Substrate-dependent pore formation in molybdenum disulfide monolayers under ion irradiation

• Yossarian Liebsch,
• Umair Javed,
• Lucia Skopinski,
• Leon Daniel,
• Franziska Appel,
• Radia Rahali,
• Clara Grygiel,
• Henning Lebius,
• Carolin Frank,
• Lars Breuer,
• Leon Kirsch,
• Frieder Koch,
• Jani Kotakoski and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.54

• ][23][24], and HCIs add potential energy that can lead to larger defect complexes [25]. At megaelectronvolt energies, damage is dominated by electronic excitation and can be tuned by the irradiation geometry (e.g., grazing incidence) [26][27]. While fundamental studies of ion irradiation-induced defect

• formation in MoS2 under HCI and SHI irradiation. HCIs and SHIs represent two distinct irradiation regimes with vastly different kinetic energies and energy-deposition profiles. Specifically, HCIs release their potential energy predominantly through ultrafast charge exchange and Auger-type processes near the

• on SiO2/Si with suspended MoS2 reported in one of our previous works [25]. Using the same ion species and kinetic energies as in that work, we vary the charge state from q = 30+ up to q = 40+, corresponding to potential energies of approximately 15–40 keV. In contrast to earlier AFM studies on

Interface-engineered Caco-2 cell culture on a collagen-coated liquid–liquid interface in a microfluidic device

• Satoru Kuriu and
• Soo Hyeon Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 760–768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.53

• stable monolayer formation, demonstrating their potential as engineered bioactive substrates [10]. Owing to their dynamic responsiveness to chemical and physical stimuli, such interfaces can also serve as reservoirs or delivery media for gases and hydrophobic molecules [11]. Incorporating a liquid–liquid

• substrates for epithelial cell culture and highlight their potential for the development of flexible, multiphase microfluidic models of epithelial barrier. Results and Discussion Liquid–liquid interface formation in the microfluidic device The liquid–liquid interface was formed by first filling the

• , offering a novel platform with potential for advanced drug transport studies and co-culture experiments with other cell types. This approach is expected to open new avenues for functional assays, such as transepithelial electrical resistance or drug permeability studies and co-culture experiments with

Tailoring Ag–Pt nanoalloys through solid-state dewetting: structural and optical insights

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Piotr Okoczuk,
• Blaž Grobiša,
• Ewa Pawlikowska,
• Amelia Rozwadowska,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 748–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.52

• properties, and thus, the application potential of the fabricated nanosystem. Moreover, when designing plasmonic devices based on Ag–Pt nanoalloys, one must take into account the damping of the plasmon resonance in platinum alloys. This phenomenon was theoretically investigated [36][37][38][39] and supported

• components, causing quenching of the plasmon resonance. We demonstrate that the Ag plasmon resonance is damped once the compositional threshold is reached. Taking into consideration both the intrinsic challenges of Ag–Pt nanoalloy formation and their promising application potential, developing an optimized

• macroscale. This is particularly important when considering potential applications of such nanoalloys, for instance, in catalysis or nanosensing. The Ag–Pt system is particularly noteworthy because of its high gas absorption capacity, making it highly relevant for catalytic applications. In this study, a

Superconducting artificial neural networks and quantum circuits

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 744–747, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.51

• useful for engineering improved qubits for quantum computation [21]. Novel microwave quantum detectors [22], ultra-high-frequency receivers [23], and terahertz-range on-chip oscillators [24] based on superconducting heterostructures demonstrate significant potential for various applications of

Oxidative atmosphere-driven formation of single-phase spinel CuRh₂O₄ nanofibers for alkaline water oxidation

• Namhee Kim,
• Sumin Ko,
• Sohyeon Choi,
• Seoyoon Jang,
• Myung Hwa Kim and
• Dasol Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 737–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.50

• critical role of phase purity in catalytic performance. Notably, the optimized CuRh2O4 nanofibers outperform commercial Ir/C and IrO2, benchmark catalysts for alkaline OER, requiring a lower potential of 1.53 V (vs RHE) to reach 10 mA·cm−2 compared to 1.57 V for Ir/C and exhibiting comparable performance

• electrocatalyst demonstrates excellent durability, as shown in Figure 6c, maintaining a nearly stable potential during 10,000 s of continuous OER operation at a constant current density of 10 mA·cm−2. Conclusion In summary, Cu–Rh bimetallic single-phase spinel oxide nanofibers were successfully synthesized via

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• that Acacia raddiana-stabilised AgNPs simultaneously detected Co2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+, indicating their role as a multimetal sensor for environmental monitoring [41]. The catalytic potential of Plantago ovata leaf extract-stabilised AgNPs was assessed by measuring MB and CR removal, with reaction

