Applications of microscopy and small angle scattering techniques for the characterisation of supramolecular gels

• Connor R. M. MacDonald and
• Emily R. Draper

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2608–2634, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.220

• small angle scattering (SAS) and imaging. Scattering giving us indirect information about the systems, whereas imaging is often looking at the material directly. In this review, we discuss the benefits, caveats and power of using both these techniques separately and together for the characterisation of

• supramolecular gels. Keywords: characterisation; electron microscopy; gelators; small angle scattering; supramolecular materials; Introduction Supramolecular gels are a versatile class of materials, and are of interest in many diverse applications from energy storage to cell culture [1][2]. The versatile

• which have improved rapidly [50]. These factors together have allowed electron microscopy to become better, faster, and cheaper; establishing it as a dominant technique for structural characterisation. Scattering techniques Small angle scattering techniques have been used to investigate soft matter

Understanding X-ray-induced isomerisation in photoswitchable surfactant assemblies

• Beatrice E. Jones,
• Camille Blayo,
• Jake L. Greenfield,
• Matthew J. Fuchter,
• Nathan Cowieson and
• Rachel C. Evans

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2005–2015, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.176

• phototuneable interfacial [16][17][18] and self-assembly properties [19][20]. However, further understanding of factors which affect the isomerisation of these new surfactants, and the effect this has on their self-assembled structures, is still needed to tailor them towards application. Small-angle scattering

Thermotropic and lyotropic behaviour of new liquid-crystalline materials with different hydrophilic groups: synthesis and mesomorphic properties

• Alexej Bubnov,
• Miroslav Kašpar,
• Věra Hamplová,
• Ute Dawin and
• Frank Giesselmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 425–436, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.45

• (wavelength λ = 1.5418 Å). Small-angle scattering data from nonaligned samples (filled into Mark capillary tubes of 0.7 mm diameter) were obtained by using a Kratky compact camera (Aton Paar) equipped with a temperature controller and a one-dimensional electronic detector (M. Braun), the temperature being

Liquid-crystalline heterodimesogens and ABA-heterotrimesogens comprising a bent 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole central unit

• Govindaswamy Shanker,
• Marko Prehm and
• Carsten Tschierske

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 472–485, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.54

• sufficiently long aliphatic segments and also the electrostatic interaction between the terminal CN groups and the aromatics seem to be responsible for the absence of any smectic phase and the complete mixing of the aromatics in the nematic phase. The low intensity of the diffuse small-angle scattering, due to

• diffraction pattern. This indicates an arrangement of the molecules with their long axes parallel to the magnetic field direction. The intensity of this small-angle scattering is higher than that of the wide-angle scattering (Figure 3c), which confirms the presence of cybotactic clusters with short-range

• . The size of the SmA type clusters can be estimated from the width of the small-angle scattering at the peak half maximum. The correlation length in the nematic phase at T = 150 °C, estimated according to ξ = 2/Δq from the full width at half maximum (Δq) [77], in the longitudinal direction is ξ = 5.3

Molecular length distribution and the formation of smectic phases

• Nadia Kapernaum,
• C. Scott Hartley,
• Jeffrey C. Roberts,
• Robert P. Lemieux and
• Frank Giesselmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 65, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.65

• -filtered CuKα radiation (wavelength 1.5418 Å). Small angle scattering data from unaligned samples (filled into Mark capillary tubes of 0.7 mm diameter) were obtained using a Kratky compact camera (A. Paar) equipped with a temperature controller (A. Paar) and a one-dimensional electronic detector (M. Braun

Saddle-shaped tetraphenylenes with peripheral gallic esters displaying columnar mesophases

• Eugen Wuckert,
• Constanze Hägele,
• Frank Giesselmann,
• Angelika Baro and
• Sabine Laschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 57, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.57

• a Bruker Avance 300 and Avance 500 spectrometer. FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Vektor22 spectrometer with MKII Golden Gate Single Reflection Diamant ATR system. Mass spectra were recorded on a Finnigan MAT 95 and a Varian MAT 711 apparatus. Small-angle scattering data from unaligned