Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• model for coordination of the iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO-oMWCNT#Lamanna) [37]. This model was obtained by ligand exchange of SPIO–fatty acid salts to the acidic surface of the oMWCNT. Covalent bonding, presented by Chen, was also done by dehydrating crosslinking [40]. First, SPIO was bonded to the

• CdTe-SPIO-oMWCNT#Chen, the main viability loss was found to come from cadmium [40]. In this regard, an important observation was made by Lamanna, i.e., that covalent bonding of nanoparticles on the oMWCNT is permanent even upon processing by the cells [37]. SPIO/oMWCNT#Wu and CoFe2O4/oMWCNT#Wu, within

Fabrication and characterization of novel multilayered structures by stereocomplexion of poly(D-lactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) and self-assembly of polyelectrolytes

• Elena Dellacasa,
• Li Zhao,
• Gesheng Yang,
• Laura Pastorino and
• Gleb B. Sukhorukov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 81–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.10

• structures for biotechnological and biomedical applications, such as biosensors and carriers for drug delivery, led researchers to extend this technique beyond multilayer structure fabrication based on electrostatic interactions [7][8][9][10][11]. Over the years, other interactions such as covalent bonding

Effects of electronic coupling and electrostatic potential on charge transport in carbon-based molecular electronic junctions

• Richard L. McCreery

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 32–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.4

• recalculated. The discussion starts with consideration of the effects of covalent bonding between the graphene “contact” and the aromatic molecule in the molecular layer. Results and Discussion 1 Orbital energies and electron distribution Given that both the molecular layer and the graphitic contact are

• planes, the original HOMO levels (H and H−1 in Table 2) change from a common value of −4.650 eV for 1.2 nm separation to −3.740 and −4.982 eV for 0.3 nm separation, clearly indicating an electronic perturbation in the absence of covalent bonding. The value of tH/H−1 determined from Equation 1 increases

Plasma fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: functionalization and thermal stability

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Axel Hemberg,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2263–2271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.232

• ][12][13][14][15]. A key characteristic of fluorine-based species is the different chemical interactions in carbon–fluorine bond formation [16][17]. Primarily covalent bonding occurs as a result of the plasma process, which is easily verified by different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared

The convenient preparation of stable aryl-coated zerovalent iron nanoparticles

• Olga A. Guselnikova,
• Andrey I. Galanov,
• Anton K. Gutakovskii and
• Pavel S. Postnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1192–1198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.121

• salt structure, and ability to form stable covalent bonding with surfaces. ADSs have been used to modify metal NPs such as platinum, gold [14], palladium [15], aluminum [16], titanium [17] and iron oxide [18] surfaces. Quite a few works regarding the modification of Fe-based carbon-coated materials

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

• Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
• Dana Kubies,
• Josef Zemek,
• Neda Neykova,
• Roman Demianchuk,
• Eliška Mázl Chánová,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Milan Houska and
• František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

• different organic compounds, providing functional groups for further modification. Covalent bonding, which provides a stable fixation of immobilized compounds, is an alternative approach to coatings based on adsorption processes. The most common strategies for the formation of anchoring layers are thiol

• layers can be further utilized for the covalent bonding of a biofunctional coating of compounds bearing negatively charged functional groups. To this end, an anionic polysaccharide alginate extracted from the cell walls of brown algae (Phaeophyceae) was chosen as a model natural polymer, which satisfies

Liquid-phase exfoliated graphene: functionalization, characterization, and applications

• Mildred Quintana,
• Jesús Iván Tapia and
• Maurizio Prato

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2328–2338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.242

• the graphene layer [33][34]. Unpaired electrons created at sites adjacent to the point of covalent bonding lead to a chain reaction from the initial point of attack [35]. For example, cycloaddition reactions onto graphene by means of first-principle calculations show a cooperative behaviour. The

Advances in NO₂ sensing with individual single-walled carbon nanotube transistors

• Kiran Chikkadi,
• Matthias Muoth,
• Cosmin Roman,
• Miroslav Haluska and
• Christofer Hierold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2179–2191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.227

