Glycerol photoelectrochemical oxidation reaction at carbon nitrides/BiVO₄ materials

• Charles Garcia da Cunha,
• Isabelle M. D. Gonzaga,
• Cristian Hessel,
• Izadora F. Reis,
• Ivo F. Teixeira,
• Lucia H. Mascaro and
• Elton Sitta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 806–817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.57

• added-value products through biomass oxidation. In this study, we investigate the photoelectrochemical oxidation of glycerol using visible-light-responsive carbon nitride /bismuth vanadate (CN/BiVO4) heterojunction photoelectrocatalysts. Different CN materials were explored, including polymeric carbon

• ], it is possible to combine BiVO4 with other materials, such as carbon nitrides materials [12]. Carbon nitrides (CNs) can be classified into two main groups: polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) and crystalline carbon nitrides – poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) and poly(triazine imide) (PTI). While both share a

• performance in various applications [13][14]. In contrast, crystalline carbon nitrides, namely PHI and PTI, exhibit superior molecular organization, greater stability, and enhanced functional properties. PHI is composed of heptazine units linked through nitrogen bridges, resulting in a pseudohexagonal 2D

Tuning the electronic properties of defect-rich MoS₂

• Eric Juriatti,
• Martina Binninger,
• Carolin Schüle,
• Maren Zirwick,
• Katarina Margetic,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Marcus Scheele and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 796–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.56

• eV, were acquired. Synthetic molybdenum disulfide crystals (2D Semiconductors, Phoenix, AZ, USA) were attached to the sample holders using silver conductive paint. To ensure cleanliness, the crystals were cleaved in situ by scotch tape. By the absence of carbon and oxygen signals in the XPS, a

• , namely, that of the carbon- and nitrogen-rich macrocycle. In summary, the C 1s (Figure 4a–c) and N 1s spectra (Figure 4d-f) following the deposition of CoPcF16 of varying thicknesses onto MoS2 substrates, sputtered with Ne+ or Ar+ and varying durations up to 4 min, exhibit no signs of strong interactions

Substrate-dependent pore formation in molybdenum disulfide monolayers under ion irradiation

• Yossarian Liebsch,
• Umair Javed,
• Lucia Skopinski,
• Leon Daniel,
• Franziska Appel,
• Radia Rahali,
• Clara Grygiel,
• Henning Lebius,
• Carolin Frank,
• Lars Breuer,
• Leon Kirsch,
• Frieder Koch,
• Jani Kotakoski and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.54

• , the furnace is opened to allow for rapid cooling. The freshly grown MoS2 flakes are irradiated on the SiO2/Si substrate and subsequently transferred to a QUANTIFOIL® holey carbon grid with 1.2 µm holes. The transfer is performed by placing the TEM grid onto the sample with the mesh facing the MoS2. By

• placing a droplet of water near the grid, the water can intercalate between the flakes and the substrate, lifting off the MoS2 in the process and pressing it against the QUANTIFOIL® holey carbon mesh. Sample preparation and characterization are schematically shown in Figure 6. To investigate the

Tailoring Ag–Pt nanoalloys through solid-state dewetting: structural and optical insights

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Piotr Okoczuk,
• Blaž Grobiša,
• Ewa Pawlikowska,
• Amelia Rozwadowska,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 748–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.52

• shown in Figure 5. The survey spectra confirm the high chemical purity of all samples. Apart from Ag and Pt, only silicon originating from the substrate, as well as oxygen and carbon adsorbed from the atmosphere, were detected. The quantitative composition was determined from the survey spectra and is

• focused ion beam (FIB) lift-out technique. For this purpose, a dual-beam Thermo Fisher Scientific Helios 5 UX scanning electron microscope equipped with a Phoenix Ga+ ion column was used. Prior to sample preparation, the particles were coated with a protective carbon layer using a gas injection system

Oxidative atmosphere-driven formation of single-phase spinel CuRh₂O₄ nanofibers for alkaline water oxidation

• Namhee Kim,
• Sumin Ko,
• Sohyeon Choi,
• Seoyoon Jang,
• Myung Hwa Kim and
• Dasol Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 737–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.50

• corresponding to metallic Rh (Rh0) are observed at around 305 eV, indicating that the oxidative environment is insufficient to fully form the spinel CuRh2O4 phase [15]. Note that in the C 1s region (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2), the residual carbon content in the annealed samples is negligible

• , suggesting that PVP is almost completely decomposed and removed under oxidative conditions at 850 °C [16]. These findings confirm that the resulting materials predominantly exist as fully oxidized metal oxides, with minimal contribution from carbon species derived from PVP. As shown in Figure 4a, Raman

