Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• spectroscopy, TEM, DLS, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, revealing a polygonal or oval morphology. To evaluate the antitumor effects, cytotoxicity assays, cellular uptake assays, apoptosis detection, ROS production, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting for gene and protein

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• (HRTEM) conducted with a JEM-2100 microscope (Jeol, Tokyo, Japan). Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental mapping was performed using the FESEM system to examine the distribution of Ti and O on the carbon cloth substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were conducted using a SmartLab

• the (101) crystal plane of anatase TiO2. Figure 2a shows the XRD patterns of hydrogen titanate nanowires precipitated on carbon cloth (CC/HTNW) and of the sample after air calcination (CC/NW-450 °C). Except for two broad XRD peaks arising from the carbon substrate, a peak located at ca. 8.5° can be

• °, respectively (JCPDS card no. 21-1272). The Raman spectra in Figure 2b are in accordance with the XRD analysis in phase composition. The CC/NW-450 °C spectrum displays prominent peaks at 146, 195, 287, 395, 516, and 637 cm−1, corresponding to the Eg, A1g, B1g, B1g, (A1g + B1g), and Eg modes of the anatase phase

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• structure of the formed NPs were analyzed by means of ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. Particle size and morphology

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• spectroscopy was specifically used to confirm the Diels–Alder reaction on the surface of CNTs, and other characterization techniques (SEM, EDX, XRD, TGA, and FTIR) were applied to confirm the successive growth of the dendrimers. Highly dendrimerized CNTs were found to be more effective in removing heavy metal

• described in the Experimental section. Finally, all materials were characterized by various other techniques which are discussed thoroughly in the following sections. XRD analysis of CNTs, CNTs-G0, CNTs-G1, CNTs-G2, CNTs-G3, and CNTs-G5 presented two prominent peaks at 2θ ≈ 26° and 43° (Figure 1b). The

• first peak, with higher intensity, corresponds to the (002) plane of graphite indicating a d-spacing (d002) of 0.34 nm, and the second peak ° is associated with the (100) planes of graphite. Both peaks are characteristic to the graphitic crystal lattice of CNTs [44]. Hence, XRD results indicate that the

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• ]. Figure 10d shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of CdS nanoropes. A comparison of spin coating and drop casting for film fabrication on graphene paper was made using Ni/NiO NPs synthesized by LAL. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry measurements revealed that the homogeneity of the NPs was

• , which were clusters of many individual In2O3 NPs. A discrepancy was observed between the grain size measurements from XRD and AFM. This discrepancy arises because AFM directly visualizes the grains but does not account for structural defects, while XRD measurement determines the size of the defect-free

• . This method is widely utilized for forming thin films primarily for characterization purposes such as XRD, AFM, and photoluminescence (PL). However, apart from factors like strain of the substrate or temperature, if any applied to the substrate, no significant control over the film formation is

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• disappearance of the IPD peak of AgNPs in the UV–vis spectrum in Figure 2. After 72 h, TEM images showed exclusively AgNPrs, which were clearly visible and well defined, in agreement with the corresponding FESEM images. The XRD spectrum of AgNPrs after 72 h of LED irradiation (Figure 5) exhibited four distinct

• performed at an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. The structure of the AgNPrs was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Bruker D8 Advance instrument equipped with a Cu Kα radiation source (40 kV, 40 mA) at a scanning rate of 4°/min. SERS measurements The SERS properties of the AgNPs and AgNPrs were

• different LED irradiation times. FESEM images of silver nanoparticles after (a) 6 h, (b) 24 h, and (c) 72 h of LED irradiation, and (d) histogram of their size distributions. TEM images of silver nanoparticles after 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of LED irradiation. XRD spectrum of AgNPrs after 72 hours of LED

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• optimize the crystallinity, surface morphology, and electronic properties of the films. Subsequently, an electrochemical deposition method was developed to facilitate the uniform distribution of V2O5 among Bi–O–I flakes to homogeneously enhance the conversion reaction. The XRD pattern confirms the

• . Characteristics of materials X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8 Advance) and Raman spectroscopy (LabRAM Odyssey Semiconductor) were used to analyze the crystal structures of photoanodes. UV–vis absorption spectra were obtained using a Cary 60 spectrophotometer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, VG ESCALAB250

• analysis (XRD) X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were conducted to investigate the crystal structures of the BiVO4 photoanodes under various deposition conditions (BiVO4(146), BiVO4(224), BiVO4(226), BiVO4(324), and BiVO4(326)), as shown Figure 1. The diffraction peaks of all photoanodes matched those

