From a free electron gas to confined states: A mixed island of PTCDA and copper phthalocyanine on Ag(111)

• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Emily Roche and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1572–1577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.131

• spectroscopy experiments [6][7][8], and has been studied with density functional theory (DFT) [9][10]. Previous work [11] has used dI/dV spectroscopy as a measurement of the density of electronic states [12] and identified this interface state starting at 0.6 eV. One characteristic of a two-dimensional

• molecules were close to each other implying little direct interaction [17]. Stadtmüller et al. extensively studied the P2C phase with STM, dI/dV measurements, and DFT calculations [18]. They showed that while an isolated CuPc molecule on Ag(111) has a level that is half-filled, this level shifts above the

• emptied and is above the Fermi level. Their DFT calculations show the F-LUMO peak to be around 0.2 V, and the dI/dV spectra show features at 0.6 V [18]. Figure 2b does not contain a peak in the dI/dV spectra over the CuPc molecules at the Fermi level but rather a peak between the Fermi level and 1 V. This

Single-step extraction of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of riboflavin

• Polina M. Kalachikova,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Eldar M. Khabushev,
• Timofei V. Eremin,
• Timofei S. Zatsepin,
• Elena D. Obraztsova,
• Konstantin V. Larionov,
• Liubov Yu. Antipina,
• Pavel B. Sorokin and
• Albert G. Nasibulin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.130

• set to 5 nm and an acquisition time of 30 s. DFT calculations Each riboflavin molecule was represented as an isoalloxazine group together with a ribityl side chain (C17H20N4O6). The DFT within the local density approximation for the exchange–correlation functional employing norm-conserving Troullier

Role of titanium and organic precursors in molecular layer deposition of “titanicone” hybrid materials

• Arbresha Muriqi and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1240–1255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.103

• (MLD) allows the deposition of these hybrid films using sequential, self-limiting reactions, similar to atomic layer deposition (ALD). In this paper, we use first principles density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the growth mechanism of titanium-containing hybrid organic–inorganic MLD films

• prefer the flat lying configuration on all surfaces. This work shows that the choice of the surface and the metallic precursor has a major impact on the behaviour of organic species. DFT findings provide motivation to develop a low temperature rutile TiO2/titanicone film suggesting that the desired film

• growth could be achieved. Keywords: density functional theory (DFT) studies; double reactions; surface chemistry; titanicone; Introduction Molecular layer deposition (MLD), a thin film deposition technique, has attracted significant attention in recent years as a suitable approach for the deposition of

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• -amino acids on metal crystals of Ag, Cu, Pt and alloys by density functional theory (DFT) simulations. They revealed that Pt(531) with a step–kink metal surface has better enantiospecificity for eight α-amino acids (alanine, α-aminobutyric acid, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, serine, cysteine, and 3

• most exposed surface of Au(324). The QCM adsorption in aqueous solutions of amino acids showed that ᴅ-type amino acids prefer to adsorb on the surface. The DFT calculations further proved that the enantioselective adsorption in this system is probably caused by the existence of chiral planes in the

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• different carbonization temperatures (200 and 450 °C) were used to prepare CDs, namely C-1 and C-2, respectively, via pyrolysis. To examine the interaction of functional groups present on the CDs with water vapor, theoretical modeling was also carried out by using the DFT-based B3LYP hybrid functional at 6

Influence of water contamination on the sputtering of silicon with low-energy argon ions investigated by molecular dynamics simulations

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 986–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.86

• [30]. ReaxFF force fields are specifically tuned for a set of atomic interactions. They are developed from quantum calculations and are adapted for MD simulations, providing faster calculations than pure quantum electrodynamics (QED)/density functional theory (DFT) and more information than classical

• interaction between argon ions and silicon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, we used DFT to simulate the potential energy between each of these pairs: Ar–Ar, Ar–Si, Ar–H, and Ar–O. Once extracted, the potential energy was fitted using the Morse potential which is described in Equation 1: where r represents the

