Cathodoluminescence as a probe of the optical properties of resonant apertures in a metallic film

• Kalpana Singh,
• Evgeniy Panchenko,
• Babak Nasr,
• Amelia Liu,
• Lukas Wesemann,
• Timothy J. Davis and
• Ann Roberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1491–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.140

• nominally 100 nm thickness is deposited using electron beam evaporation (Intvac Nanochrome I) onto a high quality borosilicate glass slide with 5 nm of chromium as an adhesive layer. The rate of deposition of the gold was set to 0.3 Å/s. High quality azimuthal arrangements of three slot apertures with

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• their extraction. Hence, removal of toxic heavy metal ions from wastewater is considered as one of the most important environmental issues worldwide. Among the toxic heavy metals, chromium has been a major environmental concern in wastewater treatment. It exists in various oxidation states starting from

Chemistry for electron-induced nanofabrication

• Petra Swiderek,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1317–1320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.124

• excitation in the precursor as a consequence of its interaction with an impinging electron. Consequently, fundamental studies on chromium hexacarbonyl [22] and tungsten hexacarbonyl [23] included in this Thematic Series contribute to the important task of building a comprehensive database on the electron

Formation mechanisms of boron oxide films fabricated by large-area electron beam-induced deposition of trimethyl borate

• Aiden A. Martin and
• Philip J. Depond

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1282–1287, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.120

• interest include carbon, silicon, various oxides, and a wide range of metals including gold, platinum and chromium (for a comprehensive list of materials and precursors please refer to the review by Utke et al. [10]). Conventional research has shown the efficient deposition of continuous films on the scale

Optical orientation of nematic liquid crystal droplets via photoisomerization of an azodendrimer dopant

• Sergey A. Shvetsov,
• Alexander V. Emelyanenko,
• Natalia I. Boiko,
• Alexander S. Zolot'ko,
• Yan-Song Zhang,
• Jui-Hsiang Liu and
• Alexei R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 870–879, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.81

• were coated with an orienting compound (chromium stearyl chloride), providing a strong homeotropic anchoring of the NLC. The substrate treatment leads to a certain orientation of the NLC droplets which rest on the cell substrate. To induce the photoisomerization processes, we used a set of light

Wafer-scale bioactive substrate patterning by chemical lift-off lithography

• Chong-You Chen,
• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hsiang-Hua Li,
• Hong-Hseng Chan and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 311–320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.31

• . Silicon substrates (Mustec Corp., Hsinchu, Taiwan) with 100 nm thick Au and 5 nm chromium adhesive layers were prepared by thermal evaporation. The Au substrates were immersed in 0.5 mM MCU or TEG ethanolic solution for >6 h to form self-assembled monolayers. After SAM formation, the substrates were

Study of the vertically aligned in-plane switching liquid crystal mode in microscale periodic electric fields

• Artur R. Geivandov,
• Mikhail I. Barnik,
• Irina V. Kasyanova and
• Serguei P. Palto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 11–19, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.2

• = 3, 6 and 10 μm, respectively. The electrodes were made either of transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) or opaque chromium coating prepared by vacuum sputtering. The LC cells were filled with Merck E7 and ZLI 1957/5 LC mixtures with positive dielectric anisotropy. E7 is almost twice as viscous as ZLI

• data in Figure 3, the transmittance achieves a level of 0.18, which is quite good regarding the absorbance of the microscope polarizers (ca. 65% of the incident non-polarized light) and reflectance of the chromium electrodes. While searching a fast and light efficient LC cell design, we have also

• faint compared to the black chromium electrodes, while in Figure 5b with a larger gap between the electrodes they are around 1 μm in width. Numerical modeling of the VA-IPS mode The simulations are done using LCD TDK software developed by one of the authors (S. P. Palto). The software is based on

Interactions of low-energy electrons with the FEBID precursor chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)₆)

• Jusuf M. Khreis,
• João Ameixa,
• Filipe Ferreira da Silva and
• Stephan Denifl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2583–2590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.258

• spectrometer with reverse geometry. Dissociative electron attachment leads to the formation of a series of anions by the loss of CO ligand units. The bare chromium anion is formed by electron capture at an electron energy of about 9 eV. Metastable decays of Cr(CO)5− into Cr(CO)4−, Cr(CO)4− into Cr(CO)3− and Cr