• functionalization on individual SWNTs, in particular, is very challenging because any covalent bonding tends to drastically reduce the conductivity of the SWNT channel by disrupting the sp2-C network. Consequently, the conductivity of a single nanotube decreases substantially upon covalent functionalization, making

Controlling the dispersion of supported polyoxometalate heterogeneous catalysts: impact of hybridization and the role of hydrophilicity–hydrophobicity balance and supramolecularity

• Gijo Raj,
• Colas Swalus,
• Eglantine Arendt,
• Pierre Eloy,
• Michel Devillers and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1749–1759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.185

• dependent on the interaction between various factors such as the type of hybridization (i.e., through electrostatic interaction or covalent bonding), the nature of the POM building block (formula, charge density), and the chemical nature and hydrophilic or hydrophobic character of the surface on which the

On the structure of grain/interphase boundaries and interfaces

• K. Anantha Padmanabhan and
• Herbert Gleiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1603–1615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.172

• actually increased [12][13]) but the Young’s modulus was similar to or higher than that of the crystalline and the denser, conventional glassy counterparts [9][10][14]. This could indicate a change in the nature of electronic interactions, e.g., from metallic to covalent bonding. The heat capacity was 20

An insight into the mechanism of charge-transfer of hybrid polymer:ternary/quaternary chalcopyrite colloidal nanocrystals

• Parul Chawla,
• Son Singh and
• Shailesh Narain Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1235–1244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.137

• atoms in a tetrahedral fashion and, in turn, the Se atom is tetrahedrally coordinated to two Cu atoms and two In and Ga atoms. This tetrahedral coordination refers to the covalent bonding between group I, III and VI elements, which results in a sp3 hybridization. However, along with the covalent nature

Nanodiamond-DGEA peptide conjugates for enhanced delivery of doxorubicin to prostate cancer

• Amanee D Salaam,
• Patrick Hwang,
• Roberus McIntosh,
• Hadiyah N Green,
• Ho-Wook Jun and
• Derrick Dean

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 937–945, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.107

• , which was mainly due to the covalent bonding of the peptide to the surface. FTIR confirmed that the layer was DGEA as several characteristic peaks for DGEA were represented in the ND-DGEA spectrum (Figure 3). Particularly, there were peaks due to C–N stretching in primary or secondary amines of amino

Nanostructure sensitization of transition metal oxides for visible-light photocatalysis

• Hongjun Chen and
• Lianzhou Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 696–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.82

• tubular structure of TiO2 nanotubes and 2D layered titanate nanosheets were also used for the photosensitization. The CdS quantum dots photosensitized TiO2 nanotubes by covalent bonding [21] or a sonication-assisted sequential chemical bath deposition approach [31] led to a more efficient separation of

• are mainly two methods used to modify quantum dots on the surface of semiconductor. The first method is the in situ growth method. The second method is based on the ex situ assembly of pre-synthesized quantum dots by covalent bonding, electrostatic force or the external forces such as electrophoresis

• . If covalent bonding is used, the length of the bifunctional linker and the surface of the transition metal oxides or quantum dots all play important roles for the photosensitized charge injection. Dibbell et al. investigated the influence of bifunctional linkers with different lengths between CdS

A visible-light-driven composite photocatalyst of TiO₂ nanotube arrays and graphene quantum dots

• Donald K. L. Chan,
• Po Ling Cheung and
• Jimmy C. Yu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 689–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.81

• light irradiation. Photocurrent responses of (a) TNAs and (b) GQDs/TNAs under visible-light irradiation. The potential bias was 0.417 V. Reaction scheme for the loading of GQDs onto TNAs via covalent bonding. Supporting Information Supporting information features FTIR spectra, TGA profiles of the

Change of the work function of platinum electrodes induced by halide adsorption

• Florian Gossenberger,
• Tanglaw Roman,
• Katrin Forster-Tonigold and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 152–161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.15

• consistent with covalent bonding, and an accompanying electron depletion region far from the surface which creates a net dipole on the adatom that in turn promotes a decrease in the work function. Here we show that the adsorption of fluorine can also decrease the work function of a metal surface, namely