• The as-prepared nanofibers and commercial Ir/C catalyst were separately dispersed in deionized water to obtain catalyst inks with a concentration of 2 mg·mL−1. An aliquot (6 μL) of each well-dispersed ink was drop-cast onto a glassy carbon (GC) disk electrode (3 mm diameter) and dried in an oven at 60

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• of PFAS was achieved by formulating nanosilver with activated carbon, where perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were adsorbed at concentrations of, respectively, 454.1 and 321.2 mg/g, respectively [29]. Echinochloa pyramidalis-stabilized AgNPs were synthesized for the

• X-ray analysis [49]. TEM analysis is performed on copper grids with varying mesh sizes and coatings, with carbon/formvar-coated copper grids commonly preferred. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides information on the silver nanoparticles’ surface properties and the aggregation state of dried

• nanoparticles using carbon or silicon wafers as the primary substrate [49]. The X-ray diffraction pattern reveal that AgNP crystal growth occurs at different facets depending on the NPs [49]. The most common facets include 111, 200, 220, and 311, corresponding to 2θ angles of 38.2°, 44.4°, 64.6°, and 77.5

Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers

• Angelika Zaszczyńska,
• Paulina H. Marek-Urban,
• Karolina Wrochna,
• Agnieszka E. Kuklewska,
• Kacper Kręgielewski,
• Marta Grodzik,
• Dawid R. Natkowski,
• Jolanta Mierzejewska,
• Ewa Iwanek,
• Agata Blacha-Grzechnik,
• Paweł Sajkiewicz and
• Krzysztof Durka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46

• of surface polarity with BODIPY incorporation is consistent with the observed decrease in WCA and may promote pollutant adsorption [58]. The survey XPS spectrum recorded for 1(1.00 wt %)@PCL (Figure 6a) confirms the presence of oxygen (O 1s at 530 eV, OKLL at 970 eV), carbon (C 1s at 285 eV), and

• . While all components can be associated with PCL [59] modified with BODIPY [60], adventitious carbon contamination may also contribute to C−C, C−O, and C=O signals. The analysis of the O 1s high-resolution spectrum (Figure 6c) reveals the presence of two components, that is, C−O at 533.5 eV and C=O at

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• operation steps, advantages, and disadvantages of each extraction/isolation method. Uses of extracted cellulose As the world’s economy continuously depends heavily on fossil fuels, the need to reduce carbon emissions has pushed renewable biomass into the spotlight as a promising alternative for producing

• [82]. In this context, nanocellulose has emerged as a promising renewable nanomaterial because it is a sustainable, carbon-neutral biopolymer that combines wide availability, low cost, excellent flexibility, large surface area, ease of modification, and high biocompatibility, making it particularly

• the need for additional additives, and their high carbon content and small size make them particularly suitable for producing porous carbon-based electrodes through high-temperature pyrolysis. Beyond enhancing conductivity, the use of CNCs as template materials provides multiple advantages, since they

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• photocatalyst (Ag@TiO2 200p or Ag@TiO2 2000p) was deposited onto a carbon-coated copper grid and left to dry under ambient conditions. ImageJ software, version 1.54 g, was used for image analysis and interplanar distance computations. Measurements of particle size distribution, zeta potential, and

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• ; junction; perovskite solar cells; Introduction Driven by the global push for carbon neutrality, next-generation high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaic technologies have gained increasing attention. Due to their high absorption coefficients, long carrier diffusion lengths, tunable bandgaps, and solution

• -surface post-treatments can form a homojunction at the top of the perovskite layer. In particular, HTL-free systems, such as those employing porous carbon electrodes, similar control can be achieved near the electrode–perovskite interface through interfacial modification. Chen et al. [36] employed a

• cyclopentylmethylamine (CMA) post-treatment to induce homojunction formation at the lateral microinterfaces between the carbon electrode and the perovskite. After crystallization, the perovskite within the mesoscopic framework forms numerous microcontacts with the carbon electrode. CMA infiltration from the carbon side

Impacts of annealing on structural and photophysical properties of zinc phthalocyanine adsorbed on graphene

• Gautier Creutzer,
• Quentin Fernez,
• Nataliya Kalashnyk,
• Zohreh Safarzadeh,
• Lydia Sosa Vargas,
• Céline Fiorini-Debuisschert,
• Nicolas Fabre and
• Fabrice Charra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 576–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.39

• characteristic of a ZnPc response [43]. However, the highest energy peak is strongly shifted from its value of 1506 cm−1 in the bulk to 1543 cm−1 in this assembly. The same shift has been reported for the ZnPc embedded inside carbon nanotubes or adsorbed on their surface [44]. This is considered as a signature

