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Search for "scattering" in Full Text gives 884 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31
- can, in principle, emerge due to defects [90][91], in practice they are rarely observed owing to the low concentration of defects and low signal-to-noise ratio, which becomes particularly pertinent with 2D materials due the small volume for scattering. In most cases, one observes changes in the Raman
- ), mostly for pristine materials, but in a few cases also with defects [94][115]. In order to model Raman scattering, a model for the response of the material to incoming light is required. In the non-resonant case, Raman scattering is allowed when the atomic displacement of a vibrational mode leads to a
- (first-order) change in the electronic susceptibility (or polarizability). Similar to machine learning (ML) models for energies, one can also build ML models for polarizability [116][117][118]. The main difference is that Raman scattering is described by a second-rank tensor, which depends on the
Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30
- potential The z-average particle size and the polydispersity index were measured by dynamic light scattering using a Zetasizer® Nano ZS (ZEN 3600, Malvern Instruments, USA). For this analysis, 10 µL of the C-NC formulation was diluted in 5 mL of ultrapure water (previously filtered through a 0.45 µm
- (TiO2), was designed to act as a photoprotective barrier. TiO2 acts as a physical UV filter by reflecting and scattering ultraviolet radiation, which is hypothesized as a strategy to reduce curcumin photodegradation [34][35]. Overall, this multilayer strategy highlights how SSE-based 3D printing enables
Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23
- authors explained on the basis of two distinct effects; one is the addition of scattering centres associated with the ethanol wetting, and the second is a densification of the material. While we agree with the first effect, which we think is not permanent because ethanol evaporates after some time, our
Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22
- spot size of 100 μm, to an irradiance threshold of ≈1010 W·cm−2 [112][113]. When the irradiance exceeds the self-focusing threshold at 1010 W·cm−2, several nonlinear processes such as self-phase modulation, four-wave mixing, Raman scattering, and self-steepening cause severe spectral broadening
- , generating a supercontinuum. In addition to self-focusing in the solvent, it is important to consider the influence of NPs already present in the liquid on the optical breakdown threshold. Dispersed NPs act as additional scattering and absorption centres, leading to local field enhancement in their vicinity
- emission and cavitation. In general, these microbubbles cause laser energy losses and distortion of the laser spatial profile due to scattering and should be avoided to maximise PLAL productivity and control the irradiation parameters on the target. The fluence (Φ0), that is, the energy per unit area, is
Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20
- ]. In classical, low-Tc superconductors, the dominant relaxation channel is provided by e–ph scattering events [17], while in high-Tc superconductors the situation is reversed, with e–e recombination playing a major role in energy relaxation [18]. The efficiency of these processes and the value of τE
- critical velocity is inversely proportional to the square root of the inelastic scattering time τE, and it is independent on the external magnetic field. This result follows from the core assumption of the LO theory, namely that f(E) is spatially uniform within the superconductor. Consequently, while the
- . Finally, in addition to the spectral argument, general considerations related to increased scattering rates should also be considered. In S/N and S/F systems, additional scattering channels become available for quasiparticles both in the proximized superconducting layer and in the adjacent region where
Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19
- features. Different materials exhibit varying oxidation kinetics, conductivity, and susceptibility to environmental conditions. For example, TMDs such as MoS2 and WSe2 are especially sensitive to phonon scattering, which significantly influences their thermal conductivity, electrical transport properties
Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15
- scattering (DLS) measurements was 12 nm (Figure 4b). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed spherical and well-dispersed nanoparticles and their particle size distribution (Figure 4c), based on the measurements of approximately 200 nanoparticles, yielded an average diameter of 12 nm with a
Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9
- for asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation analysis (AF4 analysis). Experiments were carried out by in-line coupling the AF4 system with UV–vis, multi-angle light scattering (MALS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) detectors. The AF4 system used was composed of an Eclipse Dualtec separation system
- first determined, as well as after their incubation with serum-free and serum-supplemented cell culture medium over 1 and 4 h. Prior to performing these fractionation analyses, the z-average mean diameter of the NLs was also examined by dynamic light scattering in batch mode, and ranged from 96.10