• curvature of the potential at its origin, in inverted length units [39]. The DFT data has been obtained using the VASP [40][41][42][43] package. The Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation (GGA-PPE) [44] is selected together with the projector augmented wave (PAW) [45][46] method for the

Theoretical investigations of oxygen vacancy effects in nickel-doped zirconia from ab initio XANES spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge

• Dick Hartmann Douma,
• Lodvert Tchibota Poaty,
• Alessio Lamperti,
• Stéphane Kenmoe,
• Abdulrafiu Tunde Raji,
• Alberto Debernardi and
• Bernard M’Passi-Mabiala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 975–985, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.85

• interactions, using single-electron approaches based on density functional theory (DFT) may not be an easy task. In fact, the 2p hole and 3d hole radial wave functions in such systems overlap significantly and may render the reproduction of the experimental spectrum difficult [33]. However, it is possible to

• calculations have been performed using the single-electron DFT framework as proposed by Gougoussis and co-workers [34]. The paper is organized as follows: In the following section, we present the computational parameters and structural models used in the calculations. Then, the results of computed spectra of

• is calculated as follows: First, the charge density is obtained through a self-consistent DFT calculation with 1s core hole on the absorbing oxygen atom, and the cross section is then calculated for a given polarization direction using the Lanczos method and the continued fraction [45]. This approach

Modeling a multiple-chain emeraldine gas sensor for NH₃ and NO₂ detection

• Hana Sustkova and
• Jan Voves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 721–729, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.64

• molecular properties of polyaniline have been studied by quantum mechanical means in [4][8]. The band structure was calculated by Reis et al. [9], together with transmittance, electrical current flow, and charge density. For these calculations, density functional theory (DFT, [10]) based on the generalized

• gradient approximated (GGA) Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange–correlation functional was used. Guo et al. [5] investigated the graphene/polyaniline adsorption energy of NH3, CO, NO, and H2 using DFT and molecular dynamics computations. From this, graphene/PANI is highly sensitive to NH3 in comparison

• to the other gases. The density of states, in this case, increases significantly above the Fermi level. Zhang et al. [11] already modeled sensors detecting single gas molecules using DFT. Also, in our previous work, computations with one emeraldine salt PANI chain and one ammonia molecule were

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• (details are listed in Table 1). By comparison with the reported DFT calculation [18], the as-prepared brookite belongs to the direct electron transition. Despite the photocatalytic behavior of the samples at 300–400 °C being two times higher than that at 500–600 °C, there is no distinct difference in the

Low-energy electron interaction and focused electron beam-induced deposition of molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)₆)

• Po-Yuan Shih,
• Maicol Cipriani,
• Christian Felix Hermanns,
• Jens Oster,
• Klaus Edinger,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 182–191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.13

• the underlying resonances. Thermochemical threshold energies are calculated at the DFT level of theory for carbonyl loss from Mo(CO)6 through DEA and discussed in relation to the current and previous studies. We present EDX analyses of the composition of FEBID deposits from Mo(CO)6 and compare the

Theoretical understanding of electronic and mechanical properties of 1T′ transition metal dichalcogenide crystals

• Seyedeh Alieh Kazemi,
• Sadegh Imani Yengejeh,
• Vei Wang,
• William Wen and
• Yun Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 160–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.11

• examined by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results reveal that the properties of 1T′ TMDs are mainly affected by their anions. The disulfides are stiffer and more rigid, diselenides are more brittle. In addition, the 1T′ polytype is softer than 2H TMDs. Comparison with the

• 1T′ structural polytype are systematically investigated by means of first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results demonstrate that the anisotropic mechanical properties of 1T′ TMD materials are greatly affected by their anions. They also show different properties in

• comparison with 2H TMD crystals and 1T′ monolayers. Computational Details All DFT computations were performed by using the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP) code with the projector augmented wave (PAW) method [34][35][36]. The Perdew–Burke–Ernzehof (PBE) exchange–correlation functional at the

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• density functional theory (DFT) calculations, trapping experiments, and electron spin resonance measurements (Figure 10). Thus, the impact of intrinsic OVs within SnO2 NPs and the resulting S-scheme heterojunction on the band structure, charge transfer, and photocatalytic activity was presented. The

