Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• , rGO and Agro-GO present a blueshift in the G band. This may be related to phonon stiffening caused by lattice strain and p-type doping; in rGO, this arises from reduction-induced defect restructuring, while, in Agro-GO, it originates from extensive oxidation and the strong confinement of small sp2

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• -active modes of the host material regarding peak position, lineshape, and the relative intensities of peaks. The position and relative intensities are affected by strain and doping induced by defects. In addition, relaxation of the translation symmetry leads to activation of modes that would otherwise be

• among defects as several defects can yield similar strain, doping, or mode activation. In principle, defects might be separated by comparing the effects on all observed peaks [94]. Unfortunately, many common 2D materials only show a few Raman-active peaks under non-resonant conditions; this problem can

• energies, linewidths, and photon correlations, underscoring the importance of local strain, dielectric fluctuations, moiré potentials, and defect proximity. However, the mismatch between atomic-scale lattice-resolving techniques and micrometer-scale far-field optical spectroscopy has long obstructed

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• tangent (tan δ), were measured using an oscillatory frequency sweep over an angular frequency range of 1–600 rad/s at a constant strain of 0.5%. Flow behaviour was assessed using a shear rate ramp from 0.1 to 1.0 s−1 and subsequently from 1.0 to 0.1 s−1, in order to determine the best-fit flow model for

• the hydrogels. An oscillatory amplitude sweep was performed over a strain range of 0.1–500% at a constant frequency of 1 Hz to determine the linear viscoelastic region and to estimate the yield stress. Thixotropic behaviour was evaluated using a three-interval thixotropy test (3ITT), conducted as

• follows: the first interval was performed at 1.0% strain for 100 s, the second interval at 100% strain for 100 s, and the third interval at 1.0% strain for 100 s. All measurements were performed in triplicate. Topical skin films 3D printing Three-layer films containing curcumin-loaded polymeric

First-principles study on elastic properties of Cu, (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn and interfacial mechanical properties of (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn/Cu in the lead-free solder joint

• Guomin Hua

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 428–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.29

• strain methods, where three and nine deformations were built for Cu and (CuxNi1−x)3Sn, respectively, related to the three and nine independent elastic constants corresponding to cubic and orthorhombic crystals, respectively [23]. Strain magnitudes of −0.02, −0.01, 0.0, 0.01, and 0.02 were used to

• , the strain along the z-axis was fixed; at the same time, the stresses along the x-axis and the y-axis were relaxed to less than 0.5 GPa. For the calculations on the interface structure, a kinetic energy cutoff of 30 Hartree, a k-point mesh of 4 × 4 × 1 and a potential residual V(r) of less than 10−8

• and (CuxNi1−x)3Sn were evaluated using the parameters ν and B/G. Poisson’s ratio ν is defined as the ratio of the transverse strain to the longitudinal strain, and it characterizes the resistance of materials to distortion under mechanical load [31]. The boundary of the ductile-to-brittle transition

Calculation of the dynamic stiffness of a cantilever under torsional oscillation

• Keita Nishida,
• Yuuki Yasui and
• Yoshiaki Sugimoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 303–308, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.21

• strain energy. Without tips, the torsional dynamic stiffness is approximately 23% larger than the static stiffness. The modification decreases to 21–23% with tips. Applying the present correction is essential for achieving quantitatively accurate stiffness values in dynamic measurements. Keywords

• -moment of inertia model and derive the formula for the dynamic stiffness by assuming that the kinetic energy and the strain energy of the cantilever are equivalent to those of the model [22][30]. Specifically, for the kinetic energy , and for the strain energy , where is the dynamic stiffness for the n

• of the deformation become smaller for l < x ≤ L. The dynamic stiffness and the effective moment of inertia with a tip are also calculated. The kinetic energy is now modified to be , while the strain energy remains the same [22][30]. The dynamic stiffness and the effective moment of inertia are

Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• ]. The susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial materials may depend on several factors, such as dose, humidity, and strain specificity [42][43]. Silver has been shown to exert a biocidal effect similar to that of copper against several E. coli and S. aureus strains using lower doses [43]. Likewise

Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• were mechanically characterized, and the derived principles were transferred to metamaterials that present promising advances for programmable local strain and failure behavior. A strength of such a technology-pull approach for problem solving is that principles extracted from different biological

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• therapeutics [8]. Despite their efficacy, conventional therapies often cause severe side effects. Chemotherapy induces anaemia and immunosuppression, radiation triggers fatigue and psychological strain, surgery carries risks of organ damage, and hormone therapy disrupts endocrine balance, highlighting the

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• . The tested microorganisms were three bacterial strains, that is, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one fungus strain (Penicillium chrysogenum) and one yeast strain (Rhodotorula spp.). Specifically, the microbial activity was reduced by 100% for Staphylococcus aureus

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• Zn2+ into tetrahedral sites, which strengthens the Fe3+–O bond through enhanced covalency and changes in cation distribution, leading to shorter and stiffer bonds. The additional upward shift to 730 cm−1 in the core–shell structure reflects interfacial strain and electronic interactions between the

• Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 core and the MnFe2O shell. This strain distorts the tetrahedral FeO4 units, further stiffening the Fe–O bonds, while electronic coupling and potential cation redistribution at the interface increase the vibrational frequency. These structural and electronic effects collectively explain the

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• the fabrication details and morphology of the CPL-enabled cPNSs in Section 2. In recent years, chiral assemblies of PNSs from mechanical forces via magnetic fields [60][61] or strain [62][63] have also been demonstrated. Although the cPNSs prepared via mechanical forces are relatively scarce, they

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• Pt(111) surface, graphene, and h-BH using the QuantumWise ATK interface builder. The process involves strain minimization in the lattice mismatch by symmetry multiplication of the unit cells. The junctions shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 have 1.06% distributed strain over Pt and graphene or h-BN. The

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• strain, offering critical information about viscosity, flow characteristics, and structural stability. According to the proposed QTPP, a higher viscosity with pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) behavior is preferred for topical formulations, as it ensures ease application and good retention on the skin

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• mesh at the end of the spatulae were also removed to be replaced by molecular spatulae models. Table 1 lists the parameters and values used to construct the continuum part of the model. The finite element mesh response was governed by linear isotropic elasticity, with the stress–strain relationship

• given by Hooke’s law [36][37]: where σ is the Cauchy stress tensor, ε is the infinitesimal strain tensor, tr(ε) denotes the trace of the strain tensor, I is the second-order identity tensor, and λ and μ are the Lamé parameters defined as: with E being Young’s modulus and ν Poisson’s ratio. The real seta

• step, ΔtMD, the number of MD steps per iteration, nMD, and the number of iterations per load step, niter: Using this time and the imposed strain per load step εls, the pull-off velocity is set as In our previous work [46][47][48][49][50] on bulk polymer models, we found that prescribing a displacement

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• conjugation to cysteine residues on antibodies or peptides, enabling site-specific and stable coupling [35]. PEG lipids modified with dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) or azide groups can undergo strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. This click chemistry is advantageous when conjugating sensitive targeting

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• edge of the plate, giving rise to a modulation of its kinetic inductance due to surface strain generated by cantilever bending. A Pt–C tip with curvature radius below 10 nm at its apex is formed at the free end of the cantilever through a series of electron-beam-assisted depositions. Figure 1d shows a

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• , coefficient of linear thermal expansion, specific heat, thermal strain, and Grüneisen parameter at constant pressure) were empirically determined for the first time in the range of temperatures 70 < T < 293 K. These observables were all correlated with the C-band frequency (ωLCC) dependence on the temperature

• linear thermal expansion (α), thermal strain (εT), and Grüneisen parameter at constant pressure (γp). The present work is intended to explore some important points that were left open by Costa and collaborators [30]. These points mainly regard the influence of the number of CNT walls in the LCC

• is the thermal strain between T and T + dT, and γP is the T-independent Grüneisen parameter at constant P. Equation 1 in turn is expected to follow the empirical relation: where the second derivative magnitude is N-dependent (see Figure 3). Figure 2a confirms that this is the case: the solid lines