• -induced dissociation leading to bare Cr+, are discussed. In addition, doubly charged cations were identified and the ration between doubly and singly charged fragments was determined and compared with previous studies, showing considerable differences. Keywords: chromium hexacarbonyl Cr(CO)6

• multiple ionization in a femtosecond laser field was recently reported by Tanaka et al. [24] for Cr(CO)6, Mo(CO)6 and W(CO)6. In the present work we studied the interaction of LEE with the chromium carbonyl precursor, Cr(CO)6. In general, a low-energy electron may be captured by a target molecule, which

Dissociative electron attachment to coordination complexes of chromium: chromium(0) hexacarbonyl and benzene-chromium(0) tricarbonyl

• Janina Kopyra,
• Paulina Maciejewska and
• Jelena Maljković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2257–2263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.225

• we report the results of dissociative electron attachment (DEA) to gas-phase chromium(0) hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)6) and benzene-chromium(0) tricarbonyl ((η6-C6H6)Cr(CO)3) in the energy range of 0–12 eV. Measurements have been performed utilizing an electron-molecular crossed beam setup. It was found that

• ]–, [(C6H6)Cr(CO)]–, and [(C6H6)Cr]− fragments is shifted towards higher energy with respect to the position of the respective fragments generated from Cr(CO)6. This phenomenon is most likely caused by the fact that chromium–carbonyl bonds are stronger in the heteroleptic complex (η6-C6H6)Cr(CO)3 than in

• homoleptic Cr(CO)6. Besides, we have observed the formation of anions due to the loss of C6H6 and one or more CO units. Finally, we found that Cr−, when stripped of all ligands, is generated through a high-energy resonance, peaking at 8 eV. Keywords: benzene-chromium(0) tricarbonyl; chromium(0) hexacarbonyl

Structural properties and thermal stability of cobalt- and chromium-doped α-MnO₂ nanorods

• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Polona Umek,
• Alexandre Gloter,
• Jana Padežnik Gomilšek and
• Peter Bukovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1032–1042, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.104

• presence of Co2+ and Cr3+ ions. Reactions were carried out at three different temperatures: 90, 130 and 170 °C. All prepared samples exhibit a tetragonal MnO2 crystalline phase. SEM–EDS analysis shows that cobalt cations are incorporated to a higher degree into the MnO2 framework than chromium ions, and

• of α-MnO2 (space group I4/m; JPCDS 44-0141) and, in the case of the doped samples, show no additional peaks of crystalline phases belonging to the cobalt or chromium oxides (Figure 1). In order to evaluate the impact of the reaction temperature on the unit cell size of α-MnO2, the unit cell

• parameters a and c were extracted from the XRD patterns (Table 1). Interestingly, the lattice parameter a systematically decreases with increasing reaction temperature for all three reaction batches (undoped, cobalt- and chromium-doped) while the lattice parameter c does not show any dependence on the

Tuning the spin coherence time of Cu(II)−(bis)oxamato and Cu(II)−(bis)oxamidato complexes by advanced ESR pulse protocols

• Ruslan Zaripov,
• Evgeniya Vavilova,
• Iskander Khairuzhdinov,
• Kev Salikhov,
• Violeta Voronkova,
• Mohammad A. Abdulmalic,
• Francois E. Meva,
• Saddam Weheabby,
• Tobias Rüffer,
• Bernd Büchner and
• Vladislav Kataev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 943–955, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.96

• times of both complexes measured by the primary spin echo appear shorter as in a number of other copper, vanadyl and chromium complexes reported and discussed in recent literature in the context of quantum information processing (see, e.g., [23][45][46][47][48]). This has to be kept in mind while

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• formation of a new type of flexible thermochromic film [117]. This hybrid film exhibits efficient operation to reduce the in-house temperature under infrared irradiation. Chromium oxide (Cr2O3)–graphene hybrids Cr2O3, a trivalent chromium(III) oxide, is an important industrial material that has been used in

Graphene functionalised by laser-ablated V₂O₅ for a highly sensitive NH₃ sensor

• Margus Kodu,
• Artjom Berholts,
• Tauno Kahro,
• Mati Kook,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Helina Seemen,
• Tea Avarmaa,
• Harry Alles and
• Raivo Jaaniso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 571–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.61

• last 3d elements, scandium and zinc, the rest of the metals possess several oxidation states. The presence of several stable oxidation states serves as a basis of catalytic activity in redox reactions and is most noticeable for vanadium, chromium, and manganese. In particular, vanadium has the highest

