to the synthesis of

An effective one-pot access to polynuclear dispiroheterocyclic structures comprising pyrrolidinyloxindole and imidazothiazolotriazine moieties via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition strategy

• Alexei N. Izmest’ev,
• Galina A. Gazieva,
• Natalya V. Sigay,
• Sergei A. Serkov,
• Valentina A. Karnoukhova,
• Vadim V. Kachala,
• Alexander S. Shashkov,
• Igor E. Zanin,
• Angelina N. Kravchenko and
• Nina N. Makhova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2240–2249, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.216

• combined the imidazothiazolotriazine and 3,3’-spiropyrrolidinyloxindole moieties by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of an azomethine ylide generated in situ from paraformaldehyde and sarcosine to oxoindolylidene derivatives of imidazothiazolotriazine. During this work we have found that the “small” azomethine

• for the generation of the azomethine ylide as well as for nitrobenzylidene derivative 1b as dipolarophile. To further extend the substrate scope of this reaction, we used benzylidene derivatives of other imidazothiazolotriazines 1d–f without substituents at the bridge carbon atoms C(3a) and C(9a). The

• diastereomer is obtained in good to high yields, although multiple (five) stereocenters are present in products 4. The possible approaches of the azomethine ylide are shown in Figure 8. The X-ray diffraction structures of 4c, 4e, and 4r reflect that the cycloaddition proceeds via an exo-transition state

Stereoselective synthesis of fused tetrahydroquinazolines through one-pot double [3 + 2] dipolar cycloadditions followed by [5 + 1] annulation

• Xiaofeng Zhang,
• Kenny Pham,
• Shuai Liu,
• Marc Legris,
• Alex Muthengi,
• Jerry P. Jasinski and
• Wei Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2204–2210, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.211

• , NH 03435, USA 10.3762/bjoc.12.211 Abstract The one-pot [3 + 2] cycloaddition of an azomethine ylide with a maleimide followed by another [3 + 2] cycloaddition of an azide with the second maleimide gives a 1,5-diamino intermediate which is used for a sequential aminomethylation reaction with

• using one-pot intermolecular or intramolecular [3 + 2] azomethine ylide cycloadditions [22][23][24][25][26][27] as the initial step followed by cyclization or cycloaddition reactions to form polycyclic scaffolds with skeleton, substitution, and stereochemistry diversities. Introduced in this paper is a

• of azomethine ylide was carried out using glycine methyl ester (3a), 2-azidobenzaldehyde (4a), and N-methylmaleimide (5a) as reactants [33]. After exploring the reactions with different temperatures, times, solvents, and bases, it was found that with a 1.2:1.1:1.0 ratio of 3a:4a:5a, Et3N as a base

Strecker degradation of amino acids promoted by a camphor-derived sulfonamide

• M. Fernanda N. N. Carvalho,
• M. João Ferreira,
• Ana S. O. Knittel,
• Maria da Conceição Oliveira,
• João Costa Pessoa,
• Rudolf Herrmann and
• Gabriele Wagner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 732–744, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.73

• compensated in the products 7a, 7b and 8, respectively (Figure 7). A mechanism of the type 5 → 7 (azomethine ylide route) has been proposed for the ninhydrin reaction [30] and other Strecker-type degradation processes [31]. Oxazolidin-5-ones were shown by IR spectroscopy to be formed from amino acids and

• ) via the transition state glyoxal/glycine, CO2 loss. Supporting Information File 89: Calculated reaction (IRC path) via the transition state imine ninhydrine/glycine, zwitterion, azomethine ylide formation. Supporting Information File 90: Calculated reaction (IRC path) via the transition state imine

Azirinium ylides from α-diazoketones and 2H-azirines on the route to 2H-1,4-oxazines: three-membered ring opening vs 1,5-cyclization

• Nikolai V. Rostovskii,
• Mikhail S. Novikov,
• Alexander F. Khlebnikov,
• Galina L. Starova and
• Margarita S. Avdontseva

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 302–312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.35

• derivatives were reported [27][28][29]. As also known, the azomethine ylide derived from N-benzylideneanisidine and diazoacetylacetone under Rh2(OAc)4-catalysis undergoes 1,3-cyclization to an aziridine derivative in high yield, rather than 1,5-cyclization [22]. However, no cyclizations of azirinium ylides

