A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

• Hui Li,
• Yaju Zhang,
• Yonghui Wu,
• Hui Zhao,
• Weichao Wang,
• Xu He and
• Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

• process, (b) it shows stable output and long working life, which provides sustainable electricity, and (c) due to the unique structural design of the device and the high elasticity of the silicone rubber, the S-TENG can be stretched easily to 300% to realize a conformal assembly in stretchable electronic

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• current error appears counterintuitive regarding the material properties. However, considering the fin or springboard morphology of ruffles, the elasticity may not result from changes of material properties only but also from the flexible shape. Thus, the extremely low error probably points towards lower

Determination of elastic moduli of elastic–plastic microspherical materials using nanoindentation simulation without mechanical polishing

• Hongzhou Li and
• Jialian Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 213–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.17

• different E/σy at indentation depths of 0.115 µm and 0.5 µm, respectively. As shown in Figure 3a and Figure 3c, the indenter displacement for E/σy = 200–1000 is plastic, and only a small portion of elasticity is recovered on unloading due to the fact that the deformation of materials with large E/σy is

• dominated by plasticity. The surface around the indenter piles up. However, the indenter displacement for E/σy = 10–50 is more elastic. Hence, a larger portion of elasticity is recovered on unloading. The surface around the indenter sinks in. For highly elastic solids, such as polymers, sink-in is often

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• mineral-organic polymer (its structure includes both carbon and silicon atoms). It is an elastomer and its elasticity can be tuned within a very broad range by changing the degree and the type of polymerization and by post-curing treatments [19][20]. The high and easily tunable elasticity, combined with

• irradiation dose, the PDMS material first shrinks, then swells, and then shrinks again. The concave shapes of the surface inside of the irradiated PDMS regions can, to a large extent, be attributed to the elasticity of this material. A very low Young’s modulus for the Sylgard-184 PDMS material, ranging from

• were observed in Pt60Pd40-coated PDMS samples irradiated with He+ ions. The formation of complex surface shapes in this case is attributed to the inherent elasticity of the PDMS material. The transition from polymer compacting to polymer swelling is explained by the irradiation-induced mechanical

Detecting stable adsorbates of (1S)-camphor on Cu(111) with Bayesian optimization

• Jari Järvi,
• Patrick Rinke and
• Milica Todorović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1577–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.140

• been applied in modeling the PES to identify structures with minimum energy. GP regression has been used for example in local structure optimization [21], in finding minimum energy paths [22], and in predicting specific materials properties, such as melting temperature [23] or elasticity [24]. BO has

Protruding hydrogen atoms as markers for the molecular orientation of a metallocene

• Linda Laflör,
• Michael Reichling and
• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1432–1438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.127

• molecule. (3) The tip end is atomically sharp. The third condition implies the stabilisation of the tip-terminating atom by one or very few bonds directed towards the tip apex. Such a bond will always exhibit sufficient lateral elasticity to yield a sharp contrast feature when the tip terminating atom

On the frequency dependence of viscoelastic material characterization with intermittent-contact dynamic atomic force microscopy: avoiding mischaracterization across large frequency ranges

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1409–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.125

• ]) and band-excitation AFM [9][29], as well as dynamic methods based on multifrequency AFM [4][5] and multi-harmonic AFM [30][31] have also been implemented to measure an effective modulus of elasticity and an effective coefficient of dissipation (or analogous quantities) across the surface. All of these

Vibration analysis and pull-in instability behavior in a multiwalled piezoelectric nanosensor with fluid flow conveyance

• Sayyid H. Hashemi Kachapi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1072–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.92

• and the study of vibration behavior are essential. Additionally, it is important that the size-dependent parameters for the dynamics analysis and mathematical modeling of these nanostructures be contained in the theoretical models. For this reason, surface/interface elasticity, which was addressed by

• piezoelectric doubly curved nanoshells and orthotropic piezoelectric cylindrical nanoshells [23][24]. Wang utilized surface strain gradient elasticity to study a meticulous solution to the anti-plane shear problem of a circular elastic inhomogeneity [25]. Nami et al. utilized nonlocal elasticity theory and

• a modified strain gradient theory (MSGT) and Gurtin–Murdoch surface elasticity to investigate the size-dependent nonlinear pull-in instability [28]. A new size-dependent nonlinear model for the analysis of the behavior of carbon nanotube resonators was introduced by Farokhi et al. based on modified

Stochastic excitation for high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging: a system theory approach

• Edgar Cruz Valeriano,
• José Juan Gervacio Arciniega,
• Christian Iván Enriquez Flores,
• Susana Meraz Dávila,
• Joel Moreno Palmerin,
• Martín Adelaido Hernández Landaverde,
• Yuri Lizbeth Chipatecua Godoy,
• Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta,
• Rafael Ramírez Bon and
• José Martín Yañez Limón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 703–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.58

• harmonic oscillator model fit in which each pixel has an FFT spectrum with at least four resonance frequencies (Figure 2). In this manner, the FFT spectra are transformed into an indentation modulus mapping using a mathematical model based on the reduced elasticity modulus and the PSD model for a free

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• additional mechanical (stiffness, elasticity), electrical (conductivity, surface potential), electrochemical (reactivity, mobility and activity), mechanoelectrical (piezoelectricity) and chemical (chemical bonding) material properties. In situ AFM imaging of the sample topography is often used to study the