• photocatalytic mechanisms, and the polymer photodegradation of the resulting nanocomposite using DFT techniques. The results confirmed that the interaction between NO and PANI is indeed a hydrogen bond and photogenerated holes serve as the primary factor of the photocatalytic NO removal [35]. Moreover, this

Topographic signatures and manipulations of Fe atoms, CO molecules and NaCl islands on superconducting Pb(111)

• Carl Drechsel,
• Philipp D’Astolfo,
• Jung-Ching Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Rémy Pawlak and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.1

• that two tilted CO configurations of ±45° are supposed to coexist on the surface and convert rapidly upon scanning [57]. In their work supported by DFT, Feng et al. [57] further described the formation of CO rows by dipole–dipole interactions that can be repulsive for vertically adsorbed CO molecules

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• ://webbook.nist.gov/) and PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), or can be determined via DFT calculations [11][12][29]. MBN Explorer and MBN Studio enable the creation of various crystalline substrates for which the unit cell and translation vectors are specified. The software tools enable also creating

• Pt(PF3)4 molecule is determined via DFT calculations and then optimized using MBN Explorer. The rCHARMM parameters for a Pt(PF3)4 molecule are determined from a series of DFT-based potential energy scans, similar to how it was done in [29] for a W(CO)6 precursor molecule. In brief, the DFT

• loss spectra for Pt(PF3)4 molecules in the gas phase were measured experimentally and compared with time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations in [26]. In the simulations presented below two values of the energy deposited into the molecule, namely 205 kcal/mol (8.9 eV) and 300 kcal/mol (13 eV) were

First-principles study of the structural, optoelectronic and thermophysical properties of the π-SnSe for thermoelectric applications

• Muhammad Atif Sattar,
• Najwa Al Bouzieh,
• Maamar Benkraouda and
• Noureddine Amrane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1101–1114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.82

• (DFT). Our DFT calculations reveal that π-SnSe features an optical bandgap of 1.41 eV and has an exceptionally large lattice constant (12.2 Å, P213). We report several thermodynamic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of this π-SnSe phase for the first time. Our finding shows that the π-SnSe alloy

• is exceptionally promising for the next generation of photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices at room and high temperatures. Keywords: density functional theory (DFT); electronic properties; lattice thermal conductivity; optical properties; thermodynamic properties; thermoelectric properties; tin

• transmission electron microscopy. As SnS and SnSe share a lot in common, both chemically and structurally, an experimental study verified that the π-SnS prototype exists in the form of π-SnSe. The phase stability of π-SnSe is also confirmed by Golan et al. [47]. By using density functional theory (DFT

A new method for obtaining model-free viscoelastic material properties from atomic force microscopy experiments using discrete integral transform techniques

• Berkin Uluutku,
• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1063–1077, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.79

• . The selection of the Z-transform over the more widely exploited discrete Fourier transform (DFT) will become evident in later sections of the manuscript, where it is shown that our approach has enough generality to obtain meaningful material property information in a model-free fashion, without the

• periodicity and convergence constraints associated with the DFT, which is better suited for harmonic and/or steady-state excitations. Although the proposed technique can be utilized to analyze different types of experiments, in this work we demonstrate it using classical force–distance experiments (see Figure

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• images were compared with those computed by density functional theory (DFT) based on well-known single and dimer Si defects. The examples given here demonstrate the utility of deep learning in general and CNN in particular in the field of microscopy. In the following section, the emphasis is narrowed

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• gap in understanding thin film nucleation on 2D materials. In this paper, we present a density functional theory (DFT) study of the adsorption of small Co and Ru structures, with up to four atoms, on a monolayer of MoS2. We explore how the metal–substrate and metal–metal interactions contribute to the

• preferred. Predictions made using these descriptors can be used when deciding which metal–substrate combination will be suitable for a particular application where the shape of the metal is vital. Methods All calculations for this study were carried out with density functional theory (DFT) using the Vienna