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• representing the deformation from one state to the other. Using this displacement field allows for the calculation of a strain tensor field, which describes the axis-dependent hygroscopic expansion [29]. Incorporating the anisotropic swelling and shrinkage behavior into in silico models of the pine cone scale

• abstraction levels of a pine cone scale cross-sectional geometry incorporating the DVC-estimated hygroscopic expansion coefficients. This will answer the questions of (1) whether an intra-tissue gradient of the hygroscopic strain can be observed, (2) whether this measured hygroscopic strain can be used in a

• , “Affine_parameters.txt” and “BSpline_parameters.txt” can be found in Supporting Information File 1. Based on the resulting displacement field, the Green–Lagrangian strain was calculated using the Insight Toolkit strain filter extension (ITK: ver. 5.3.0, itk-strain: ver. 0.4.0) [40] in Python (ver. 3.11.9) [41]. Finally

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• were developed using membrane vesicles from a Curtobacterium proimmune K3 strain, isolated from ginseng, and black cumin seed extract, which are presented in the formulation in the form of stabilizing adjuvants. The use of ginseng is based on the fact that its components may have anticancer effects

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• local strain behavior and the failure point. Moreover, this phenomenon was transferred to metamaterial structures where the material gradient counteracts the geometric gradient (beam thickness). The results highlight the effective anchoring method of mistletoe through graded structuring of the interface

• with the host branch and provide a framework for creating bioinspired functionally graded material systems with programmable local strain and failure behavior. Keywords: bioinspiration; digital image correlation; fiber-reinforced polypropylene; materials interface; programmable failure; Introduction

• η = 6.145. The mean value of the linearly graded materials, obtained experimentally from the stress–strain slopes of the elastic region, was used as the Es value. In order to achieve a homogeneous strain distribution along the inversely graded metamaterial geometry, the beams of the two graded

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• materials exhibit strong potential for the use in implantable medical devices. For instance, Ge nanomembranes have been employed in fully biodegradable strain and temperature sensors, demonstrating proven biocompatibility and gas-free dissolution. In addition, IGZO has been utilized to fabricate transient

• large elastic strain ranges, enhancing stretchability and enabling integration with soft electronics. The Mg–Zn–Ca metallic glass, for example, has shown up to 2.46-fold improved yield strain compared to conventional Mg alloys (Figure 2b) [62]. Enhancing the diversity of metal materials is crucial to

• , and high-throughput manufacturing of bioresorbable electronics, supporting both scalability and device integration. Early demonstrations have successfully produced temperature [6][14][27][75][76], strain [6][14][27][77][78], and pH sensors [6][27][75][79] based on silicon and bioresorbable metals

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• thiol- and maleimide-functionalized components, with no other additions required. The thiol addition to the maleimide double bond is highly favorable due to the electron withdrawing properties of its carbonyls, as well as the release of ring strain accompanying the formation of the thioether linkage [29

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• . This method is widely utilized for forming thin films primarily for characterization purposes such as XRD, AFM, and photoluminescence (PL). However, apart from factors like strain of the substrate or temperature, if any applied to the substrate, no significant control over the film formation is

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• approximately 78.5 mm2 pieces, which were disinfected with ultraviolet light for 30 min. A lawn of the experimental strain was prepared on NB medium (0.3 wt % beef extract, 0.1 wt % yeast extract, 0.5 wt % peptone, 1% sucrose, and 0.5 wt % NaCl), with an original concentration of 1 × 106 CFU·mL−1 through

• spreading 25 µL bacterial liquid on each plate. The sterilized membranes were then placed on the top of the plate containing the attached bacterial strain and then incubated at 28 °C for 24 h. The antibacterial efficacy of each membrane was assessed by measuring the size of the inhibition zone against

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• antimicrobial testing of the liposomal formulation against clinical isolates revealed a remarkable reduction in MIC and MBC when compared to free tobramycin. Notably, the formulation eradicated a highly resistant P. aeruginosa strain at concentrations 1000-fold lower than the free antibiotic. The enhanced