From iron coordination compounds to metal oxide nanoparticles

• Mihail Iacob,
• Carmen Racles,
• Codrin Tugui,
• George Stiubianu,
• Adrian Bele,
• Liviu Sacarescu,
• Daniel Timpu and
• Maria Cazacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2074–2087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.198

• furoate, [Fe3O(C4H3OCOO)6(CH3OH)3]NO3∙2CH3OH (FeF), iron chromium furoate, FeCr2O(C4H3OCOO)6(CH3OH)3]NO3∙2CH3OH (FeCrF), and an iron complex with an original macromolecular ligand (FePAZ) were used as precursors for the corresponding oxide nanoparticles. Five series of nanoparticle samples were prepared

• mixed oxide nanoparticles, if we refer to iron/chromium oxides, for example, all methods known in the art to obtain such nanoparticles are based on the use of iron and chromium salts in a specific physical relation. In our previous studies we have demonstrated the possibility of obtaining nanoparticles

• of iron/chromium oxide from mixed metal clusters with preservation of the mass ratio of iron and chromium [22][23]. In the current study, we present various approaches for preparing iron oxide or mixed oxide nanoparticles using metal complexes as precursors with or without stabilizing agents. Some of

Low temperature co-fired ceramic packaging of CMOS capacitive sensor chip towards cell viability monitoring

• Niina Halonen,
• Joni Kilpijärvi,
• Maciej Sobocinski,
• Timir Datta-Chaudhuri,
• Antti Hassinen,
• Someshekar B. Prakash,
• Peter Möller,
• Pamela Abshire,
• Sakari Kellokumpu and
• Anita Lloyd Spetz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1871–1877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.179

• the form of a U-shaped loop mimicked the location and size of the contact pads on the sensor chip. They consisted of RF sputtered gold (300 nm with 10 nm of chromium as adhesion layer, deposited by e-beam) (Figure 1a). The wafer was diced into 3 × 3 mm2 chips by laser scribing. Capacitance sensor chip

Comparison of the interactions of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes with model lipid membranes

• Dorota Matyszewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.46

• –SWCNTs-DNR monolayers were prepared by means of Langmuir–Blodgett method. Prior to the transfer, gold electrodes (10 × 10 mm slides, Ssens, The Netherlands), which were 200 nm thick gold films evaporated onto borosilicate glass precoated with an underlayer of chromium, were flame annealed, cleaned in the

Characterisation of thin films of graphene–surfactant composites produced through a novel semi-automated method

• Nik J. Walch,
• Alexei Nabok,
• Frank Davis and
• Séamus P. J. Higson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 209–219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.19

• procedure for which is explained in the Results and Discussion section below. For the LbL deposition of alternating layers of graphene(−)SDS and graphene(+)CTAB on gold-coated glass slides, a gold film of approximately 25 nm thickness was thermally evaporated onto a 3 nm under layer of chromium (which was

• different media. The advantage of using TIRE is a 10-fold sensitivity enhancement compared to traditional SPR [15]. The samples were constructed by electrostatic LbL deposition of PEI and graphene(−)SDS on chromium/gold-coated glass slides, as described above. Results and Discussion Characterisation of

• spectra exhibited downward shifts upon deposition of the layers. The ellipsometry data fitting was performed in a similar way as described above using a three layer model containing the substrate glass, the chromium/gold layer, and the graphene layer. The ambient was air. The parameters d, n(λ) and k(λ

Linear and nonlinear optical properties of hybrid metallic–dielectric plasmonic nanoantennas

• Mario Hentschel,
• Bernd Metzger,
• Bastian Knabe,
• Karsten Buse and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 111–120, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.13

• lithography in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resist on a fused silica substrate (suprasil, Heraeus), followed by evaporation of a chromium adhesion and a gold layer, and a subsequent lift-off procedure. The sample is again coated afterward with PMMA. Using the alignment marks, openings are created in the

Large area scanning probe microscope in ultra-high vacuum demonstrated for electrostatic force measurements on high-voltage devices

• Urs Gysin,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Thomas Schmölzer,
• Adolf Schöner,
• Sergey Reshanov,
• Holger Bartolf and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2485–2497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.258