• through their interactions with the surrounding medium. Zeta potential measurements are used to assess the surface charge and stability of silver nanoparticles; higher absolute values (>±30 mV) indicate better colloidal stability and resistance to aggregation [52]. This surface charge also validated the

• properties due to their higher surface-area-to-volume ratio [58]. A study reported that luteolin tetraphosphate-stabilised nanosilver exhibited size- and shape-dependent antimicrobial activity [59]. The study concluded that 100% bacterial and fungal growth was inhibited, indicating potential in water and air

Molecular engineering of individual dye-based nanoparticle photostability for ultrabright two-photon fluorescence

• Eleonore Kurek,
• Sasha Cooper,
• Alexandre Clausolles,
• Karen Perronet,
• Jonathan Daniel,
• Mireille Blanchard-Desce and
• François Marquier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 688–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.48

• dFONs (including their colloidal stability and surface properties) can be precisely tuned through molecular engineering of specific dye building blocks [1]. dFONs have demonstrated significant potential in bioimaging applications. They have been used as biosensors for various ions [4] and thiols [5], as

• kcounts·s−1·mW−2, respectively) and quartile ranges. Mean values were very high (427 and 436 kcounts·s−1·mW−2, respectively), which is attributed to the potential aggregation of nanoparticles, leading to a few very high signals. A t-test yielded a p-value of 0.90, indicating no significant difference

Protein-based custom-designed molecular nanotraps for biomedical applications

• Devid Maniglio,
• Alice Marinangeli and
• Alessandra Maria Bossi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 683–687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.47

• structural precision and enable functionalities such as molecular recognition and cargo delivery, which have the potential for overcoming some challenges of drug delivery. In contrast, the concept of exploiting unfolded proteins for binding and targeting applications remains largely counterintuitive and

• high levels of IL-6 showed that the addition of bioMIPs significantly reduced the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, highlighting the potential therapeutic utility of bioMIPs. Future Directions The preparation of bioMIP nanotraps represents a general strategy for fabricating protein-based

• . The scalability and environmental friendliness of this approach, together with the inherent biodegradability of the natural polymers, support their translational potential. At a critical perspective, while the use of proteins for the preparation of bioMIPs could prove competitive with established

Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers

• Angelika Zaszczyńska,
• Paulina H. Marek-Urban,
• Karolina Wrochna,
• Agnieszka E. Kuklewska,
• Kacper Kręgielewski,
• Marta Grodzik,
• Dawid R. Natkowski,
• Jolanta Mierzejewska,
• Ewa Iwanek,
• Agata Blacha-Grzechnik,
• Paweł Sajkiewicz and
• Krzysztof Durka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46

• findings highlight the potential of the electrospun PCL nanofibers as optimal matrix for the immobilization with singlet oxygen photosensitizers and subsequent application in the decontamination of water from pollutants and pathogens. Keywords: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; BODIPY; electrospun

• photoinactivation potential of the fibers was evaluated on the Gram-positive bacterium Staphyloccocus aureus (ATCC 6538). For this assay, we used 1(0.15 wt %)@PCL, 1(0.50 wt %)@PCL, 1(1.00 wt %)@PCL, and pure PCL for the reference. Bacteria were grown in Mueller–Hinton broth (BioMaxima, Poland). Inactivation

afspm: A framework for manufacturer-agnostic automation in scanning probe microscopy

• Nicholas J. Sullivan,
• Julio J. Valdés,
• Kirk H. Bevan and
• Peter Grutter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 653–667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.45

• specifics from our scripts for any scripting interface type. Experiment configuration By using configuration files, afspm allows algorithmic logic to be separated from experiment-specific parameters and split up into subtasks as needed. The potential benefits are best demonstrated via variations of our

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• broadening its application potential [22]. CNCs are increasingly gaining attention as reinforcing materials because they are green, biodegradable nanoparticles with great potential for developing sustainable polymer composites, and their production relies on abundant natural raw materials that are available

• structures can mimic the human extracellular matrix and show strong potential for applications in cartilage and bone regeneration. Among different cellulose sources, BC has gained particular attention because it combines strong mechanical properties with controlled biodegradability and natural

• conditions, thereby improving the colloidal stability of the nanofibers. Through this modification, nanocellulose gains the ability to form stronger interactions with hydrogels and composite materials, which further enhances its reinforcing performance and widens its potential applications [80][81]. CNCs

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• photosynthetic activity by limiting light penetration in water bodies and causes toxicity to aquatic organisms. Furthermore, RhB is considered a potential mutagen and carcinogen, capable of causing DNA damage and posing significant risks to human health through bioaccumulation in the food chain. Given these

• times greater in the Ag@TiO2 2000p than in the Ag@TiO2 200p NP solution. The nanoparticle sizes and size distributions were measured using a zeta potential analyzer with dynamic light scattering (DLS). Table 2 summarizes the average dimensions of the synthesized nanoparticles. Ag@TiO2 200p and Ag@TiO2

