Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• were characterized, and the TC adsorption efficiency of PGC was assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS). Elemental analysis of PGC identified four key mechanisms governing its endothermic TC adsorption mechanism: surface complexation, electrostatic interactions

• characteristics and morphology of the synthesized adsorbent. Additionally, the study examines the adsorption mechanism of TC on the material’s surface and evaluates the effects of pH value, adsorbent dosage, and matrix composition. As a biodegradable and easily recoverable material derived from natural cellulose

• dissolution via hydrate bridge formation. Additionally, the presence of Zn enhances the TC adsorption capacity of PGC through a chemical adsorption mechanism. According to our findings, Zn content increased significantly from 12.45% in pristine CMC to 22.24% in PGC, aligning with FTIR outcomes confirming the

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• systematic studies of the fragmentation mechanism and reliable measures of fluence-dependent degradation and particle size. To compensate for this disadvantage, Lau et al. introduced a circular jet (CJ) flow-through reactor [15], which generates a hydrostatically driven free liquid jet that is

• the melting temperature range, which is why the melting temperature roughly corresponds to the degradation temperature [53][54][55][56]. Another potential mechanism would be photochemical degradation. It has been reported that upon irradiation the curcumin molecule dissociates primarily at its central

• by-products from the direct mechanism. The contributions from the direct damage pathway are verified by the fact that degradation and particle fragmentation efficiency are proportional (Figure 3, Figure 5A). However, the pronounced concentration dependency with a ten times higher absolute molecular

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• charged relative to each other. It is evident that this is the mechanism by which the individual fragments are linked into a single crystal. The SPEM technique is fundamental for the detection of such inhomogeneities, given that the photoelectron yield depth in this instance does not exceed 12 angstroms

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• ]. For PTAA, under illumination, a similar mechanism is proposed, whereby the oxidation of PTAA raises the conductivity of the polymer [33]. For both HTLs, the inclusion of tBP promotes a better distribution of the HTL on the perovskite, preventing organic semiconductor/LiTFSI phase segregation [34

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• drug, and KH is the Higuchi model rate constant. KK is the Korsmeyer–Peppas model or drug–polymer kinetic constant, Mt/Ma is the fraction of drug release at time t, and n is the exponent of drug release mechanism. Statistical analysis Interpretation of in vitro data was performed using ANOVA. Dunnett’s

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• . The use of STZ in animals causes conditions similar to that of some humans with type-1 diabetes without glycemic control. STZ has been shown to significantly increase blood glucose levels in Wistar rats. STZ’s mechanism of action alters the DNA base sequences of pancreatic islet β-cells and stimulates

• . Simultaneously, the enhanced antioxidant activity of the microemulsion, especially regarding ABTS and FRAP, suggests a direct protective role against oxidative damage. While our data suggest a dual mechanism, future studies using molecular markers of oxidative stress in renal tissue would further clarify the

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• deposition techniques, this thematic issue includes studies on low-energy electron interactions with metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes [5]. Another molecule investigated for its gas-phase fragmentation mechanism via dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment is [Au(CH3)2Cl]2. Studies

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• detection methods, Liu et al. developed a fluorescence-based system using a FAM-labeled DNA aptamer fluorophore along with a nanoquencher attached to self-assembled polydopamine nanospheres. This nanosystem showed selective recognition of AβOs through a “fluorescence-signal on” mechanism, where the FAM-DNA

• peptide, effectively redirecting the formation of potentially toxic oligomers towards disordered coil structures. This mechanism not only hinders fibril formation but also shifts the balance toward less harmful aggregates [71]. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have emerged as another promising CNM

• valuable candidates for various biomedical applications such as diagnosis, therapeutics, and drug delivery. The efficacy of these NPs is closely linked to their pharmacokinetic properties. The biodistribution, safety profile, and clearance mechanism of NPs plays a critical role in the clinical application

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• evidence of changes in surface chemical states due to irradiation. In summary, we elucidate the underlying mechanism responsible for the retrieval of the B1 phase from the transformed B2 phase following O ion irradiation using core-level spectroscopy. While the B1 to B2 phase transformation is reported to

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• charge carriers. Ion implantation may also create localized states within the film, causing some charge carriers to become trapped. This affects the charge transport mechanism, leading to slight nonlinearities. The ion implantation causes modifications in the grain structure of the molybdenum thin films

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• coupled method and then acquire enough energy to generate a plasma. Because of several drawbacks, such as Townsend discharge [16], these sources are not used nowadays. Compact broad-beam ion sources are widely used in scientific laboratories to generate ions. Depending upon the mechanism of production of

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• 2 min after laser irradiation, reaches a maximum after 6 min, and then decreases to a constant value at 26 min. This is assumed to be based on the following mechanism. 1) From the start of laser irradiation to 2 min: equilibrium between nucleation due to ion reduction and atom re-dissolution due to

• compatibility. We will conduct additional experiments to clarify the specific mechanism of reaction and attempt to select the optimal radical scavenger. Increasing the efficiency of nanoparticle synthesis by changing solution concentration with radical scavengers When the precursor ion concentration is

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• internalisation mechanism for PLL-conjugated ASOs [67]. Specific molecular structures, however, can be utilised to facilitate the targeted uptake of drug delivery systems. Ligand–PLL–ASO conjugates, for instance, can enter target cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis [68]. This approach holds promise for

