Enhanced erosion resistance and radiation stability of WC–WO₃ nanocomposite films under 100 keV Kr⁺ ion irradiation

• Shristi Bist,
• Parswajit Kalita,
• Ratnesh K. Pandey,
• Sejal Shah,
• Richa Krishna,
• Umapathy G. R.,
• Sunil Ojha and
• Devesh K. Avasthi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 922–934, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.65

• drawn attention owing to their improved mechanical properties, enhanced activities and chemical stability [21][22][23][24]. In the recent past, many studies have been carried out which establish synthesis–structure–property relationships of polymer matrix composites in various areas of applications like

• WC–WO3 nanocomposite films induced by ion irradiation. The pristine film exhibits a uniform, densely packed nanograin structure, indicative of a smooth and homogeneous surface. Upon irradiation at a fluence of 1 × 1016 ions/cm2, the surface becomes increasingly rough, and the formation of distinct

• resistance of the WC–WO3 system to ion-induced erosion. GIXRD results confirm that both WC and WO3 phases of the nanocomposite film retain their crystalline structure even at higher ion fluences, with no observable amorphization or phase decomposition. Additionally, a moderate increase in crystallite size is

Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy

• Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez,
• Katty Yi Zhang,
• Denisse Yajaira Enriquez,
• Byron Raul Inapanta,
• Roxana Noemí Peroni and
• Christian Rafael Quijia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 882–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.64

• agriculture. In contrast, polymeric nanospheres are solid matrix systems in which the active substance is uniformly dispersed throughout the polymer. Unlike nanocapsules, nanospheres do not possess a central cavity, resulting in a more compact and homogeneous structure [101]. Drug release from nanospheres

Supramolecular one-dimensional conducting nanofibers from a C₃-symmetric tetrathiafulvalene derivative

• Yoko Tatewaki,
• Fumiya Hirose,
• Sadafumi Nishihara,
• Tomoyuki Akutagawa,
• Takayoshi Nakamura and
• Tsuyoshi Minami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 872–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.63

• process in DMF provides suitable conditions for inducing ordered supramolecular organization of MeS-TTF-Ts. When the casting solvent was changed to DMSO at the same concentration, a mesh-like structure composed of interconnected fibers with different sizes was observed (Figure 2). The fibers exhibited

• bundles of thinner fibrils forming a hierarchical structure. Such hierarchical organization is considered to arise from directional π–π stacking interactions between the TTF cores together with cooperative intermolecular interactions, which promote lateral association of one-dimensionally grown fibrils

• structure. Furthermore, compared with the nanofibers formed from MeS-TTF-Ts alone, a significant increase in fiber diameter was observed. This result suggests that the introduction of F4TCNQ induces donor–acceptor charge-transfer interactions, leading to the formation of one-dimensional stacked structures

He⁺ FIBID-fabricated 3D AFM tip architectures: an exploratory study of hollow pillars, helices, and spirals

• Alba Arroyo-Fructuoso,
• Ana Galet,
• Gregor Hlawacek and
• Rosa Córdoba

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.62

• operating conditions. Under the conditions explored here, selected 3D-printed tips reproduced the nominal step height of the calibration structure, yielding values consistent with those obtained using commercial probes on the same sample. To relate probe operation to structural outcome, each tip was

• the geometry of the structure, especially at the apex region, which is critical for imaging performance. Changes in tip radius, shape, or structural integrity can directly affect lateral resolution and tip–sample interaction. Therefore, although purification strategies are well established for planar

• measurements from commercial reference probes serving as a step height baseline. Importantly, each printed structure was also inspected by electron microscopy before and after AFM use in order to document morphology changes, degradation pathways and architecture-dependent failure modes. In this way, the work

Light-driven ammonia electrooxidation via carbon nitride–ruthenium molecular interfaces

• Jan Holub and
• Pablo Jiménez-Calvo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 854–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.61

• the semiconductor surface where the molecular catalyst awaits [8]. Its medium bandgap means it can harvest blue and green photons that pass unused through many metal oxide photocatalysts. Its 2D layered structure, stabilised by π–π stacking interactions between heptazine sheets, provides a large, flat

• , illustrating that product selectivity in ammonia oxidation (N2 vs NO3− vs N2H4) is tunable through catalyst structure and the reaction environment [28][29]. The mechanistic basis for this selectivity lies in two competing reaction pathways [21][22][30][31]. The unimolecular water/ammonia nucleophilic attack