• diameters of particle agglomerates in suspension. The zeta potentials were −13.82 and −14.09 mV, and the electrophoretic mobilities were −1.083 and −1.104 µm·cm·V−1·s−1, respectively. The zeta potential reveals that the nanoparticles possess a negative surface charge, and the magnitude suggests they are in

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• -diffusion transport, and extraction pathways, thereby shaping critical device parameters such as open-circuit voltage and fill factor. This review highlights recent progress in junction engineering strategies for BEF enhancement. Homojunctions extend interfacial potential fields into the bulk through

• unified framework of BEF descriptors, magnitude, penetration depth, directionality, and spatial continuity. Special emphasis is placed on the potential for synergistic integration of multiple junction architectures and on the development of mild, process-compatible fabrication routes. Ultimately

• processability, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have advanced significantly since their inception [1]. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of single-junction devices has risen from 3.8% to 27.3% [2][3][4], highlighting their potential to approach the Shockley–Queisser limit. In typical heterojunction solar cells

Towards targeted drugs and next generation of nanomedicines

• Anna Salvati,
• Silvia Giordani and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 598–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.41

• controls available, which were decisive for the development towards clinical use. Last but not least, the field of nanosafety/nanotoxicology has set focus on the importance of counterbalancing the benefits and risks of the use of nanomaterials for potential clinical applications. Hence, while the first

• clinically approved nanomedicines such as Doxil or Abraxane used "natural nanoparticles" (i.e. lipid vesicles and proteins) for changing the biodistribution of pharmaceutical drugs, there is hope that fully synthetic engineered nanoparticles may be used in the future. There is, thus, a large potential for

• RNA vaccines have clearly showcased the potential of nanomedicine [7][13][14]. Still, it is clear that more research is needed to further improve nanomedicine efficacy. In the context of targeting, multiple strategies have been developed and are used to promote the delivery of nanomedicines to their

Laser–material interactions in liquids for the synthesis of nanomaterials: current status and perspectives

• Carlos Doñate Buendia,
• Bilal Gökce and
• Leonid V. Zhigilei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 571–575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.38

• and post-processing steps. To fully realize this potential, the field must transition from laboratory-scale demonstrations to scalable industrial processes. Achieving this goal will require continued advances in fundamental understanding, integration of computational and experimental tools, and

• development of cost-effective, high-throughput technologies. Laser processing in liquids is not merely a synthesis technique – it is an enabling platform for innovation in the development of next-generation nanomaterials, and its full potential is only beginning to be realized. Carlos Doñate Buendia, Bilal

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• oxidation potential and better surface properties [27]. It is expected that the structural properties of the co-doped materials will promote the photocatalytic oxidation reaction. A decrease in the intensity of the diffraction peaks and the appearance of wider peaks were observed with increasing Cu and Co

Advances in nanotechnology applied to natural products

• Douglas Dourado,
• Fábio Rocha Formiga,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar and
• Franceline Reynaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 555–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.36

• photochemical instability, (c) rapid metabolic degradation, (d) reduced permeability, (e) volatility, and (f) unpleasant organoleptic characteristics. These attributes have compromised the potential of natural products towards their extensive application in diverse fields [1]. In this context, nanotechnology

• compared with nonformulated oils. The issue also includes research illustrating the potential of nanoemulsions for vector control. This subject particularly highlights the potential of the high oil interface area of nanoemulsions in enhancing penetration through the cuticle of Aedes aegypti larvae [10] and

• contributions in this thematic issue highlight the significant potential of nanotechnology to overcome limitations of natural products, thereby enabling a wide range of effective applications, as noted in this editorial. By covering a broad range of nanostructured systems, this collection reflects the diversity

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• potential for miniaturization and field use. The performance of electrochemical sensors heavily relies on the electrode’s surface properties. Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted significant interest in electrochemical sensing due to their highly ordered porous structures, very high

• confirmed through its application in analyzing real samples, highlighting its potential for pharmaceutical and environmental monitoring. Experimental Materials Ciprofloxacin (CPR) was obtained from a commercial supplier and used without additional purification. Chromium(III) nitrate nonahydrate (Cr(NO3)3

• buffer solution at room temperature under optimized pH conditions. DPV parameters, including accumulation potential (Eacc), accumulation time (tacc), pulse amplitude (ΔE), and voltage step (Ustep), were optimized before conducting the analytical measurements. Real sample preparation Pharmaceutical

Fractional shot noise of an SU(N) Kondo system

• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 515–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.34

• both fundamental physics and potential quantum information applications, detection, and sensing [1][2][3][4]. To achieve these goals, the increasing ability to manipulate quantum states is crucial. As electrons are confined in fewer dimensions and as the size of the dot decreases, the charging energy