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• the trapping effect of the polymer matrix on CEO [31]. XRD analysis (Figure 1c) shows that all biopackaging samples exhibit only large peaks at around 22° and 26°, which correspond to the (101) and (200) planes of the PVA structure [40]. It is to note that a slight peak shift to higher angles can be

• visibly lower. This may be related to the disruption of the crystalline structure of PVA after encapsulation of essential oil. For rBP and rCBP, which also contains NC, a small rise in the XRD signal can be seen at around 18°, which may be from the (110) plane of the Iβ cellulose crystalline phase [32

• diffraction (XRD) was performed using an Aeris Minerals Edition from PANalytical (UK) with Co radiation at 40 kV. Biopackaging samples were clipped on a 16 mm holder and the measurement was performed using a 1/8° diffraction slit. Mechanical strength was determined at room temperature using a Testometric X350

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• . Nanoparticle characterization is done by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), complemented by tempering and laser post

• ). This is in good agreement with former ps-LAL studies by Waag et al. and also by Löffler et al., who reported comparable d-values of 2.08 Å (111), 1.81 Å (200), and 1.28 Å (220), determined by both SAED and XRD analysis [18][35]. Conversely, amorphous structures were found during ns-LAL (Figure 1D

• determine whether the structural information obtained from Figure 1 can also be reproduced for a larger fraction of the samples. Thus, XRD measurements were conducted on both ps- and ns-ablated HEA NPs. Figure 2 shows representative diffraction patterns of ps-ablated HEA NPs and ns-ablated HEA NPs (Figure

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• h in ambient atmosphere with a heating ramp of 200 K·h−1, without the use of refrigerants. The effect of ion beam-assisted deposition and additional post-process modification of TiO2 coatings was investigated in detail. XRD measurements (PANalytical Empyrean PIXel3D), Raman spectroscopy (Thermo

• shows a comparison of XRD patterns of as-deposited and annealed TiO2 thin films prepared by EBE and IBAD. All thin films changed their structure from amorphous to anatase after annealing. Mergel et al. [30] and Lu et al. [3] showed that TiO2 films prepared by the EBE method, due to the low substrate

• ion gun current from 3 to 4 A caused a decrease in crystallite size from 34.7 to 30.8 nm after annealing (Figure 1d). The results of the structure analysis are shown in Table 2. Based on the XRD patterns, there is no evidence for the occurrence of TiO2 with the rutile phase, as its specific peaks were

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• contour map of PG-CDs-AgNPs, which suggests the PL emission in the blue range. The crystalline nature of the PG-CDs-AgNPs was established from the X-ray diffraction pattern. Figure 2a displays an XRD pattern of the PG-CDs-AgNPs synthesized via PG-CDs mediated reduction. According to the XRD pattern, the

• phase composition could be classified according to the face-centered cubic structure of silver. The XRD spectrum showed that the formed PG-CDs-AgNPs were nanocrystals, as confirmed by the peaks at 2θ ≈ 28.20°, 32.66°, 38.61°, 46.60°, and 57.86°. These Bragg diffraction peaks are equivalent to the (110

• ), (111), (121), (200), and (311) planes, which can be seen in the face-centered cubic structure of silver [28][29]. The XRD analysis of the PG-CDs-AgNPs produced via PG-CDs mediated reduction resembles the crystalline phase as referenced by (JCPDS File No. 84-0713) data [30]. Furthermore, the XPS

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• . nitric acid (HNO3), and ethanol were obtained from Duksan Pure Chemicals Co. Ltd. Graphite powder was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. Instrumentation and characterization techniques The “PANalytical, X’Pert-PRO MPD” instrument (Cu Kα line; λ = 1.5406 Å) was utilized to carry out the XRD analyses of rGO and

• surfaces through substantial interactions. To confirm the formation of the ternary NC, the XRD analysis of the GVF was performed. As shown in Figure 3a, the characteristic peaks of GVF corresponding to the α phase of Fe2O3 and VO2, along with the signature peak of rGO were observed. To be specific, the

• oxide while oxidizing ferrocene alongside Fe3O4, which is formed as a major iron oxide component during the MW irradiation process. Nevertheless, the XRD pattern of the GV demonstrates the characteristic peaks of VO2, according to the JCPDS card no. 01-072-0514 [32]. Specifically, the peaks at the

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• potential regarding industrial application. Results and Discussion Crystal structure and phase of the as-synthesized electrodes were verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements with 2θ ranging from 20° to 80°. Figure 1 displays the XRD patterns of SS, Ni/NiO/SS-5, Ni/NiO/SS-10, Ni/NiO/SS-15, and Ni/NiO