• . Strategies comparison across the three C3N4 allotropes, polymeric, PHI, and S-doped amorphous, would reveal structure–activity relationships that cannot be obtained by studying each isolated allotrope. A third interface strategy, yet to be explored in the C3N4–Ru context, is the direct coordination of

Nanoparticle delivery systems for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): advances and challenges

• Sonia Zahara and
• Björn M. Reinhard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 839–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.60

• nanoparticles (LBNPs): These include liposomes, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). LNPs have a less ordered internal structure than liposomes and are primarily used for nucleic acid delivery [28]. In general, LBNPs can encapsulate a wide range

• ]. A major advantage of polymeric platforms lies in their ability to take up and store drug cargo in their interior with a capacity that depends on the chemical nature of the polymer and the structure of the nanoparticle. They provide engineering degrees of freedom to tune release properties and thus

• . Peterhoff et al. presented a stabilized HIV Env trimer on the surface of nonporous silica nanoparticles (100–200 nm) [84]. They modified the Env for site-specific covalent attachment to the nanoparticles while preserving the native structure and antigenicity, and achieved a multivalent display of Env on the

Glycerol photoelectrochemical oxidation reaction at carbon nitrides/BiVO₄ materials

• Charles Garcia da Cunha,
• Isabelle M. D. Gonzaga,
• Cristian Hessel,
• Izadora F. Reis,
• Ivo F. Teixeira,
• Lucia H. Mascaro and
• Elton Sitta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 806–817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.57

• fundamental heptazine or triazine-based backbone, they significantly differ in structure, crystallinity, and properties. PCN is the commonly synthesized form of CN due to its simple preparation methods. However, it suffers from low crystallinity, structural disorder, and poor reproducibility, which limit its

• was then centrifuged at 9000 rpm for 5 min, dried in an oven at 60 °C, and stored for later use. While the synthesis containing LiCl results in the PTI structure, the other salts yield PHI [31][32]. Carbon nitride deposition onto FTO An amount of 20 mg of each CN was dispersed into 5 mL of poly

• likely connected with the CN degradation, which happens at considerably lower temperatures than those observed for PCN. Interestingly, even at T = 800 °C in an oxidizing atmosphere, the materials still maintain 20–35% of their initial mass. To shed some light on CN structure degradation and the residual

Tuning the electronic properties of defect-rich MoS₂

• Eric Juriatti,
• Martina Binninger,
• Carolin Schüle,
• Maren Zirwick,
• Katarina Margetic,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Marcus Scheele and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 796–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.56

• perfluorinated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPcF16). Defects were introduced in synthetic MoS2 bulk crystals by gentle argon and neon sputtering. Although the band structure is still visible after sputtering, especially SXPS reveals structural and electronic disturbances of the topmost MoS2 layer. We show how the

• disulfide (MoS2), has emerged as a promising candidate due to their distinctive properties as layered 2D materials with broadly tunable electronic structure [1][2][3]. While numerous studies have focused on single-layer MoS2 sheets, recent research has underscored the pivotal role of multilayer TMDCs in the

• fabrication of ultrafast photodetectors [4][5]. To tune their electronic structure for such applications, the adsorption of organic molecules is a versatile strategy [6][7], resulting, for example, in dipole-induced doping or (complex) charge transfer [8]. Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), X-ray absorption

Substrate-dependent pore formation in molybdenum disulfide monolayers under ion irradiation

• Yossarian Liebsch,
• Umair Javed,
• Lucia Skopinski,
• Leon Daniel,
• Franziska Appel,
• Radia Rahali,
• Clara Grygiel,
• Henning Lebius,
• Carolin Frank,
• Lars Breuer,
• Leon Kirsch,
• Frieder Koch,
• Jani Kotakoski and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.54

• and strain-related changes but do not directly resolve the atomic structure [34][35]. This leaves a gap in our understanding of how ion-induced defect formation differs between suspended and substrate-supported 2D materials. We address this gap by directly measuring substrate effects on defect

• supported samples that suggested pronounced topographic changes but could not resolve the defect structure [40][41], our STEM analysis shows that irradiation on SiO2 produces well-defined, pore-shaped defects with no obvious long-range lattice distortion of the surrounding material (see Supporting

