Room-temperature NO₂ sensing performance of ZnO/Ti₃C₂T_x heterojunctions

• Ngo Thi Chau,
• Quoc Vinh Ho,
• Dai Hai Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1159–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.79

• the addition of Ti3C2Tx MXene. Materials characterization The morphology and elemental analysis of the selected samples were recorded by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL, IT200 Japan). The phase structure of samples was obtained by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, D8 Advance Eco, Bruker AXS

A redox-responsive viologen–cavitand nanocarrier for dual-function photodynamic therapy

• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Alexey Yu. Usanyov,
• Amir A. Shamsutdinov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Andrey A. Parfenov,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Rezeda R. Fazleeva,
• Vitaly V. Yanilkin,
• Kseniya A. Zhdanova,
• Natal’ya A. Bragina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1142–1158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.78

• aggregation into larger, looser structures; therefore, the low-temperature protocol yields smaller, more compact particles despite their higher THPP loading capacity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the formation of monodisperse, spherical nanoparticles. The dry core diameter was ≈25 nm

Biosynthesis, characterization, and biofunctional assessment of niobium oxide nanostructures obtained using lactic acid bacteria-derived supernatants

• Pablo A. Oliveira,
• Gabriella T. L. Teixeira,
• Pollyane S. Oliveira,
• Thaís S. Farnesi-de-Assunção,
• Isabela S. Rotta,
• Karina F. D. Vicentine,
• Dayane S. Alvares,
• Jéferson A. Moreto,
• Aline D. Paiva and
• Natália B. L. Slade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1128–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.77

• biologically active metabolites for bioreduction and stabilization. The synthesized nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), scanning-transmission electron microscopy (STEM), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier

• -free supernatants (CFSs) of Lc. rhamnosus and Lc. paracasei UFTM 2.9. Morphological and structural characterization techniques were employed, including scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), scanning-transmission electron microscopy (STEM), ultraviolet

• approximately 7 to 49 nm, as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), exhibited hydrodynamic diameters between 526 and 881 nm in water, even after sonication to minimize aggregation effects. Therefore, the hydrodynamic sizes obtained for the niobium-based nanostructures green-synthesized with Lcp

Electrochemical sensing of sildenafil in pharmaceutical formulations using an (S,N)-doped reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Ngo Thi Thanh Xuan,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Duc Anh,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Hai Phong,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Lam Son and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1087–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.74

• Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi City, 100000, Vietnam 10.3762/bjnano.17.74 Abstract In this work, (S,N)-co-doped reduced graphene oxide ((S,N)-rGO) was successfully synthesized via thermal treatment and thoroughly characterized by X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy

• structural characterizations were performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping (JEM-2100, Jeol-Japan) at 200 kV, X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Bruker D8 Advance, Germany), Raman spectroscopy (XploRA™ PLUS, Horiba, Japan), FTIR (Shimadzu Prestige-21

• , FTIR, BET, and Raman analyses. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images of (S,N)-GO and (S,N)-rGO are presented in Figure 2a and Figure 2b, respectively. The (S,N)-GO sample exhibits thin, transparent, and relatively smooth layered nanosheets with a typical wrinkled morphology

Breaking barriers: nanosystems to overcome solubility and permeability challenges of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors

• Bhagya Shree,
• Abhishek Sharma,
• Manish Kumar,
• Ruchi Chawla and
• Brahmeshwar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1063–1086, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.73

• in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), simulated gastric fluid (SGF), and pH-shift systems revealed that a 1:7 (NTB/Soluplus®) ratio was optimal and provided 630-fold greater solubility than crystalline nilotinib. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images further confirmed micelle formation within the

Nanoglasses: a trail towards uncharted regions of vitreous materials and their properties?