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• activity than double F substitution, and the polymer with the methoxy group at the meta site and the F atom at the para site yields the highest HER due to the excellent mobility of photogenerated charge carriers and the broad light absorption range. DFT calculations also verified that incorporating F on

• with pyrene and BT exhibited the best HER (177.50 μmol·h−1, 20 mg) due to low charge recombination and strong photoinduced charge transfer. Furthermore, DFT calculations (Figure 7) indicated that incorporating halogen atoms in both P43 and P44 (Figure 5) reduces the energy barrier for forming H

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• ]. Recently, however, Zhang et al. used STM in combination with DFT simulations to study the variation of the local work function and bandgap within the Moiré superlattice and found that the variation depends on the angle of the Moiré with respect to the substrate lattice, but inferred only marginal structure

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• of chlorine-doped polymeric carbon nitride. (a) Adsorption–desorption isotherms and (b) density functional theory (DFT) applied to the adsorption isotherms to obtain pore–size distributions of PCN and Cl-PCN. H2 evolution rate catalyzed by PCN and Cl-PCN. (a) DRS spectra, (b) PL emission spectra, (c

Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene

• Zhao Liu,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Stefan Peeters,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Maria Clelia Righi and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 432–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.35

• reconstruction of a two-dimensional layer of KBr on an Ir(111) surface is observed by high-resolution noncontact atomic force microscopy and verified by density functional theory (DFT). The observed KBr structure is oriented along the main directions of the Ir(111) surface, but forms a characteristic double-line

• pattern. Comprehensive calculations by DFT, taking into account the observed periodicities, resulted in a new low-energy reconstruction. However, it is fully relaxed into a common cubic structure when a monolayer of graphene is located between substrate and KBr. By using Kelvin probe force microscopy, the

• work functions of the reconstructed and the cubic configuration of KBr were measured and indicate, in accordance with the DFT calculations, a difference of nearly 900 meV. The difference is due to the strong interaction and local charge displacement of the K+/Br− ions and the Ir(111) surface, which are

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• supramolecular structures. It is noteworthy that individual W3O9 clusters, according to previous density functional theory (DFT) calculations [11], are characterized by the most stable six-membered ring structure with D3h symmetry. It consists of oxygen-bridged tungsten atoms with two additional terminal oxygen

• with a constant distance between them. The DFT calculations of a very similar oxide phase, grown by a reactive Ti deposition on Pt(111) [25], showed that the brightest spots belong to fourfold oxygen-coordinated titanium atoms, whereas threefold coordinated Ti atoms are depicted with less contrast. The

• atoms remain in the oxidation state +VI and one is reduced to +IV (compare Figure 3c and Figure 3d). The latter one has less unoccupied electronic states and, therefore, is not resolved by scanning with a positive bias voltage. Our DFT calculations of W3O9 and of a hypothetical W3O8 molecule in the gas

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Roman Morari and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

• theory (DFT). In this method, the resulting potential of the nanosystem is represented as the sum of the energy contributions of the individual atoms, and the contributions of pair and multielement interactions are considered separately. Thus, where Ui(r) is the potential of an individual atom, affecting

PTCDA adsorption on CaF₂ thin films

• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1615–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.144

• theoretically modelled using density functional theory (DFT). A prominent difference of the molecular properties on the different surface areas is the presence of mostly single molecules in CaF1/Si(111) regions, while ultrasmall molecular assemblies are experimentally observed on thicker CaF2 films. A rather

• flat-lying geometry is found from geometry-optimisation calculations of a single PTCDA molecule on a CaF2 slab using DFT, whereby an interaction between two carbonyl oxygen atoms and two surface calcium ions leads to a slight deformation of the PTCDA molecule. Methods Sample preparation and STM

• calculations were chosen [33]. The MOLOPT short-range basis sets of double-ζ quality [34][35], mixed Gaussian and plane waves, GTH potentials [36], the PBE GGA functional [37], the Γ point sampling, the Grimme DFT-D3 dispersion correction [38], and a basis-set superposition-error corrected calculation of the