Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• , and measurements were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere with a flow rate of 50 mL·min−1. 3 mg of each sample were used for the analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were carried out using a SmartLab RIGAKU diffractometer operating with a Cu anode X-ray source (Cu Kα radiation, λ

• presence of vacancy-type defects and highly disordered carbon domains. X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples are shown in Figure 7. GO exhibits an intense peak at 2θ ≈ 11.7°, assigned to the (001) reflection of GO and associated with an expanded interlayer spacing (d ≈ 0.76 nm) due to the presence of

• noted. TEM images of GO-based materials: (a–d) GO, (e–h) rGO, (i–l) Agro-GOP, (m–p) Agro-GOX, and (q–t) Agro-GOC. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of GO, rGO, and agroindustrial waste-derived samples (Agro-GOP, Agro-GOX, and Agro-GOC). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves of GO, rGO, and

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• ) and other elements (Si) important for agricultural crops. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus species on this complex multiphase zeolitic carrier, applying Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron

• available space or surface area on this natural zeolite. X-ray diffraction analysis Figure 4 shows X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the materials under study, which evidenced that this natural zeolite (CLIM) is mainly formed by a mixture of HEU (JCPDS Card 25-1349) and MOR (JCPDS Card 11-0155) with

• , the samples were examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and adsorption measurements based on N2 adsorption isotherms. FTIR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Tensor 27 IR

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• strongly depend on the microscopic properties of the superconductor and on the degree of electronic disorder [1]. In this context, NbRe has emerged as a promising material that exhibits exceptionally fast vortex dynamics [19]. Extensive structural characterizations performed by X-ray diffraction have shown

Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• functionalized textiles. X-ray diffraction XRD patterns of bramante fabrics, composed of 50% cotton and 50% polyester fibers, are shown in Figure 3. The bramante fabrics exhibited a typical cotton cellulose pattern, with three characteristic peaks at 2θ ≈ 14.7°, 16.3°, and 22.4°, corresponding to the

• , transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained using a JEOL JEM-2200FS (200 kV), and elemental analysis was performed using EDS. The crystalline structure of the modified fabrics was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in a Panalytical AERIS diffractometer using Cu Kα (λ = 1.54184 Å). The

• and (right column) zoomed view. (a) Bramante fabric, (b) Ag/CBV-600-bramante, (c) Cu/CBV-600-bramante, and (d) Zn/CBV-600-bramante. X-ray diffraction patterns of bramante fabric: nonmodified (red line) and modified with nanomaterial (blue line). (A) E. coli growth on LB agar plates on fabrics exposed

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• ) reflection of rGO [39]. The crystallite size of the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis using the Scherrer equation (Equation 1) below. The shape factor k, often referred to as the Scherrer constant, is influenced by several factors, including the crystallites’ shape

• the average size of nanoparticles based on X-ray diffraction data. To verify the gold loading in the Au-SiW9/rGO composite, a carefully weighed aliquot was dissolved in a microwave digestion system using conc. HNO3 (70%) and diluted HCl (5%) for atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The measured gold

• synthesis of Au-Cit, which takes place under hot conditions, the synthesis of Au-SiW9 is performed in the cold at 2 °C to prevent the isomerization of the POM. First, the sodium salt of SiW9 (Na10SiW9O34) was synthesized following a well-established protocol [34] and characterized by powder X-ray

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• in the spectra. The data analysis was conducted using PHI MultiPak software (v.9.9.3); the background was removed using the Shirley method. Due to the geometry of the spectrometer, the information depth of this analysis can be estimated at about 5 nm. XRD X-ray diffraction was performed with

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• collected by centrifugation (10,000 rpm, 10 min), washed twice with ethanol, and redispersed in toluene (10 mL) [7]. Characterization methods Structural characterization of the NPs was performed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) measurements. X-ray diffraction patterns of NPs (Figure S1, Supporting Information

• [dT/dt]t=0 is the derivative function of the temperature at t = 0 (K·s−1). Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction analysis The XRD pattern (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1) displays sharp and intense peaks characteristic of a well-crystallized material. The most intense peak is located at

• indexed to the (222), (400), (111), and (311) planes of a spinel-type structure, in agreement with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1). The presence of the (222) reflection, which is forbidden in XRD for a perfect spinel () due to structure factor constraints, can

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• nanofibers The thermal properties and crystallinity of NF-PLA (monolithic), NF-HA/PLA, and NF-HA+NE2/PLA nanofibers were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal behavior and crystallinity of the nanofibers mats of βCp

• glass transition temperature (Tg) of PLA and related to enthalpic relaxations in the amorphous regions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was also performed to compare the crystallinity and characteristic peaks of the produced nanofibers. Figure 9 presents the diffractograms of the NF-PLA, NF-HA/PLA, and

• encapsulation within the PLA shell. An ATR-FTIR spectrometer (Frontier FT-IR/FIR, PerkinElmer, USA) was used to acquire spectra in the range of 4000–600 cm−1 with a resolution of 4 cm−1 and 60 scans. Samples analyzed included monolithic PLA nanofibers, HA/PLA, HA+NE2/PLA, and HA powder. X-ray diffraction XRD