• Gerhard Wilde and
• Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.72

• tens of nanometres. Given a thickness of the glass–glass interfaces of the order of a few nanometres, it is expected that different structural arrangements exist within the grains in comparison to the glass–glass interfaces; this has been confirmed recently by so-called fluctuation electron microscopy

• a transmission electron microscope (TEM), so that projection artefacts that are inherent in the analysis of powder-compacted nanoglasses can be avoided. Figure 3a presents a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) overview of the columnar nanoglass thin films, highlighting their overall structural

• . Further confirmation of these distinct phases is provided by the cross-sectional high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) image in Figure 3c, which differentiates the glass grains and the glass–glass interface regions based on contrasting dark and bright areas

Influence of an external electric field on the catalytic CO oxidation of nanoscaled CeO₂ and its La³⁺ and Gd³⁺ congeners

• Parastoo Jamshidi,
• Silvio Heinschke and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1028–1038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.70

• Information File 1, Figures S20–S24). All cerium oxide nanoparticles are strongly aggregated and form dense strongly corrugated films with an agglomerated particle size of about 50 nm in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S25). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and

• high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) reveal highly crystalline spherical, slightly faceted nCeO2 and 5% doped-nCeO2 with a diameter of around 15 nm (Figure 1a–c). The observed d-spacings are characteristic of nCeO2 (0.31 nm), Gd3+–nCeO2 (0.31 nm), and La3+–nCeO2 (0.29 nm) (Figure 1d

Synthesis and characterization of RF-sputtered ZnTe/Cu_2−xTe thin films for solar cell applications

• Gerardo Arreola Jardón,
• Susana Meraz Dávila,
• Claudia Elena Pérez García,
• Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta and
• Sergio Joaquín Jiménez Sandoval

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1016–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.69

• produced only minor lattice modifications, while higher Cu and O contents promoted the formation of Cu2−xTe secondary phases, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Optical measurements showed a significant reduction in infrared

• . Vibrational and structural surface properties Figure 4 shows Raman spectra and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the CuZnTeO film grown at 300 °C with a nominal Cu and O concentration of 3 atom %. The SEM image reveals an irregular surface morphology characterized by agglomerate formation with non

Ultrasonic irradiation in the synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite: a chemically friendly technique for improving hemocompatibility and antibiofilm applications

• Juan Mendoza Turmero,
• Cristina Parra Pantoja,
• Marcos Sabino Gutiérrez,
• Milagro Fernández-Delgado,
• Claudia Alvarado-Castillo,
• Damarys Soto Gil,
• María E. Gomes Gomes,
• Yony Gutiérrez Barrios and
• Daniel Suárez Arteaga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 991–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.68

• quantitative analysis of particle size was conducted using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and BET surface area measurements. These findings, along with their corresponding statistical evaluations, are presented and extensively discussed in section “Field emission scanning electron

• only undergoes transformations leading to its decomposition at temperatures above 1000 to 1300 °C; this promotes the formation of other biocompatible phosphate species, such as tetracalcium phosphate and tricalcium phosphate [77]. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and particle size

• the material’s performance in biological assays, such as hemocompatibility and antibacterial activity. The particle size, as discussed in the preceding paragraphs, can be determined statistically through electron microscopy imaging, as well as by calculating the specific surface area of the

Materials challenges in solid-state sensors for continuous monitoring of ions in water

• Maryam Darestani-Farahani and
• Peter Kruse

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 935–973, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.66

Enhanced erosion resistance and radiation stability of WC–WO₃ nanocomposite films under 100 keV Kr⁺ ion irradiation

• Shristi Bist,
• Parswajit Kalita,
• Ratnesh K. Pandey,
• Sejal Shah,
• Richa Krishna,
• Umapathy G. R.,
• Sunil Ojha and
• Devesh K. Avasthi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 922–934, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.65

• experimental sputtering trends. Furthermore, preferential sputtering of lower-Z elements (C and O) was observed in both material systems. Glancing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis revealed post-irradiation grain growth in WC–WO3 films, while scanning electron microscopy results show morphological changes

• , Netherlands) in the 2θ range from 20° to 80°. Scanning electron microscopy measurements of pristine and irradiated S1 films were performed using a MIRA Tescan II SEM at a high voltage of 25 kV using detector working in secondary-emission mode. Results and Discussion Phase and compositional studies of the

Supramolecular one-dimensional conducting nanofibers from a C₃-symmetric tetrathiafulvalene derivative

• Yoko Tatewaki,
• Fumiya Hirose,
• Sadafumi Nishihara,
• Tomoyuki Akutagawa,
• Takayoshi Nakamura and
• Tsuyoshi Minami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 872–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.63

• marked differences in the observed morphologies. In addition to AFM observations, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements were performed for representative samples deposited on HOPG substrates. Representative SEM images are provided in Supporting Information File 1 (Figures S2–S4). The

He⁺ FIBID-fabricated 3D AFM tip architectures: an exploratory study of hollow pillars, helices, and spirals