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• by affecting plume geometry and dynamics. Thus, the NP formation mechanism and the resulting size distribution are modified compared to a Gaussian beam. However, as far as we know, donut-shaped laser pulses have not yet been investigated under PLAL conditions. In this study, PLAL with donut-shaped

• ], the ablation crater reproduces the beam intensity distribution at low laser fluence. At high fluence, the crater exhibits a uniform shape without chaotic hydrodynamically driven relief. According to Shih et al. [23][57], the mechanism of NP formation and the generation of large NPs is related to the

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• damping for vibration isolation. The sample holder (highlighted in blue in Figure 2a is inserted by locking the spring mechanism with the locking bellow and then fixed to the microscope by inflating the “reactor” bellow. The substrate can be heated from behind by electron bombardment using a tungsten

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• mechanism are discussed in Figure 1. Polyethylene glycol–polycaprolactone nanoparticles were synthesized through ring-opening copolymerization (ROC), a widely recognized technique for creating nanoparticles with tailored properties (Figure 1). This method leverages the complementary characteristics of PEG

• quantitative spectrophotometric measurements, provides a dual approach that can cater to different levels of detection requirements in various practical applications. Proposed mechanism for SDS detection Ionic charge interactions between SDS and the Bradford reagent primarily drive the detection mechanism for

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• distances greater than 10λ, repulsion is observed). In this work, the formation of vortex clusters and their motion under the action of the Lorentz force were investigated. Since their interaction potential is similar to intertype, our results are applicable to them. A description of the mechanism of the

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• , respectively. Therefore, the PSD curves for films fabricated at 300 and 600 °C are at the lowest and highest ordinates, respectively. The PSD curve follows a power law as per equation where A is a constant and b is the power law exponent. The value of b gives an idea about the film growth mechanism that is

• . The experimental data was fitted using Equation 7 in the high-frequency region, and the obtained values of b are listed in Table 3. For the film deposited at R.T., the value of b lies between 2 and 3, which implies that the possible surface growth mechanism is a combined effect of evaporation

• –condensation and volume diffusion. The b value for the films deposited at substrate temperature of 300–600 °C lies in the range from 1.12 to 1.84. This shows that the possible surface growth mechanism at these temperatures is a combined effect of viscous flow and evaporation–condensation [32]. The

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• accumulation of p62, due to inhibition of autophagy in cancer cells, subsequently suppresses chromatin and histone ubiquitination and inhibits the DDR mechanism [22]. Cancer cells are known to employ autophagy in response to DNA damage as a survival mechanism, and inhibition of autophagy could be an excellent

• activation of RIPK1 [25]. In the present study, we investigated the DNA-damage-mediated cell death mechanism in A549 cells upon exposure to a graphene oxide–chloroquine (GO–Chl) nanoconjugate. Our results have shown that exposure of GO–Chl nanoconjugate induced DNA fragmentation/damage in A549 cells, causing

• activate the autophagy machinery as a survival mechanism [63]. However, accumulating evidence supports the fact that inhibition of autophagy by exposure to either nanomaterials or pharmacological inhibitors could potentially inhibit the activation of DNA-damage response mechanisms in different cancer cells

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• is currently little information on its antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. Therefore, it is scientifically and economically important to clarify the mechanism and ability of BerNPs to inhibit the growth of S. mutans. The findings from such studies could serve as a foundation for developing

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• –hole separation. The detailed mechanism of dopant ions in semiconductor materials is shown in Figure 4. Mechanisms of heterojunction photocatalysts Most semiconductor materials are susceptible to electron–hole recombination, which reduces photocatalytic efficacy. As a result, additional efforts must be

• shown in Figure 5a. In type-II heterojunctions, however, holes move from SC2 to SC 1 (Figure 5b). In the p–n junction system, a type-II mechanism exchanges electrons and holes. Electrons travel from p-type to n-type semiconductors, whereas holes move from n-type to p-type semiconductors (Figure 5c). The

• heterojunctions are classified based on their charge transfer mechanism and the presence or absence of mediators. The direct Z-scheme relies on the direct electron transfer between photocatalysts; eliminating the electron mediator simplifies the design and enhances stability but may suffer from higher charge

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• differences are evident between rhizobacteria and the nHA carrier material. The nHA carrier material exhibits spherical shapes, whereas Pd and Tb rhizobacteria are rod-shaped (shown by red arrows). The morphological features observed in nHA are depicted in Figure 5. The mechanism of rhizobacterial attachment

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• triggers a rapid, collective resonance among them [44]. This resonance leads to interactions between the excited free electrons and other electrons, lattice phonons, and surface ligands, converting the kinetic energy of these electrons into thermal energy through the Joule mechanism, an exceptionally

• biological tissues, thereby minimizing photothermal damage to non-pathological areas [54]. 2.2 Carbon and polymer materials Carbon and polymer materials primarily undergo photothermal conversion through a mechanism known as molecular thermal vibration. This process is initiated when the energy of incident

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• typical heights around 20 nm, which is compatible to results found for DNA condensates formed with well-known condensing agents [29]. Finally, it is worth to discuss the mechanism of DNA condensation by the rare earths verified here both by optical tweezers and AFM. The most likely explanation for such