Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• current and future applications. Due to their nature resulting in diffused heterogeneous structures (chemical and electronic composition typically organized in phases or building blocks) characterizing these materials needs state of the art technologies which combine nanometer spatial resolution

• , environmental reliability, and operando capabilities. Scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy (SPEM) is one of the characterization tools that combine high spectral resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with submicron spatial resolution. In particular, the SPEM equipment hosted at the ESCA microscopy

• four decades, several important upgrades have spread the original ability of XPS of chemical analysis to include, for instance, band mapping through angle resolved measurements (ARPES), spin detection, and imaging or spectromicroscopy at a nanoscale spatial resolution [9][10]. It is worth noting that

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• undergo during the ablation process. Figure 1 presents the deconvolution of high-resolution XPS peaks for Ta 4f, shown both before (Figure 1a,b) and after (Figure 1c,d) heating the substrate. The peaks were fitted using Gaussian functions. The relative atomic concentrations of Ta and N were calculated

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images (See Supporting Information File 1, Section 4). The lateral resolution for both AFM and SEM measurements is a few nanometers. The AFM channel that exhibited the clearest contrast between the layers was the amplitude error signal

• mobile iodide defects that have diffused towards the hole extracting interface. On the contrary, the devices that incorporated BCF do not exhibit such shift, which suggests the successful passivation of iodide defects by the Lewis acid. We note that the spatial resolution of cross-sectional KPFM is

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• , rising from 0.17 in graphite to 0.45 in the FLG–TA material. In addition, the high-resolution C 1s and O 1s spectra of the FLG–TA composite show the presence of carbonyl, ether, and hydroxy groups (Figure 2C,D). The percentage of those moieties in the FLG–TA material increases significantly with respect

• settle for 24 h. Physicochemical characterizations SEM images were obtained using a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM 5600, France) operating at 10 kV with a working distance of 10 mm. FLG sheets were individually dispersed in water, and a few drops of the resulting solution were

• electron analyzer and a dual-anode source (Mg/Al). Samples were mounted on holders using conductive double-sided carbon adhesive tapes. XPS measurements utilized the monochromatic Al Kα line at 1486.6 eV. An initial survey scan identified elements present in each sample, followed by high-resolution scans

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• method for nanoscale capacitance characterization at arbitrary frequencies above the second cantilever resonance. Besides a high spatial resolution, the key advantage of the multifrequency approach of MFH-EFM is that it measures the second-order capacitance gradient at almost arbitrary frequencies

• difference (CPD) [18]. Its exceptional spatial resolution, ranging from sub-micrometer [24][26] to atomic scales [27][28], makes AFM a powerful tool for nanoscale analysis. Scanning probe-based capacitance mapping methods can be divided into two categories: Methods measuring the tip–sample capacitance

• ][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. Compared to optical ellipsometry or reflectance spectroscopy, SCM and SCFM can map surface properties such as film thickness [35][39] and dielectric constants [35][74], with superior spatial resolution. However, in particular

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• /dark cycle, providing 300 lux of light. They had free access to specific rodent food (Labina®) and water ad libitum and were kept in suitable conditions for 30 days of the experiment, respecting the guidelines of CONCEA – National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (Normative Resolution

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• unrivaled spatial resolution and 3D capabilities, focused ion and electron beams technologies face challenges in reproducibility and scalability, hindering their commercial applications. Hence, these techniques require better understanding of the atomistic mechanisms involving ions, electrons, adsorbates

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• film prior to further irradiation. The characterization of the thin films was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) on a Bruker high-resolution X-ray diffractometer, employing a Cu Kα beam over a 2θ range of 30–50°. Raman spectroscopic measurements were conducted at room temperature with a SENTERRA

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• generate measurable signals that reflect the concentration of the analyte [7]. Among different types of biosensors, electrochemical biosensors are particularly advantageous, since they can be built from low-cost components, designed to be compact and portable, while preserving high resolution, accuracy

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• effective dwell time with a 600 nm FWHM of the electron beam), and 2000 cycles. For deposit morphology observation, a high-resolution Hitachi S4800 FESEM was used. The chemical composition of the deposits was confirmed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) using a silicon drift detector from

• prepared on an ultrathin carbon support film spanning a lacey carbon membrane (Figure 2c). The deposit appears smeared because of drift caused by charging effects during the deposition process. High-resolution STEM imaging (Figure 2d,e) revealed a granular nanostructure with nanograins of around 2 nm in

• profiles along vertical and horizontal directions. (c) STEM image of the FEB deposit on a carbon membrane. (d) High-resolution STEM image from the center of the deposit. (e) High-resolution STEM image from the edge of the deposit. (f) SAED pattern from the edge of the deposit. Enlarged version of the

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• context of optimization of inert Ar-ion beam and subsequent ion-induced silicon nanopatterning. The TEM used for this work is a FEI Tecnai G2 12 Twin model, which operates at a voltage range of 20–120 kV. It employs a LaB6 emitter as the electron source and offers a line resolution of 0.2 nm with a

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• 90°. The elemental compositions were analyzed using EDS and XPS (Model PHI 5000 Versaprobe III). The chemical states were assessed using FTIR spectroscopy with a Perkin Elmer spectrometer model. The spectrum data was acquired between the frequency range of 450 to 4000 cm−1 (resolution of 0.5 cm−1