Synthesis of 2-trifluoromethylpyrazolo[5,1-a]isoquinolines via silver triflate-catalyzed or electrophile-mediated one-pot tandem reaction

• Xiaoli Zhou,
• Meiling Liu,
• Puying Luo,
• Yingjun Lai,
• Tangtao Yang and
• Qiuping Ding

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2286–2292, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.238

• pyrazolo[5,1-a]isoquinoline derivative 3a instead of the isoquinoline-based azomethine ylide [28] was obtained in good yield (84%, Table 1, entry 1). Similar yields were obtained when NaHCO3 or K2CO3 were used as base (83% and 86% yield, respectively, Table 1, entries 2 and 3). Several other inorganic or

Multicomponent reactions in nucleoside chemistry

• Mariola Koszytkowska-Stawińska and
• Włodzimierz Buchowicz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1706–1732, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.179

• polyoxin C hydrochloride 105*HCl (Scheme 44) [121]. The reaction cascade involved thermal formation of the corresponding azomethine ylide from substrate 105*HCl and benzaldehyde, followed by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the ylide to N-methylmaleimide. The formation of compound 107 as the only product was

Site-selective covalent functionalization at interior carbon atoms and on the rim of circumtrindene, a C₃₆H₁₂ open geodesic polyarene

• Hee Yeon Cho,
• Ronald B. M. Ansems and
• Lawrence T. Scott

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 956–968, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.94

• the great electrophilicity of circumtrindene in the Bingel–Hirsch reaction, it came as no surprise that circumtrindene can act as a good dipolarophile in a [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction as well. Accordingly, the azomethine ylide 23 generated in situ from N-methylglycine and formaldehyde adds to

• selectivity. The molecule behaves as an electrophile toward the bromoenolate (deprotonated bromomalonate) in the Bingel–Hirsch reaction and as an electrophile toward the 1,3-dipole (azomethine ylide) in the Prato reaction. Consequently, the LUMO of circumtrindene is the frontier molecular orbital that should

Domino reactions of 2H-azirines with acylketenes from furan-2,3-diones: Competition between the formation of ortho-fused and bridged heterocyclic systems

• Alexander F. Khlebnikov,
• Mikhail S. Novikov,
• Viktoriia V. Pakalnis,
• Roman O. Iakovenko and
• Dmitry S. Yufit

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 784–793, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.74

• electron withdrawing effect of the nitro group. As for possible routes for the formation of adducts 4 and 5, the first (Scheme 2, (a)) involves cleavage of the aziridine ring of intermediate 8 to generate azomethine ylide 10, and further “dimerization” of the latter. Examples of compounds that can be

• , benzene (PCM)), respectively, that far exceed the barriers to reactions leading to compound 3. These do not allow the possibility that azomethine ylide 10 can be a probable intermediate in the formation of adducts 4 and 5. It has been known that imines react with acylketenes, generated from furandiones

Silver and gold-catalyzed multicomponent reactions

• Giorgio Abbiati and
• Elisabetta Rossi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 481–513, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.46

• , aldehydes and alkenes in a three-component reaction based on the cascade imine formation, azomethine ylide generation and [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of pyrrolidines. However, the adopted method to induce chirality in the final products is rather dissimilar. Thus, in 2006 Garner’s group

• one hand, as an electron withdrawing group, it decreases the nucleophilicity of the amine, thus avoiding the formation of detrimental Michael-type adducts with the alkene. On the other hand, it increases the α-acidity of the imine intermediate, thus favoring the azomethine ylide formation. Moreover

Additive-assisted regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with benzylideneacetone

• Chuqin Peng,
• Jiwei Ren,
• Jun-An Xiao,
• Honggang Zhang,
• Hua Yang and
• Yiming Luo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 352–360, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.33

• 4-nitrobenzoic acid, respectively. The substituent effects on the regioselectivity were also investigated. Keywords: 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition; azomethine ylide; regioselectivity; spirooxindole; Introduction Spirooxindoles are important synthetic targets due to their significant biological

• -unsaturated enones. Moreover, we envisioned that the additive might effectively tune the regioselectivity of a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylide. Herein, we report a three-component 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides, generated in situ from isatin derivatives and benzylamine, with

• benzylideneacetone derivatives in the presence of various additives. It was found that the addition of water can significantly improve the regioselectivity and yield of this reaction [45][46][47][48]. More importantly, the regioselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylide was reversed by the