• coating (Graphenea) on a 170 µm thick transparent microscope glass cover plate. The nanoporous 2D host network was formed by self-assembly of 1,3,5-tristyrylbenzene substituted in positions 3 and 5 by alkoxy peripheral chains presenting 12 carbon atoms (TSB35-C12) [39] and the guest molecule was

Laser–material interactions in liquids for the synthesis of nanomaterials: current status and perspectives

• Carlos Doñate Buendia,
• Bilal Gökce and
• Leonid V. Zhigilei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 571–575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.38

• ]. Alternatively, employing organic solvents instead of water provides opportunities to produce carbon-encapsulated core−shell nanostructures [49] and enables control over oxidation [50], surface chemistry [51], and transferability between solvents [52]. The versatility of LSPC in terms of materials, solvents, and

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• catalytic efficiency towards different organic contaminant molecules [5]. The photochemical degradation of ketoprofen was previously reported [23] to result in a small decrease in the total organic carbon (TOC) content. TOC content remained almost constant for several hours, and only 12% of mineralization

• 60 min of reaction, and 90% of the total carbon was mineralized. In addition, it was determined that hydroxyl radicals play an important role in the photocatalytic reaction mechanism. Experimental Material synthesis The synthesis of co-doped TiO2 was carried out through the sol–gel method. The

• microscope JEOL 6490LV equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analyzer for chemical microanalysis using 20 kV of voltage. The samples were placed on a carbon slab and covered with gold to improve the conductivity. The surface area was measured by N2 physisorption through the BET method

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• ciprofloxacin (CPR) was developed using a glassy carbon electrode modified with MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide (MIL-101/rGO). MIL-101/rGO was synthesized via a facile ultrasonic-assisted method and characterized by various physicochemical techniques. The synergistic combination of MIL-101 with rGO significantly

• extraction based on carbon quantum dots/zeolite imidazolate framework-90/polyvinyl pyrrolidone/iron(II,III) oxide with high-performance liquid chromatography [6][7] or chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry [8] offer high accuracy and reliability. However, these techniques often need expensive equipment

• direct use in electrochemical sensing. To address this limitation, hybridizing MOFs with conductive carbon materials has been extensively studied. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is especially appealing due to its high electrical conductivity [12], large specific surface area, mechanical stability [13], and

Fractional shot noise of an SU(N) Kondo system

• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 515–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.34

• the tunability of QDs by external fields, voltages, and strains, strong correlations can be tested also in regimes not accessible in solid-state physics. The paramagnetic SU(2) Kondo effect has been observed in semiconductor-based QDs [5][6], in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [7][8][9][10][11], and in

• ] and for cold atoms in [40]. There are also reports on Kondo effects for N > 6, for example, the SU(12) Kondo effect in carbon nanotubes has been analyzed in [41]. In the SU(N) case, the system has N flavors instead of spin-up and spin-down, and the three Pauli matrices are generalized to (N2 − 1

• systems. We address our calculations to multilevel two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) quantum dots [49] and to single-walled and multiwalled carbon nanotube QDs [50][51]. It is worth mentioning that these symmetries are of a fundamental nature and concern systems from various, sometimes very distant

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• of transforming agroindustrial waste into high-value graphene-based nanomaterials and highlight the potential of sustainable synthesis routes for advancing environmentally responsible carbon-based technologies. Keywords: agroindustrial waste; gold nanoparticles; graphene oxide; green synthesis

• routes compared to conventional harsh chemical methods [11][12][13][14]. In parallel, the increasing demand for eco-friendly, low-cost substitutes has driven the use of biomass-derived carbon precursors, particularly agricultural and food waste, as replacements for graphite [15][16][17]. These types of

• waste are abundant, renewable, and often underutilized. Biomass has a high carbon content and aromatic structures, making it suitable for carbonization. This approach not only contributes to waste minimization but also promotes environmental sustainability by converting abundant biowaste into valuable

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• measured at the atomic scale and correlated with the local atomic and electronic structure? The ability to measure the optical spectra of individual defects at the atomic scale and to correlate them directly with their local atomic and electronic structure, as performed for 1D carbon nanotubes [111], would

• /quantification using STM/STS? STS and orbital imaging provides unique fingerprints of point defects in TMDs including common impurities found in synthetically grown TMDs, such as oxygen substitutions (OX) [51][120] and carbon–hydrogen complexes () [121][122] at chalcogen sites, molybednum (MoM) [120], chromium

Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions

• Iseult Lynch,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Kunal Roy and
• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28

• classical molecular dynamics and ab initio calculations revealed that TA preferentially binds to the most reactive sites on GO surfaces via oxygen-containing groups or the carbon matrix. The binding energy was dominated by van der Waals interaction forces. A dose-dependent mitigating effect of TA on the