Interface-engineered Caco-2 cell culture on a collagen-coated liquid–liquid interface in a microfluidic device

• Satoru Kuriu and
• Soo Hyeon Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 760–768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.53

• microfluidic device [13][14]. F-actin localization was observed under both conditions, suggesting that the cytoskeletal organization supporting the epithelial structure was maintained in Caco-2 cells cultured in the microfluidic device. Colocalization of ZO-1 with F-actin at cell–cell borders indicates the

Tailoring Ag–Pt nanoalloys through solid-state dewetting: structural and optical insights

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Piotr Okoczuk,
• Blaž Grobiša,
• Ewa Pawlikowska,
• Amelia Rozwadowska,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 748–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.52

• the bulk Ag–Pt system, and provide insight into their structure–property relationships relevant for catalytic and plasmonic applications. Keywords: Ag–Pt alloy; dewetting; nanoalloys; plasmon resonance; thin films; Introduction Nanoalloys in the form of nanostructures exhibit novel and intriguing

• and cost-effective fabrication method remains a critical objective. In this work, we present a detailed analysis of the structure of the obtained nanoalloys, both within the volume of the nanostructures and at their surfaces, as well as the influence of Pt content in Ag–Pt nanoalloys on their

• formation rather than phase-separated Ag and Pt regions. A detailed EDS analysis was performed on the cross-sections using both line scans and area modes. For the structure fabricated from 4 nm Ag and 4 nm Pt, the measured composition reached approximately 60 atom % Pt and 40 atom % Ag. The sample prepared

Oxidative atmosphere-driven formation of single-phase spinel CuRh₂O₄ nanofibers for alkaline water oxidation

• Namhee Kim,
• Sumin Ko,
• Sohyeon Choi,
• Seoyoon Jang,
• Myung Hwa Kim and
• Dasol Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 737–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.50

• attention due to their structural robustness and compositional tunability [2]. The spinel framework accommodates diverse metal cations with flexible site occupancy, enabling rational modulation of electronic structure and surface adsorption energetics of key OER intermediates [3], thereby offering a

• versatile strategy for performance optimization. Incorporation of 4d transition metals such as Rh into the spinel lattice provides an effective approach to further tailor catalytic properties. The presence of Rh3+ [4][5], with its more delocalized electronic structure compared to conventional 3d cations

• CuRhO2, Rh2O3, Rh, and Cu2O are observed, indicating incomplete formation of the targeted spinel structure. In contrast, the optimized oxygen concentration (i.e., 11.1% O2) yields diffraction peaks that can be fully indexed to spinel CuRh2O4, confirming the formation of a single-phase crystalline

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• needed before engineering AgNPs for particular applications. AgNPs are characterised using optical spectroscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to measure plasmonic absorbance, size, shape, structure, and stability [49]. Optical spectroscopy is a rapid and

Molecular engineering of individual dye-based nanoparticle photostability for ultrabright two-photon fluorescence

• Eleonore Kurek,
• Sasha Cooper,
• Alexandre Clausolles,
• Karen Perronet,
• Jonathan Daniel,
• Mireille Blanchard-Desce and
• François Marquier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 688–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.48

• collected data or disrupt the biological environment under study. A more promising alternative is to seek to limit photobleaching through molecular engineering. Indeed, the photobleaching of organic molecules has been found to vary widely depending on their structure [28]. In the case of dFONs, a common

• photobleaching at the individual nanoparticle level – an essential step toward the rational design of photostable dFONs. Results and Discussion Nanoparticles structure Two families of dFONs, hereafter called dFONs(1) [20] and dFONs(2) [11], are obtained through precipitation [32] from quadrupolar dyes, hereafter

• is too weak compared to the second population to have been measured. Therefore, all subsequent results can be interpreted as originating from the 50 nm-centered distribution. The dyes constituting both nanoparticles share a similar structure, built around one benzothiadiazole acceptor moiety at their

Protein-based custom-designed molecular nanotraps for biomedical applications

• Devid Maniglio,
• Alice Marinangeli and
• Alessandra Maria Bossi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 683–687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.47

• therefore less explored. From a conventional perspective, the lack of a defined structure is often perceived as incompatible with selective recognition. However, insights from natural systems challenge this view. Unfolded proteins, particularly intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), are increasingly