• ) measurements before and after sputtering of a copper alloy with chromium grains used as electrical contact surface in ultra-high power switches. In addition, we discuss KPFM measurements on cross sections of cleaved silicon carbide structures: a calibration layer sample and a power rectifier. To demonstrate

• . Firstly, we discuss KPFM results from a contact surface of a copper alloy utilized in a power switch. The presence and shape of chromium grains embedded in the copper alloy are clearly visible. The contrast in the measured work function is strongly enhanced by sputtering the sample with argon ions to

• of surfaces, however, with the aforementioned straight forward interpretation of the results for metallic materials with different work functions as for example in an alloy. KPFM of a Cu/Cr alloy Figure 5 presents a copper alloy with incorporated micrometre-sized chromium grains used in high voltage

Peptide-equipped tobacco mosaic virus templates for selective and controllable biomineral deposition

• Klara Altintoprak,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alexander Welle,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Petia Atanasova,
• Nina Stitz,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Joachim Bill,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Holger Jeske,
• Dirk Rothenstein,
• Fania Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1399–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.145

• dried. The samples were analyzed under a Zeiss EM-10A TEM (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) at 60 kV. For ToF-SIMS analysis, Si chips (5 × 10 mm) were cut from n-Si wafers (CrysTec, Berlin, Germany) and used as supporting substrates. These were coated with a 4 nm thick chromium layer for adhesion and a

Polymer blend lithography for metal films: large-area patterning with over 1 billion holes/inch²

• Cheng Huang,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1205–1211, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.123

• diameters of these holes range from 200 to 800 nm. The metal islands deposited into the holes are stable and resist the snow-jet treatment that is used for the lift-off of the PMMA mask. For some metals such as gold and silver, an adhesion enhancing interlayer of metal, e.g., titanium or chromium is

• technique to form patterns of various metals, we used the process described in Figure 1g–i to fabricate 20 nm thick films of gold, palladium, copper and chromium (see Figure 2). Sub-100 nm holes and islands By using polystyrene with very low molecular weight (9.58 kg/mol), it is possible to obtain a polymer

Magnetic properties of iron cluster/chromium matrix nanocomposites

• Arne Fischer,
• Robert Kruk,
• Di Wang and
• Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1158–1163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.117

High sensitivity and high resolution element 3D analysis by a combined SIMS–SPM instrument

• Yves Fleming and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1091–1099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.110

• much more slowly than the chromium-containing areas. The 27Al16O− secondary ion signal presents a dynamics of a factor of six between inside the γ′ phase (244 cps) and outside the γ′ phase (40 cps). The secondary ion signal does not drop down to zero, as some 27Al16O− ions that left the steep slopes

The distribution and degradation of radiolabeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots in mice

• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Markus Heine,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Gordon M. Stachowski,
• Stephen G. Hickey,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Jörg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 111–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.11

• /CdS/ZnS-Qdots in the liver. Keywords: biodistribution; chromium(III); 51Cr; quantum dots; SPIOs; zinc metabolism; 65Zn; Introduction Quantum dots (Qdots) are semiconductor nanocrystals (2–100 nm in diameter) that combine a strong, size-tunable photoluminescence with robust photostability, which

• would present a novel way to bring 51Cr into cells and to study possible transport paths of this element, however, it seems less appropriate to study the fate of SPIOs in vivo. However, we present here an interesting application in which the differences between the metabolism of iron and chromium can be

• the form of Qdots is stored in these organs, and the particles are thus not fully degraded. Otherwise, 65Zn released by degradation of the nanocrystals was distributed between all organs in a manner comparable to that of the ionic 65ZnCl2. In contrast to the chromium results discussed above, 65Zn from

UHV deposition and characterization of a mononuclear iron(III) β-diketonate complex on Au(111)

• Irene Cimatti,
• Silviya Ninova,
• Valeria Lanzilotto,
• Luigi Malavolti,
• Luca Rigamonti,
• Brunetto Cortigiani,
• Matteo Mannini,
• Elena Magnano,
• Federica Bondino,
• Federico Totti,
• Andrea Cornia and
• Roberta Sessoli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2139–2148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.223

• ][38]. Interestingly this value is comparable to the one recorded at the Fe L2,3 edge on the heteronuclear Fe3Cr systems [41], the isostructural chromium centred analogues of Fe4 SMMs. On the other hand, the XMCD% intensity observed here is almost twice as large as in Fe4 SMMs. We reiterate here that