• importantly, the XRD image of Ni/NiO/SS-10 presents peaks at 37.20°, 43.21°, and 62.91°, which correspond to the (111), (200), and (220) planes of the NiO phase (PDF 00-004-0835) [34][35]. Meanwhile, the peak of the Ni metal phase still appeared in the Ni/NiO/SS-10 sample, proving the co-existence of metal

• molecules. In contrast, at high O2 flow rates (15 and 20 sccm), NiO is produced with a large ratio of NiO/Ni, which is indicated by XRD peaks of NiO with high intensity. A high NiO concentration prefers the dissociative adsorption of water molecules, while hydrogen desorption is limited. Besides, the O

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• ground, polished, and analyzed by SEM (JEOL JSM-7600 F, Japan). The chemical composition was determined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) with an Oxford Inca spectrometer. The crystal structure of bulk CCAs was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a DRON-4–07 diffractometer with

• by XRD peaks. The microsegregation of Mn can be due to a phenomenon consistent with observations in other CCAs, often attributed to the elastic strain energy [58] or due to the presence of oxygen on the surface forming MnO [59]. As expected, the SEM images and EDX elemental mapping of the polished Al

• ; thus, even small absolute deviations at low concentrations can result in disproportionately high percentage variance. XRD analysis revealed the formation of multiphase alloys, with identifiable peaks corresponding to Al-deficient and Al-rich phases. The Al-deficient phase, Ni2Mn2Si, was found to have a

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• to the surface and the hydrogen bonding of interfacial hydration layers on the hydrophilic nanostructures. Crystallography, functional group, aqueous dispersibility and hydration lubrication Dry powder of the GO-SG-ZH nanocomposite was analyzed using XRD and FTIR. In Figure 6a, the XRD pattern

• of GO and SG nanomaterials had amorphous structures which did not give obvious peaks in the XRD pattern. Regarding the FTIR spectrum in Figure 6b, most of obvious peaks are attributed to functional groups of nanosilica. The vibration band at 3772.1 cm−1 is assigned to silanol groups on the nanosilica

• GO-SG-ZH hydrogel. (a) XRD pattern of GO-SG-ZH powder. (b) FTIR spectrum of GO-SG-ZH powder. (c) Aqueous dispersions of GO-SG-ZH powder and hydrogel (concentrations of 50 ppm) and their sedimented particles after 1 day (visualized by the optical microscope). (d) UV–vis spectra of aqueous dispersions

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• crystalline structure of the films was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The UV–vis–NIR photodetection properties of p-n junction-based thin films composed of FeS2 nanoparticles are reported. Additionally, the results of various light-sensing parameters evaluated in these photodetectors are also

• analyzed by XRD (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3a). Ultrafine spherical nanoparticles as condensed clusters are observed in TEM (Figure 3a) and STEM (Figure 3d–f) images for FeS2 NPs in DMF (FDMF). In comparison to IPA, a completely different type of morphology is observed for NPs in DMF from SEM

• colloid are stable for a long time and thoroughly dispersed. Therefore, the NPs of FeS2 in ethanol and acetone were not attempted for EPD. Only NPs on IPA were employed for the initial research on film fabrication via EPD, followed by spin coating of NPs of DMF. X-ray diffraction studies of the films XRD

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• discrepancies are mainly a consequence of difficulties with analysis of structural and morphological measurement results (e.g., signal obtained in X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments is dominated by the carbohydrate). This results in very broad, hard to interpret, or even uninterpretable lines (see XRD patterns

• transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Composition studies using XRD, magnetic properties using dc and ac magnetometry, and extensive spectral analysis using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) were also performed. Considering that the AB-Fortis

• dissolution in physiological salt. TEM is a strongly selective technique in which only a tiny sample volume is analyzed; however – as shown further in the text – the TEM results are consistent with the magnetic measurements. XRD results and analysis Figure 4 shows the XRD patterns of the FS0 and FST samples

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• dynamics and superconducting characteristics of the films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the TaN thin films exhibited excellent crystallinity, with sharp diffraction peaks indicating well-defined structural phases. The deposition process was optimized by systematically adjusting substrate

• . Prior research has consistently shown that TaN films with a FCC crystal structure exhibit enhanced superconducting properties compared to those with other crystal structures. The XRD spectra were obtained with a Panalitycal X’Pert Pro MRD, and the “Inorganic Crystal Structure Database” powder