• recognized as functionally active, often undergoing partial folding upon interaction with molecular partners [12]. These observations are reshaping the current understanding of protein structure–function relationships, opening the possibility of employing unfolded or disordered proteins as functional

• ]. Besides, gelatin and GelMA hydrogels exhibit enhanced biocompatibility, making them suitable for biomedical applications, cell scaffolds, wound dressings, and drug delivery [13]. Silk is another promising protein-based material used in tissue engineering [15]. The structure of silk consists of two

Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers

• Angelika Zaszczyńska,
• Paulina H. Marek-Urban,
• Karolina Wrochna,
• Agnieszka E. Kuklewska,
• Kacper Kręgielewski,
• Marta Grodzik,
• Dawid R. Natkowski,
• Jolanta Mierzejewska,
• Ewa Iwanek,
• Agata Blacha-Grzechnik,
• Paweł Sajkiewicz and
• Krzysztof Durka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46

• coworkers [64], cimetidine undergoes initial S-oxidation to the sulfoxide followed by C–S bond cleavage to yield (5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methanol. A similar pathway is expected for ranitidine, which also incorporates a sulfur atom in the structure. Propranolol oxidation with ROS produces 4

• pathogens. (a) Structure of studied BODIPY photosensitizer 1. (b) Energy diagram presenting the light-induced production of singlet oxygen by a triplet photosensitizer. (c) Chemical structures of the target pollutants. Scheme of the electrospinning process. Figure 2 was reproduced from [50], (© 2021 A

afspm: A framework for manufacturer-agnostic automation in scanning probe microscopy

• Nicholas J. Sullivan,
• Julio J. Valdés,
• Kirk H. Bevan and
• Peter Grutter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 653–667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.45

• classified surface structure, detecting atoms [5], molecules [6], or defects of interest [7][8]. Even the design of experiments has been researched, using statistics to drive decisions during the experiment [9][10][11][12]. Active learning, where a machine learning algorithm’s internal model is updated

• configuration file; the script loads the parameters on startup by parsing the configuration file. This is the approach taken in afspm, as exemplified in Figure 6. In the pseudocode (Figure 6a), we see that the expected parameter types are defined in a data structure (here, “ExperimentData”), which is used by

• the method “find_positions” invoking a pre-trained machine learning classifier, or predefined image processing logic. The determined positions are sent over IPC to the experiment script (“[experiment]” in Figure 7c), which, upon receipt, stores them in an internal data structure for later use. This

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• and disadvantages. Acid hydrolysis is a traditional approach that helps preserve cellulose’s crystalline structure; however, it relies on non-biodegradable chemicals and generates acidic wastewater, which raises environmental concerns and complicates wastewater management [8]. As a result, researchers

• the cellulose fibers and bind covalently to the crystalline cellulose structure [20]. Its polymerization degree ranges from 10,000 to 20,000 units, depending on the source material. Every glucose monomer in cellulose contains three hydroxy groups that determine its crystalline structure and physical

• detect glucose levels non-invasively through sweat or saliva, offering a promising platform for biomedical monitoring [75]. Hydrogels are highly water-absorbing materials with a three-dimensional network structure, and they are widely recognized for their flexibility, responsiveness to external stimuli

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• nanoparticle formation, leading to improved control over nanoparticle structure and photocatalytic performance. Results and Discussion SEM analysis The surface morphology of PLD-prepared samples was analyzed using SEM-EDS (Figure 2 and Figure 3). SEM images of the sample surface after deposition of silver on

• higher concentration of this metal on Ag@TiO2 2000p affected the ablation rate of the Ti plate and induced a growth of titanium oxide nanostructures on the surface. Morphology and size of Ag@TiO2 (200p and 2000p) Morphology and structure of the obtained samples were analyzed using TEM, HRTEM, and SAED

• , confirming the crystalline structure of the synthesized Ag@TiO2 NPs samples. The diffraction rings correspond to the (101), (004), (200), (105), and (211) lattice planes of TiO2 nanocrystals (Figure 4c,f). The dominant contribution of TiO2-related diffraction rings suggests that the crystalline structure of

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• engineering from the perspective of the BEF is warranted, with particular emphasis on unifying studies of homojunctions, gradient junctions, and 2D/3D heterojunctions into a coherent framework. Against this background, we define a “junction” as a generalized structure formed in the bulk or at the interface