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• this pioneering study, further investigation with higher temporal and spatial resolution are warranted. Keywords: beam shaping; cavitation bubble; donut beam; gold nanoparticles; high-entropy alloy nanoparticles; nanoparticle size analysis; yttrium oxide nanoparticles; Introduction The demand for

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• absence of a carbonaceous shell on the gold nanoparticles, evident from the detection of surface gold (Figure 4). The elements carbon and oxygen are present in hydrophilic carbon fiber paper (Figure 4A), as expected for this support material [22]. High-resolution C 1s region spectra required six peaks to

• ][56][57][58]. Two peaks were needed to fit the high-resolution O 1s region spectra with central binding energies of (532.0 ± 0.5) eV, consistent with C=O functional groups, and (533.5 ± 0.5) eV, assigned to C–O species [52][53][54][55], in keeping with prior data for hydrophilic carbon fiber paper [22

• treatment that enabled the embedding of gold atoms. Gold was additionally present in XPS data of the pulsed laser-grafted gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composites (Figure 4B). High-resolution Au 4f data were fitted using a Gaussian–Lorentzian doublet with an orbital splitting of (3.5 ± 0.14) eV of Au

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• -resolution transmission electron microscope (Technai G2 F30 STWIN, Japan), field emission scanning electron microscope (FEI, Quanta FEG 450, USA), and atomic force microscope (Nanoscope, Veeco V, USA) [28][29][30]. Cell culture A549 cells from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA

• nanoconjugates. The observed data with relative % are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1. The morphological analysis of GO was carried out using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). In Supporting Information File 1, Figure

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• viscoelastic deformation and sliding. Morphological properties and structure Mechanical properties can often be correlated with the morphology and structure of the nanofibers [143]. The use of optical microscopes in obtaining nanofiber images is quite rare because of the relatively low resolution, but it is

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• detectible. Extinction values for the Cu and Fe colloids can be found in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1 and Table S2, and the fractions of colloidal NPs in the propylene carbonate phase are found in Supporting Information File 1, Table S3. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• Abstract The human eye, with its remarkable resolution of up to 576 million pixels, grants us the ability to perceive the world with astonishing accuracy. Despite this, over 2 billion people globally suffer from visual impairments or blindness, primarily because of the limitations of current ophthalmic

• ), fluorescence imaging (FI), scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), and fundus photography have significantly changed the diagnosis and monitoring of ocular diseases [174][175][176]. OCT is the most prevalent ophthalmic imaging technique, providing high-resolution and high-sensitivity imaging; however, the test

• example, blood flow, oxygen saturation, oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, oxygen metabolism, and melanin concentration [187][188]. The main limitations of PAI are the slower imaging speed and the decreasing resolution as the depth of imaging is increased [189]. The use of contrast agents can improve

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Utilizing smaller MOF filler sizes is a straightforward approach to improve filler dispersion. The contact area with the polymer matrix increases when the size of MOF particles is decreased, promoting adhesion, and reducing interfacial defects

• MMMs Material characterization techniques are pivotal for the assessment of novel MOF-based MMMs structures. Electron microscopy enables direct imaging of a sample with up to sub-nanometer resolution [139]. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a popular and straightforward method to obtain images of

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• spectrometer using KBr pellets containing 1% by weight of the samples. Analyses of all samples were performed in the range of 4000 to 400 cm−1 with a resolution of 4 cm−1, accumulating 10 scans. Absorbance measurements of the supernatant solutions were analyzed using a UV–vis spectrophotometer (UV-1800

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• ]. Strategies for manipulating macrophage activation and function are diverse, ranging from depleting macrophages in diseased tissues, such as in cancer immunotherapy [9][10][11], to employing non-surgical treatments like extracorporeal shock wave therapy in various rheumatic diseases to promote resolution and

• tissue repair and homeostasis, regulating inflammation and its resolution by adopting different functional states, simplified in classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2). This activation occurs on a spectrum, with various intermediate states influenced by microenvironmental signals

• the context. In cancer therapy, reprogramming M2 macrophages into M1 enhances antitumor immunity, while in chronic inflammatory diseases, shifting from M1 to M2 facilitates inflammation resolution and tissue repair. This modulation can be achieved using small molecules, cytokines, or nanotechnology to

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• range of 200–800 nm with a resolution of 1 nm. Additionally, chemical characteristics were investigated using FTIR analysis on a PerkinElmer Spectrum 65 spectrophotometer in the range of 400–4000 cm−1. ZnO NPs were mixed with potassium bromide (KBr) at a ratio of 1:10 (w/w) to prepare pellets for

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• . investigate the cross-sectional potential distribution across a III-V multilayer stack [6]. With a spatial resolution down to 20 nm at ambient conditions, they identified the presence of several space charge regions along the stack. The authors further conclude on future requirements on electrical contacts to

• mechanical oscillation of the piezoelectric membrane with highest resolution in real time. In addition to the measurement of surface potentials or photovoltages, Navarro-Rodriguez et al. investigate the dynamics of surface charges and how they couple to the detection system [9]. They describe in detail how

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• that was 1 × 1 × 3.5 cm3 in size. The excitation wavelength was 475 nm, and the fluorescence spectra ware measured between 480 and 700 nm. Electronic analytical balances ViBRA AF-225 DRCE (220/0.001 g, resolution 0.00001 g) were utilized for weighing the samples. Ultrasonic treatment was performed with