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• to cancer cells; this resulted in a threefold increase in the accumulation of PLGA nanoparticles within the tumor [106]. A notable study aimed to evaluate the translational potential of biomimetic delivery systems for precise tumor therapy. Gold@carbon nanoparticles were coated with proteins derived

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• electron microscope was used; prior to measurements, samples were adhered to supports to coat them with a gold layer. For TEM analysis, samples were deposited on a 200-mesh copper grid with carbon membrane. Images were observed on a Talos F200X ThermoScientific microscope at 44000× magnification in S-MET

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• , Italy 10.3762/bjnano.17.23 Abstract In this work, the high-frequency response of a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) film grown on a silicon substrate is compared with that of MWCNT sponges (CNSs). Different from the CNT film, CNSs are a self-standing material that can operate in the absence of a

• applied for these tests, and an increase in the response up to 45% was found for the two studied positions. Keywords: carbon nanotube film; carbon nanotube sponge; chemical vapour deposition; monopole RF antenna; Introduction Most radio frequency (RF) applications rely on the use of conductors with low

• conditions [1][2]. Novel alternative materials including conducting polymers [3], nanocarbon-based materials like carbon fibres [4], carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their composites [5][6][7], and more recently graphene [8][9] have been the focus of extensive research. Above materials fulfil the requirements of

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• grown oxide. Specifically, on Si, LAO-derived oxide exhibits a density of 2.05 g·cm−3, lower than the 2.27 g·cm−3 density of thermally oxidized silicon [43]. In the case of Si surfaces the chemical reaction leading to SiO2 formation is: In the case of SiC, carbon atoms are eliminated in the form of

• carbon dioxide: The oxides fabricated on MoX2 materials (MoS2, MoSe2, and MoTe2) are instead soluble in water, indicating that the product of the reaction is MoO3 [21]: Similarly, LAO on WSe2 produces WO3 features that have been etched in water [24]. If we consider semiconductors and metals, most

• experiments aimed to fabricate narrow oxide lines on Si. In one case (Figure 2b), the aspect ratio was enhanced by using a carbon nanofiber (CNF)-functionalized AFM tip [51]; Figure 2c illustrates the scale of a multilevel SiNW transistor, serving as proof that LAO is compatible with performing multiple

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• its reaction product N-methyl-2,3-dihydropyridin-4(1H)-one is highly valuable (>1000 €·g−1) in contrast to the inexpensive starting material (0.15 €·g−1). Various synthesis methods were employed to prepare AuNPs supported on different carbon materials, including reduced graphene oxide (rGO), activated

• carbon (AC), and carbon black (CB), to investigate the influence of the carbon support on the catalyst performance. As stabilizing agents for the AuNPs, citrate (Cit) and the polyoxometallate [SiW9O34]10− (SiW9) were used. Among the tested catalysts, the rGO-supported ones, Au-Cit/rGO, Au-SiW9/rGO, and

• filtration and where the NPs are further stabilized against coalescence, aggregation, sintering, or Ostwald ripening under the catalytic reaction conditions. By anchoring AuNPs onto a solid support, such as metal oxides, polymers, or carbon-based materials, their stability is significantly enhanced

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• elements such as carbon or oxygen. Surface carbon contamination on Cu foils, particularly for higher-purity Cu foils, typically originates from the cold rolling process, where oils are important to balance friction properties and cool the strip and rolls. Surface roughness of the Cu foils was measured with

• × 10−2 mbar. The Cu foils were placed into the CVD chamber and the temperature was ramped to 1065 °C at 100 °C/min in either an Ar atmosphere (Ar) or a 4:1 (200 SCCM:50 SCCM) mixture of Ar and H2 (Ar:H2). The samples were then held at 1065 °C for an annealing time of 30 min. Subsequently, the carbon

• Discussion ToF-SIMS imaging of graphene grown on Cu foils after various surface pre-treatments, as shown in Figure 1, reveals dramatic differences in the nucleation density of graphene. Using the negative secondary ion signal from polyatomic carbon ions (Cn−), which are indicative of graphene, coming from

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• , nanocarriers encompass diverse types including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, lipid-based carriers, carbon-based nanomaterials, and gold nanoparticles. They exhibit versatile structures (1–100 nm) with diverse morphologies (e.g., spherical, tubular, or conical shapes [14]). With

• platforms by emphasizing biodegradability, biocompatibility, and high positive surface potentials to optimize cellular uptake and endosomal escape. Addressing safety and regulatory challenges, especially for inorganic materials such as carbon nanotubes and mesoporous silica nanoparticles and optimizing