• understanding a large variety of intricate many-body problems. Potential applications are also relevant. Let us just mention a few: The Kondo effect can be used, for example, as conductance control mechanism [5][17], in probing magnetic interactions [18], or, when polarized electrodes are connected, also for

• degeneracy. From the perspective of potential applications, it is important that the Anderson SU(N) model can be realized in a controlled way in various nanoscopic structures [37][38] and in correlated cold atomic gases [39][40]. A proposal of the SU(6) Kondo effect for a QD structure can be found in [39

Probing internal continua and atomic ultrafast charge transfer within size-controlled nanoparticles by post-collision interaction in core-hole clock spectroscopy

• Johannes Lütgert,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Nomi L. A. N. Sorgenfrei and
• Alexander Föhlisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 505–514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.33

• electric field of the ionized atom, creating a three-body problem. This is particularly pronounced for photoexciation above, but close to, the ionization threshold, where the high-energy Auger electron can overtake the slowly advancing photoelectron within the potential of the ion, subsequently gaining

• . While in typical above-ionization-threshold excitations, this threshold energy corresponds to the ionization potential, our case involves resonant excitation where the electron remains in bound states. To account for the propagation of the electrons within the crystal lattice and screening effects, we

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• UV–vis, ATR-FTIR, XPS, XRD, and Raman measurements, complemented by TGA and TEM to assess optical properties, surface chemistry, and structural and morphological features. Additionally, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were photochemically deposited onto Agro-GO to evaluate its potential for nanotechnology

• of transforming agroindustrial waste into high-value graphene-based nanomaterials and highlight the potential of sustainable synthesis routes for advancing environmentally responsible carbon-based technologies. Keywords: agroindustrial waste; gold nanoparticles; graphene oxide; green synthesis

• becomes essential to investigate the functionalization potential of Agro-GO materials as viable alternatives to conventionally produced GO [29]. The integration of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto GO yields hybrid materials with synergistic enhancements, such as improved conductivity, plasmonic activity

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• chemical potential with 2D materials determines the defect concentration. Ideally, in situ measurements of defects are employed, but given the challenging atmosphere this may require optical methods, which may not have the required sensitivity to small defect concentrations. Ex situ microscopy measurements

• graphene, local versus extended defect-induced potential [110], p versus n substitutional doping atoms, [111], and armchair versus zigzag edges [112] can be differentiated. A fundamental characterization enabled by Raman spectroscopy was the distinction between defect dimensionalities. Geometrically, a 2D

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• produced by SSE could address these limitations. To overcome its poor solubility and enhance bioadhesion, curcumin was encapsulated in polymeric nanocapsules (C-NCs), yielding a mean particle size of 218 ± 5 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.10 ± 0.02, a zeta potential of −11 ± 4 mV, and 100% encapsulation

• for incorporation into topical dosage forms such as emulsions, fibres, films, and hydrogels for wound-healing applications. However, curcumin also exhibits low aqueous solubility, which limits its use in certain formulations [18]. Nanoparticles have the potential to overcome this limitation, as they

• potential The z-average particle size and the polydispersity index were measured by dynamic light scattering using a Zetasizer® Nano ZS (ZEN 3600, Malvern Instruments, USA). For this analysis, 10 µL of the C-NC formulation was diluted in 5 mL of ultrapure water (previously filtered through a 0.45 µm

First-principles study on elastic properties of Cu, (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn and interfacial mechanical properties of (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn/Cu in the lead-free solder joint

• Guomin Hua

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 428–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.29

• kinetic energy cutoff of 30 Hartree, a k-point mesh of 8 × 8 × 8 and a potential residual V(r) of less than 10−8 Hartree were used to achieve self-consistent convergence. Based on the optimized crystal structures, the elastic constants of FCC Cu and orthorhombic (CuxNi1−x)3Sn were calculated by finite

• , the strain along the z-axis was fixed; at the same time, the stresses along the x-axis and the y-axis were relaxed to less than 0.5 GPa. For the calculations on the interface structure, a kinetic energy cutoff of 30 Hartree, a k-point mesh of 4 × 4 × 1 and a potential residual V(r) of less than 10−8

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• . Additionally, it explores multifunctional and theranostic nanoplatforms, their applications in various cancers, and advances toward clinical use. By integrating targeted delivery, tumor microenvironment modulation, and immunotherapy, BNP-facilitated PDT holds great potential for advancing precise cancer

• applications in disease diagnosis and sensing technologies. Despite the promising potential of nanomedicine, significant progress has been limited. This can be attributed to the low targeted accumulation of the nanocarriers at the desired site of action. For instance, in cancer therapy, the accumulation of

• proteins confer distinct physicochemical properties that influence cellular interactions and tissue organization. Given the crucial role of integrins in tumor progression, there is significant interest in their use not only as markers of malignant potential but also as targets for precision therapies. One