• Alba Arroyo-Fructuoso,
• Ana Galet,
• Gregor Hlawacek and
• Rosa Córdoba

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.62

• examined by electron microscopy before and after AFM use. The main degradation modes were geometric deformation of the apex or shaft and mechanical fracture, most frequently at the tip–cantilever interface. While a few structures remained operational through repeated measurement cycles, others failed

• measurements from commercial reference probes serving as a step height baseline. Importantly, each printed structure was also inspected by electron microscopy before and after AFM use in order to document morphology changes, degradation pathways and architecture-dependent failure modes. In this way, the work

• tested conditions, confirming basic probe functionality, but without demonstrating any imaging advantage over commercial tips. The systematic before/after electron microscopy inspection shows that the dominant degradation modes are apex or shaft deformation and mechanical fracture, most frequently at the

Glycerol photoelectrochemical oxidation reaction at carbon nitrides/BiVO₄ materials

• Charles Garcia da Cunha,
• Isabelle M. D. Gonzaga,
• Cristian Hessel,
• Izadora F. Reis,
• Ivo F. Teixeira,
• Lucia H. Mascaro and
• Elton Sitta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 806–817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.57

• acetylacetonate at 500 °C for 2 h. The CN/BiVO4 heterojunctions presented bandgap energy values, Eg, similar to pure BiVO4. X-ray diffraction analysis also revealed that the BiVO4 phase was not altered by the presence of the CN. However, scanning electron microscopy analysis coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray

• acquired from 10° to 80° at a rate of 2°·min−1 with a step size of 0.02°. Morphological features and elemental composition were determined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM; Zeiss Supra35) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), operating at 15 kV. Optical properties

Restorative potential of laser-synthesized silver nanoparticles with Salvia officinalis for periodontal disease treatment: an in vitro study

• Jelena Filipović Tričković,
• Sanja Živković,
• Bojana Ilić,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Jelena Marinković,
• Ana Valenta Šobot and
• Miloš Momčilović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 781–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.55

• . AgNPs were synthesized at two laser pulse energies (2 and 6 mJ), in sage extract and deionized water, and characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Synthesis at 6 mJ in sage extract (SageAgNPs6mJ) yielded

• polystyrene cuvettes (DTS0012, Malvern Panalytical, UK) at ambient temperature (25 ± 0.1 °C). The selected AgNPs that displayed antimicrobial effects were further analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to evaluate their size, shape, and dispersity. An FEI Talos F200X microscope, operating at 200

Substrate-dependent pore formation in molybdenum disulfide monolayers under ion irradiation

• Yossarian Liebsch,
• Umair Javed,
• Lucia Skopinski,
• Leon Daniel,
• Franziska Appel,
• Radia Rahali,
• Clara Grygiel,
• Henning Lebius,
• Carolin Frank,
• Lars Breuer,
• Leon Kirsch,
• Frieder Koch,
• Jani Kotakoski and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.54

• highly charged ions (HCIs) and swift heavy ions (SHIs) – two types of ions that, despite having vastly different kinetic energies, both interact primarily with the electronic system of the target. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, we quantify pore radii and pore formation efficiencies for

• under both HCI and SHI irradiation conclusively demonstrate the central role of substrate and interface-dependent electronic dissipation pathways regarding damage under these types of ion irradiation. Keywords: defects; MoS2; nanopores; SiO2; scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM

• , high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) generally requires freestanding membranes, while atomic-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) demand exceptionally clean surfaces; also, substrate effects can further complicate interpretation

Tailoring Ag–Pt nanoalloys through solid-state dewetting: structural and optical insights

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Piotr Okoczuk,
• Blaž Grobiša,
• Ewa Pawlikowska,
• Amelia Rozwadowska,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 748–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.52

• under an argon atmosphere. The process induced the transformation of continuous bilayers into isolated nanoislands through solid-state dewetting. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed the formation of well-defined, nearly spherical nanoislands with a

• a region with a lower film thickness at grain boundaries, which is well visible on the linear AFM profile in Figure 1 [45][46][47]. Figure 2a presents an exemplary scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of nanostructures formed as a result of annealing of a silver–platinum bilayer with a thickness

• homogeneous Ag–Pt nanoalloys, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) observations were performed. Representative cross-section TEM images of two samples with various compositions are shown in Figure 8. Images for both nanostructures exhibit uniform morphology, which strongly indicates alloy