• work function in two very distinct mechanisms, namely adatom polarization and spillout depletion. Iodine on platinum is characterized by a negligible charge transfer, covalent bonding, and polarization on the adatom. There is no evidence for a dominantly ionic bond for I/Pt(111) reported in [17

Energy transfer in complexes of water-soluble quantum dots and chlorin e6 molecules in different environments

• Irina V. Martynenko,
• Anna O. Orlova,
• Vladimir G. Maslov,
• Alexander V. Baranov,
• Anatoly V. Fedorov and
• Mikhail Artemyev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 895–902, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.101

• University, Minsk, Belarus 10.3762/bjnano.4.101 Abstract The photoexcitation energy transfer is found and investigated in complexes of CdSe/ZnS cationic quantum dots and chlorin e6 molecules formed by covalent bonding and electrostatic interaction in aqueous solution and in porous track membranes. The

• covalent bonding and electrostatic interaction in aqueous solution and PET membranes were investigated. It was found that interactions between quantum dots and chlorin e6 molecules in the QD–Ce6 systems lead to quenching of the quantum dots PL and to sensitizing the chlorin e6 PL. FRET from QDs to Ce6 was

New hybrid materials based on poly(ethyleneoxide)-grafted polysilazane by hydrosilylation and their anti-fouling activities

• Thi Dieu Hang Nguyen,
• François-Xavier Perrin and
• Dinh Lam Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 671–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.75

• ]. Kingshott et al. have demonstrated that the grafting of PEO onto the substrates by covalent bonding is necessary for an anti-fouling activity [23]. Herein, we propose a new synthetic strategy to prepare hybrid materials based on polysilazane (PSZ), which have an enhanced resistance against bacteria adhesion

Nanotribology at high temperatures

• Saurav Goel,
• Alexander Stukowski,
• Gaurav Goel,
• Xichun Luo and
• Robert L. Reuben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 586–588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.68

• are available for a tool tip for nanotribological applications at elevated temperatures, if not diamond. We attempt to answer this question below. Discussion Principally, ultra-hard materials – materials whose hardness is attributable to covalent bonding – can be represented using the “composition

Dipole-driven self-organization of zwitterionic molecules on alkali halide surfaces

• Laurent Nony,
• Franck Bocquet,
• Franck Para,
• Frédéric Chérioux,
• Eric Duverger,
• Frank Palmino,
• Vincent Luzet and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 285–293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.32

• directional, as for example by H-bonding [11] or by covalent bonding [12][13], layer-by-layer growth or even one-dimensional growth [14] was observed. When the MS interaction dominates, monolayer (ML) growth can be obtained more easily. For example, a few systems have been reported in which a metastable phase

Synthesis and catalytic applications of combined zeolitic/mesoporous materials

• Jarian Vernimmen,
• Vera Meynen and
• Pegie Cool

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 785–801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.87

• guarantee the formation of a true hierarchical mesoporous zeolite [138][139][140][141] is the use of tailor-made organic–inorganic hybrid surfactants. Here, a silylated surfactant is applied in combination with a synthesis gel with the composition of a zeolite. The covalent bonding between the zeolite

Intermolecular vs molecule–substrate interactions: A combined STM and theoretical study of supramolecular phases on graphene/Ru(0001)

• Michael Roos,
• Benedikt Uhl,
• Daniela Künzel,
• Harry E. Hoster,
• Axel Groß and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 365–373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.42

• intermolecular interactions between adjacent molecules due to hydrogen bonding [1][2][3][4], covalent bonding [5][6], or, in the case of metal organic networks, by metal–ligand interactions [1][7][8][9]. In these cases, the interactions between the adlayer and the substrate, or more specifically, the local

Defects in oxide surfaces studied by atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopy

• Thomas König,
• Georg H. Simon,
• Lars Heinke,
• Leonid Lichtenstein and
• Markus Heyde

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.1

• charges and of permanent or induced dipoles. The third category covers bonding forces, which have a quantum mechanical nature. These forces lead to charge transfer processes as involved in covalent bonding. Furthermore, this category includes the repulsive exchange forces, which are caused by the Pauli