- ± 0.81 to 140.20 ± 0.95 nm (PDI < 0.256). The data in the literature suggests that DLS is widely employed for sizing liposomes and other colloidal materials. It operates by detecting laser light scattered due to the Brownian motion of particles or macromolecules in suspension, with the scattering
Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7
- Sepharose CL-4B column eluted with PBS (pH 7.4) [19]. 2.3 Sample characterization 2.3.1 Particle size, polydispersity and zeta potential The hydrodynamic vesicle size and polydispersity index (PDI) were performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and the zeta potential by electrophoretic light scattering
Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157
- be attributed to dynamic scattering effects or local structural ordering, as frequently observed in electron diffraction studies of ferrites. These features collectively indicate a high degree of crystallinity, consistent with previous reports on spinel ferrite nanoparticles [18]. To enhance the
Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155
- spatial dimensionality of the system [33], taking values of α = 1 in 3D [7][29][32], α = 1/2 in 2D [34][35], and α = 0 in 1D [36]. This behavior holds for distances z smaller than both the thermal decay length and the mean free path l = vnτ, where τ is the impurity scattering time [32]. Beyond these
- hybrid devices by enhancing normal quasiparticle scattering at the expense of Cooper pair transport [42]. Although interface transparency can be tuned by chemical surface treatments or in situ growth [43], an alternative and less explored approach is to control the proximity effect via the geometry of
- geometric variations modify the amplitude and spatial profile of the Cooper pair wave function, as well as the effective barrier potential at the interface. These geometric effects influence the balance between Andreev reflection and quasiparticle scattering, modulate pair-breaking mechanisms, and thus
Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154
- studying the physical properties of cPNSs, for example, ensemble CD [53], single particle level CPL scattering [54], and nonlinear chiroptic effects [55]. In 2018, the Tatsuma group reported chiral AuNR/PbO2 nanostructures facilitated by CPL [20] (Figure 1f). The Tang and Dionne groups built on this work
- nanocubes exhibiting complex shapes in SEM images were synthesized using an aqueous solution of HAuCl4, methanol, and PVP with CPL [59]. The optical activity of the nanocubes was observed clearly in single-particle differential circular dichroism scattering spectra, as shown in Figure 4d. Optically chiral
- reported. The authors of [59] conducted single-particle circular differential scattering spectroscopy (CDS) on their Au nanocubes. In a recent study, enhanced structural chirality of all-metal PNSs was achieved through galvanic replacement reactions (GRRs) modulated by CPL when achiral seeds were
Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B12 analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153
- output, utilizing the optical properties of the signal such as fluorescence, absorbance, refractive index, and Raman scattering for quantification and evaluation. The most prevalent types of optical sensing include colorimetric, plasmonic, fluorescence, and spectrophotometric methods due to their ease of
Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152
- are governed by the requirement to fill the Airy spot of the silicon lens. If the total array size is smaller than the Airy spot, a portion of the incident signal will not interact with the metamaterial, instead scattering into the surrounding space. Our simulations confirm this principle: A reduction
Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151
- light scattering, and infrared spectroscopy. We probed particles adsorbed on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy, both operated under variable air humidity. For AFM, we additionally tested hydrophilic and
- short oligo(ethylene glycol) chains. The particles were first characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ZP) measurements in solution, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in vacuum. Samples were adsorbed on flat
- good contrast [25]. The STEM images in dark-field mode (imaging scattered electrons) show the gold cores as bright structures, whereas the thin organic layers are darker. The carbon grid yields practically no scattering and appears essentially black, such that both the core and shell of the particles
Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146
- desirable nanostructural features over time [39]. It is important to note, however, that NaCMC forms polymeric networks when dispersed in aqueous media, which scatter light and may artificially increase the measured hydrodynamic diameter [40]. Consequently, dynamic light scattering (DLS) data may not
- accurately reflect the true droplet size distribution in the MEgel. This phenomenon is evident from the apparent increase in mean hydrodynamic diameter to 45.1 nm and PdI to 0.27, which is attributed to NaCMC matrix scattering rather than actual droplet growth [40]. A comparison of the hydrodynamic diameter