• nitrogen concentration reached its highest value, and oxygen and carbon impurities were minimized. These results also align with the results from XRD and TEM, as the film deposited under these conditions exhibited the best crystallinity and epitaxial growth. The combination of optimal stoichiometry and

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in vitro drug release in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), and pharmacokinetic studies. The optimal formulation (APT-CD-NP4) containing the highest

• the crystal state into an amorphous state after SLN preparation. FTIR results indicated compatibility between APT and the polymers. XRD, TGA, and DSC results indicated no physical interaction between drug and polymers. In vitro drug release studies showed that APT-CD-NP4 yielded the maximum drug

• , and zeta potential measurements. Also Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), solubility, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo and stability studies were carried out. Result and Discussion Physicochemical evaluation The solubility of APT in the SLNs was 24-fold higher

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• film prior to further irradiation. The characterization of the thin films was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) on a Bruker high-resolution X-ray diffractometer, employing a Cu Kα beam over a 2θ range of 30–50°. Raman spectroscopic measurements were conducted at room temperature with a SENTERRA

• mode. Table 1 summarizes the irradiation ion energies and fluences for each thin film, along with their corresponding labels. Results and Discussion Influence of Ag and O ion irradiation on crystallographic phase by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy Figure 1a shows the XRD patterns illustrating

• in the Z900 sample. The intensity of this peak diminishes in the CZ900_113O and CZ900_313O samples, while it completely vanishes in the CZ900_113Ag and CZ900_313Ag samples. Thus, the Raman spectroscopic results, in conjunction with the XRD patterns, corroborate the observations regarding the presence

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• on the formation of unsaturated alcohols. The IE process replaced mainly Ca2+ and Na+ with Ni2+ and Co2+ cations in the zeolite phases (clinoptilolite and mordenite mix), while Imp resulted in higher metal content (2.0–2.7%) but retained significant amounts of chloride (1.9–3.8%), as confirmed by XRD

• . Results and Discussion Composition and characterization of the materials XRD patterns and a SEM micrograph of the starting zeolite mineral (ZSA) are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively. The diffraction patterns are normalized and evidence the presence of mordenite and clinoptilolite–heulandite

• -type zeolites through their main diffraction peaks indicated on the ZSA graph. Other minor phases such as quartz are also present. The SEM image shows a variety of crisscross crystals, which have the morphology expected for the zeolite types evidenced by XRD [16][17]. Very elongated crystals with

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• implantation, the stress in the films changed from tensile to compressive, as illustrated in Figure 4. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak position shift provides further insight into these stress changes. In as-deposited films, the peaks are shifting to lower 2θ values, signifying an increase in interatomic

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• with XRD results of secondary phase formations [22][23][24]. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of Ag@ZnO nanorods The physical state and chemical compositions of Ag@ZnO NRs were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Figure 7a represents the scan results of the binding energy. The

• three-electrode configuration. The working electrode consisted of the modified Ag@ZnO NRs/Au electrode, a platinum wire used as the counter electrode, and the reference electrode was an Ag/AgCl electrode. A 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 7.0 was used for all measurements. (a) XRD of Ag@ZnO

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• crystal structure of the HEA NPs was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Smartlab diffractometer (Rigaku, Japan). SEM was used to characterize the nanoparticle size distribution and to determine the beam shape influence while maintaining comparable PLAL parameters for both beams to minimize the

• of the HEA NPs from 35 to 55 nm (Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1). Again, the produced NPs exhibit regular spherical shapes with a relatively narrow size distribution, and almost no aggregated particles are observed. The XRD analysis indicates that the obtained HEA NPs are partially oxidized

• different moments in time. (c) Images in (b) at a higher magnification. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 22: Additional experimental data. Acknowledgements The authors thank Nadezhda M. Bulgakova for useful discussions and Inam Mirza for the XRD measurements. Funding The authors

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• gold nanoparticles) spectral signatures were not observable here. Pulsed laser grafting created nonequilibrium gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composites, evident from powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data (Figure 5A). We normalized the XRD patterns to the (111) peak and found that the (200) or (311

• ) using instrument-specific atomic sensitivity factors. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were conducted at the Chemical Analysis Lab at the Rochester Institute of Technology using a Bruker D8 ADVANCE diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (40 kV and 40 mA). The configuration included a 0.6 mm primary

• contents of XPS species are given in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1. XRD data of gold nanoparticles (A). EIS data, with gray fits using the inset equivalent circuit models of gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composites (B). Electrocatalytic aqueous bicarbonate reduction data from pulsed laser