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• = 36), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis, 34.69%; n = 35), and X-ray diffraction (XRD, 25.48%; n = 27). They are among the most commonly used techniques for the characterization of metallic nanoparticles synthesized via green routes due to their complementary abilities to elucidate key

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• direction for the future lies in the multimodal integration of APXPS with complementary surface-sensitive and bulk-sensitive techniques. Combining APXPS with vibrational spectroscopies (such as IRRAS and Raman), structural probes (such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction), and mass

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• spectroscopy, TEM, DLS, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, revealing a polygonal or oval morphology. To evaluate the antitumor effects, cytotoxicity assays, cellular uptake assays, apoptosis detection, ROS production, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting for gene and protein

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• (HRTEM) conducted with a JEM-2100 microscope (Jeol, Tokyo, Japan). Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental mapping was performed using the FESEM system to examine the distribution of Ti and O on the carbon cloth substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were conducted using a SmartLab

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• structure of the formed NPs were analyzed by means of ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. Particle size and morphology

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• ]. Figure 10d shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of CdS nanoropes. A comparison of spin coating and drop casting for film fabrication on graphene paper was made using Ni/NiO NPs synthesized by LAL. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry measurements revealed that the homogeneity of the NPs was

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• ± 20 nm) for various periods of time up to 72 h. The growth mechanism was investigated through ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy analyses, confirming the gradual transformation of spherical seeds into

• performed at an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. The structure of the AgNPrs was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Bruker D8 Advance instrument equipped with a Cu Kα radiation source (40 kV, 40 mA) at a scanning rate of 4°/min. SERS measurements The SERS properties of the AgNPs and AgNPrs were

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• and 31P NMR are used to evaluate the lamellarity of liposomes, which refers to the number of bilayers of lipids in the vesicles [122]. 31P NMR provides information on membrane fluidity and phase transitions, while cryo-TEM allows for direct observation of the number of lipid bilayers [110]. X-ray

• diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis are used to study the phase behavior of liposomes [122]. These methods play a crucial role in exploring the structural and functional properties of liposomes, which are essential for their successful application in drug delivery

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• . Characteristics of materials X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8 Advance) and Raman spectroscopy (LabRAM Odyssey Semiconductor) were used to analyze the crystal structures of photoanodes. UV–vis absorption spectra were obtained using a Cary 60 spectrophotometer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, VG ESCALAB250

• analysis (XRD) X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were conducted to investigate the crystal structures of the BiVO4 photoanodes under various deposition conditions (BiVO4(146), BiVO4(224), BiVO4(226), BiVO4(324), and BiVO4(326)), as shown Figure 1. The diffraction peaks of all photoanodes matched those

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• resolution of 4 cm−1. Thermal stability was determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). Samples were heated from 25 to 500 °C at a rate of 10 K·min−1 under N2 atmosphere (50 mL·min−1) in a METTLER TOLEDO 3+ Large furnace (Switzerland). X-ray

• diffraction (XRD) was performed using an Aeris Minerals Edition from PANalytical (UK) with Co radiation at 40 kV. Biopackaging samples were clipped on a 16 mm holder and the measurement was performed using a 1/8° diffraction slit. Mechanical strength was determined at room temperature using a Testometric X350

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• in organic solvents (acetone, ethanol, acetonitrile). In a systematic experimental series using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected-area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, electron energy

• solution; EELS; electron energy loss spectroscopy; laser processing in liquids; multicomponent alloy; STEM-EDX; selected area electron diffraction; X-ray diffraction; Introduction High-entropy alloys (HEAs), also referred to as compositionally complex solid solutions (CCSS) [1], are of great interest in

• . Nanoparticle characterization is done by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), complemented by tempering and laser post

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• contour map of PG-CDs-AgNPs, which suggests the PL emission in the blue range. The crystalline nature of the PG-CDs-AgNPs was established from the X-ray diffraction pattern. Figure 2a displays an XRD pattern of the PG-CDs-AgNPs synthesized via PG-CDs mediated reduction. According to the XRD pattern, the

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• graphite oxide to form rGO, the reduction of V2O5 to form VO2, and the formation of Fe2O3 from ferrocene. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses confirm the formation of distinct metal oxides in the presence of rGO. Furthermore, the morphological analysis reveals the deposition of

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• in grazing incidence angle X-ray diffraction patterns. Atomic force microscopy images show grain size reduction and a fall in the surface roughness value of films after implantation. The implantation-induced structural modifications are further correlated with the variation in diffuse reflectance

• –NIR spectrophotometer (UV-3600Plus) employed with Integrating Sphere Assembly (ISR-603) in the wavelength range of 200–800 nm. Results and Discussion Structural analysis Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction The grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GXRD) patterns of pristine ZnO and argon-implanted ZnO

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• structural modifications associated with thermal reduction in CeO2/Pt(111) films, as well as the influence of the Pt substrate’s proximity, were investigated using XANES/EXAFS combined with surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD) [47]. A strong interaction between cerium oxide and platinum was identified and

• pump–probe X-ray diffraction, to more complex systems like highly doped and ternary oxides, or to systems with variable and well-controlled defect densities and architecture, also under operando conditions. Optimizing the lifetime of photoexcited charges, but also understanding the mechanisms and the