- microemulsions were determined by dynamic light scattering using a Zetasizer® Nano ZS (Malvern Panalytical Ltd. – Malvern, United Kingdom) at 25 °C with a fixed backscattering angle of 173°. Prior to analysis, samples were diluted in purified water (1:40 v/v) [13]. All measurements were performed in triplicate
Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144
- instance, small carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are readily cleared through renal pathways, whereas larger or irregularly shaped CNPs tend to accumulate in organs such as the liver and spleen. Characterisation of these properties is typically performed using dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, or
Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139
- using dynamic light scattering (DLS) with a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments, UK) at 25 °C. The measurements were based on a refractive index of 1.34 for the material. Prior to analysis, the samples were diluted at a ratio of 1:10 (βCp/distilled water). The reported parameters represent the
Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137
- ][71][72]. The absorption , extinction , and scattering cross-sections can be calculated using the formulae (Equations 12–15) [67]: where n is the multipole order; K = 2πnr/λ, and nr represents the real part of the refractive index. The melting temperature of the NPs, Tm(r,x), is also dependent on the
PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133
- providing steric stabilization and controlling interactions during blood circulation [9]. A study using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) with selective deuteration has provided compelling insights into the lipid localizations. In a LNP formulation composed of MC3, DSPC, cholesterol, and DMPE-PEG2k at a
Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126
- performed. The results revealed nanodroplets with spherical and oval shapes and a homogeneous size distribution, with diameters up to 250 nm, consistent with the dynamic light scattering (DLS) data (Figure 1c,d). Colloidal and physicochemical stability The colloidal and physicochemical stability of the NEs
- analysis. All samples were prepared in triplicate and data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The NEs composition was described in Table 3. Physicochemical characterization Droplet size, polydispersity index and zeta potential evaluation The droplet size was determined by dynamic light scattering
Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123
- sputtering and the increase in surface roughness during implantation may result in a shallower experimental profile than predicted. Differences can also arise from the finite depth resolution of RBS, which is influenced by energy straggling and multiple scattering effects, leading to a broadening of the
- profiling were obtained using 2.0 MeV protons. The RBS spectra were recorded using an Ultra-Ortec PIPS detector. The projectile He+ ions were backscattered at a laboratory scattering angle of 170° in a Cornell geometry. The H concentration was analyzed by the ERDA method using He+ ions with an energy 2.5
- MeV. The ERDA primary beam incoming angle was 75°, and the scattering angle was 30°. The recoiled particles were recorded by a Canberra PIPS detector covered by 12 μm thick Mylar foil. To avoid sample damage and modification during RBS analysis, the measurements were performed at multiple sample
Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121
- Rayleigh scattering (RRS) signals. This strategy can be extended to the detection of other biomarkers simply by changing the ligand. For low-abundance markers, the signal amplification effect of gold nanoparticles [54] may show the huge advantages of Aptamer-AuNPs-Ab. Later, the same research team [55
- ] reported a sandwich scattering system based on dual aptamers targeting EGFR and HER2. This design not only capitalizes on the overexpression characteristics of EGFR/HER2 in EC (as discussed in the Introduction), but also enhances detection sensitivity through the synergistic effect of dual aptamers
Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120
- mL·min−1, using sealed aluminum pans (T181206 and T181128). Droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and conductivity Droplet size and polydispersity index (PdI) of the formulations were measured 24 h after preparation using dynamic light scattering with a Zetasizer Nano-ZS ZEN 3600 (Malvern
- Instruments, UK) at 25 °C. Before analysis, the samples were diluted 1:1000 with Milli-Q water, a standard dilution used to prevent multiple scattering without compromising micelle integrity. Measurements were performed at a 173° backscatter detection angle. Zeta potential and electrical conductivity were
- . This difference can be attributed to two main factors: (1) the significant reduction in droplet size and (2) the improved uniformity of the nanodroplets. These factors minimize light scattering, resulting in a more transparent nanoemulsion. The macroscopic difference between the ophthalmic
Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118
- tracking surface chemical processes in real time. Due to the scattering of the photoelectrons in a gas environment at millibar pressures, APXPS is intrinsically a photon-hungry technique. Although pioneering work on gases and liquids performed by Kai and Hans Siegbahn date back to the 1970s [1], it was
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