Oxidative atmosphere-driven formation of single-phase spinel CuRh₂O₄ nanofibers for alkaline water oxidation

• Namhee Kim,
• Sumin Ko,
• Sohyeon Choi,
• Seoyoon Jang,
• Myung Hwa Kim and
• Dasol Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 737–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.50

• 609.6 cm−1 (A1g), which are consistent with the spinel CuRh2O4 lattice [17][18], supporting the XRD-based phase assignment (vide supra). As shown in Figure 4b, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of the electrospun CuRh2O4 nanofibers reveals clear lattice fringes with an

• electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate the surface morphology and structural uniformity of the electrospun nanofibers after post-annealing. In the as-spun state prior to annealing, the fibers containing PVP exhibit smooth surfaces with an average diameter of approximately 300 nm (Supporting

• characterization Morphology and elemental composition of the synthesized nanomaterials were examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; JEOL JSM-6700F) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM; JEOL JEM-2100F). Surface chemical states and crystallographic structures were

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• needed before engineering AgNPs for particular applications. AgNPs are characterised using optical spectroscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to measure plasmonic absorbance, size, shape, structure, and stability [49]. Optical spectroscopy is a rapid and

• , which calculated the AgNP concentration as particles per millilitre [53]. Microscopic techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy, provide high-resolution images of individual nanoparticles, confirming morphology, size distribution, and elemental composition when coupled with energy-dispersive

• X-ray analysis [49]. TEM analysis is performed on copper grids with varying mesh sizes and coatings, with carbon/formvar-coated copper grids commonly preferred. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides information on the silver nanoparticles’ surface properties and the aggregation state of dried

Molecular engineering of individual dye-based nanoparticle photostability for ultrabright two-photon fluorescence

• Eleonore Kurek,
• Sasha Cooper,
• Alexandre Clausolles,
• Karen Perronet,
• Jonathan Daniel,
• Mireille Blanchard-Desce and
• François Marquier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 688–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.48

• ) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and size distribution of dFONs(1), data reused from [20]. (d) TEM and size distribution of dFONs(2). (e) Normalized absorption spectra of dFONs(1) (green) and dFONs(2) (red). (f) Normalized emission spectra of dFONs(1) (green) and dFONs(2) (red). (g) Two-photon absorption

Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers

• Angelika Zaszczyńska,
• Paulina H. Marek-Urban,
• Karolina Wrochna,
• Agnieszka E. Kuklewska,
• Kacper Kręgielewski,
• Marta Grodzik,
• Dawid R. Natkowski,
• Jolanta Mierzejewska,
• Ewa Iwanek,
• Agata Blacha-Grzechnik,
• Paweł Sajkiewicz and
• Krzysztof Durka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46

• 30 µm, Rotilabo®, Roth Selection, Germany), which was attached to the collector. After the electrospinning process, all mats were placed under a fume hood for 48 h to evaporate solvents in the fibers. Morphology analysis The morphological properties of samples were examined through scanning electron

• microscopy (SEM) using a JSM-6010PLUS/LV InTouchScope™ system from JEOL (Tokyo, Japan), operating at an accelerating voltage of 11 kV. Prior to imaging, each nonwoven sample underwent a double-coating process with a thin gold layer (2–3 nm). Microstructural analysis was subsequently performed utilizing

afspm: A framework for manufacturer-agnostic automation in scanning probe microscopy

• Nicholas J. Sullivan,
• Julio J. Valdés,
• Kirk H. Bevan and
• Peter Grutter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 653–667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.45

• instruments’ communication interfaces, and may benefit from similar frameworks. We particularly highlight optical and electron microscopy as these instruments share common experimental workflows (e.g., searching a wider region to determine where to image) and may benefit from direct repurposing of automation

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), aiming to establish a clear correlation between synthesis parameters, nanostructure features, and photocatalytic activity. In our previous studies [6][7][21

• microstructural examination utilizing transmission electron microscopy. Investigations were conducted using scanning transmission electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark-field with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. A drop of the suspended

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• = 1486.6 eV). The pass energy was set to 10 eV for high-resolution scans and to 40 eV for survey spectra. All binding energies were referenced to the C=C peak at 284.4 eV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was carried using a JEOL JEM-2100 microscope operating at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. TEM