• NSs, owing to their high hole mobility and elevated work function, induce a p-type region at the surface and spontaneously form n/p homojunctions with the preexisting n-type regions in the bulk, effectively creating a continuous energy-level staircase within the absorber. This structure extends the

• device efficiency of 23.2% with negligible hysteresis. Moreover, combined grain-boundary passivation and band-structure modulation by BP NSs enabled unencapsulated devices to retain over 92% efficiency maintained for 150 days (3,600 h) at 25 °C and 40% ± 10% relative humidity. Although this operational

Probing tribological evolution in atomically thin MoS₂ at different scales

• Xingzhong Zeng and
• Miao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 586–597, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.40

• 2D materials remain elusive, primarily due to the need for high resolution and precise control of tip–sample interactions. Atomically thin 2D materials are ideal platforms for studying nanoscale and sub-nanoscale friction, owing to their atomic smoothness, well-defined crystal structure, and chemical

• inertness [13][14][15]. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a representative 2D materials is particularly promising because of its trilayered structure (one Mo layer sandwiched between two S layers) and tunable interlayer interactions, making it a model system for investigating the nanoscale and sub-nanoscale

• 1L MoS2 system, there is no interlayer structure, so the sub-nanoscale stick–slip motion is solely attributed to the in-plane motion of the tip apex and the modulation of tip–sample contact geometry [11][12]. This is the fundamental reason why the slip distance of 4L MoS2 is smaller than that of 1L

Impacts of annealing on structural and photophysical properties of zinc phthalocyanine adsorbed on graphene

• Gautier Creutzer,
• Quentin Fernez,
• Nataliya Kalashnyk,
• Zohreh Safarzadeh,
• Lydia Sosa Vargas,
• Céline Fiorini-Debuisschert,
• Nicolas Fabre and
• Fabrice Charra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 576–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.39

• forces, face-on versus edge-on molecule orientation, and planar-square versus shuttlecock molecule shape. Although the importance of thermal treatment on the interfacial structure of H2Pc [37] and ZnPc [38] on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and graphene has been demonstrated, its mechanisms

• , application in interface structure management, and impact on electronic or photonic properties are still poorly understood. In this paper, focusing on ZnPc, we report the demonstration and analysis by combined STM operated at the air–solid interface and optical microspectroscopy of a 2D phase change

• Zn atom pointing outward (i.e., away from graphene) thus allowing the Pc-conjugated structure to approach closer to the graphene substrate. Returning to the absorption measurements, we infer that this planar-square to shuttlecock transition is accompanied by a shift of the Q-band, a small proportion

Laser–material interactions in liquids for the synthesis of nanomaterials: current status and perspectives

• Carlos Doñate Buendia,
• Bilal Gökce and
• Leonid V. Zhigilei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 571–575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.38

• changes in atomic structure, enabling defect engineering [20]. The broad materials library accessible through LSPC, combined with the wide range of laser, target, and solvent parameters, creates a complex multidimensional optimization space governing nanoparticle size, internal structure, composition, and

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• was evidenced after dopant incorporation into the TiO2 structure. Morphological characterization showed poorly defined spherical particles that decreased in size with increasing Cu and Co concentrations. PL spectra showed an additional signal attributed to the ability of the metal dopants to capture

• into the semiconductor matrix. The incorporation of co-dopants results in the formation of heterostructures with different electronic structures compared to the TiO2 structure, which promotes charge separation and visible light absorption [6]. The incorporation of two types of cations into the TiO2

• area of 34.4 m2/g; with the incorporation of 0.5 wt % Mo and 0.2 wt % Cu, the surface area decreases substantially to 16.4 m2/g. This result can be related to changes in the morphology and crystalline structure of the TiO2 after doping. The decrease in surface area after Cu doping is a behavior

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• species in C–O groups, hydroxy groups, or adsorbed water molecules associated with the rGO surface and the porous MOF structure [27]. The presence of these oxygen-containing species further supports the coexistence of MIL-101 and rGO within the composite. Overall, the XPS results confirm the successful

• combination of its two components. MIL-101(Cr) has a high surface area and abundant porous structure, providing numerous active sites and strong adsorption capability for the target molecules; rGO offers high electrical conductivity, facilitating rapid electron transfer. Repeatability, reproducibility, and