• might result from material stiffness or elasticity because these material properties influence the volume expansion. Harder materials are assumed to show a smaller surface displacement (and thus smaller volume expansion) than softer materials. Analysis of the elasticity of the cathode materials was

Examination of the relationship between viscoelastic properties and the invasion of ovarian cancer cells by atomic force microscopy

• Mengdan Chen,
• Jinshu Zeng,
• Weiwei Ruan,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Shusen Xie,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 568–582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.45

• the level of living single cells. Elasticity and viscosity of the ovarian cancer cells OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 are significantly lower than those of the human ovarian surface epithelial cell (HOSEpiC) control. Further examination found a dramatic increase of migration/invasion and an obvious decease of

• microfilament density in OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 cells. Also, there was a significant relationship between viscoelastic and biological properties among these cells. In addition, the elasticity was significantly increased in OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 cells after the treatment with the anticancer compound echinomycin (Ech

• significantly related with the elasticity of the cells. An increase of elasticity and a decrease of invasion were found in OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 cells after Ech treatment. Together, this study clearly demonstrated the association of viscoelastic properties with the invasion of ovarian cancer cells and shed a

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• elasticity can be tailored in order to meet various needs [3][8]. This high engineering potential can be exploited to control the distribution and behaviour of nanomedicines in biological environments. By tuning nanomedicine design, parameters such as serum–protein interactions, sequestration by the immune

A review of demodulation techniques for multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 76–91, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.8

• provide further nanomechanical sample information. These include properties such as sample elasticity, stiffness and adhesiveness [17], which are mapped simultaneously with the topography. Acquiring these observables requires the accurate demodulation of amplitude and phase of multiple frequency

• fundamental resonance frequency of 156.75 kHz. The sample is a blend of polystyrene (PS) and polyolefin elastomer (LDPE) available from Bruker (PS-LDPE-12M). Due to the different elastic moduli of the PS and LPDE regions, the sample is used for evaluating imaging methods that are sensitive to elasticity

Abrupt elastic-to-plastic transition in pentagonal nanowires under bending

• Sergei Vlassov,
• Magnus Mets,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Jianjun Bian,
• Leonid Dorogin and
• Vahur Zadin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2468–2476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.237

• attributed to the peculiar inner structure of pentagonal NWs. Qin et al. reported on recoverable plasticity in penta-twinned Ag NWs [31] in tensile tests. The enhanced elasticity, exceptional strength and unexpected brittle failure of pentagonal Ag NWs were reported by Zhu et al. [25] in tensile tests and by

• ]. In this model, the pentagonal NW was composed of five triangular prism-shaped domains with vertex angle of 72°. These domains represent the FCC single crystals. Each domain was assigned an elasticity matrix of Ag or Au corresponding to their crystal structure to account for structural anisotropy. The

• elasticity matrix independent parameters in Voigt notation for Ag were C11 = 124 GPa, C12 = 93.4 GPa, C44 = 46.1 GPa and for Au C11 = 190 GPa, C12 = 161 GPa, C44 = 42.3 GPa. The NW was fixed by a portion of the bottom facet at one end and pushed at the other end by applying gradually increasing force. The

Atomic force acoustic microscopy reveals the influence of substrate stiffness and topography on cell behavior

• Yan Liu,
• Li Li,
• Xing Chen,
• Ying Wang,
• Meng-Nan Liu,
• Jin Yan,
• Liang Cao,
• Lu Wang and
• Zuo-Bin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2329–2337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.223

• are revealed by AFAM. Our results show that AFAM is capable of imaging surface elastic deformations. By immunofluorescence experiments, we find that the L929 cells significantly elongate on the patterned stiffness substrate, whereas the elasticity of the pattern has only little effect on the spreading

• with increasing exposure dose. This could be attributed to the increase of the surface stiffness. To further characterize the elasticity of the substrate the Young’s moduli of the undeveloped arrays were calculated using the Hertzian model. Here, the Young’s modulus measurements were repeated twenty

• spreading of the L929 cells on the patterned stiffness surfaces. This agrees well with the recent finding that changes in the cell shape cannot be attributed to changes of the substrate matrix elasticity [35]. However, the spreading and the differentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been related

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

• CUR at 25 °C, an increase of G’, G” and η’ and a decrease of tan δ was observed for most frequencies. Hence, these changes provided better structuring and elasticity at 25 °C. However, polymer blends containing CUR investigated at 37 °C displayed lower G’, G” and η’ with an absence of significant

• is also true for saliva, which can also be considered as a natural protection in the organism against impurities exposed to the mucosa and can hinder the retention of such systems and thereby impair the clinical efficacy [65][66][67]. Hardness, compressibility, adhesiveness, elasticity and

• ]. The gel ability to flow and return to the initial state is defined as elasticity [9]. In addition, cohesiveness is related to the restructuration and molecular interactions after subsequent shear stress during the application of the system [67][72]. The incorporation of CUR did not significantly

Precise local control of liquid crystal pretilt on polymer layers by focused ion beam nanopatterning

• Maxim V. Gorkunov,
• Irina V. Kasyanova,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alena V. Mamonova and
• Serguei P. Palto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1691–1697, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.164

• orientational LC elasticity, which yields the Laplace equation Δθ(r) = 0 for the equilibrium distribution of the LC director [3]. In the homogeneous background area of the LC cell, hybrid LC alignment takes place as the LC is anchored in-plane by rubbed PI at one substrate, θ = π/2 at z = 0, and vertically by

• dependence in Equation 6 used for extracting the pretilt values is strictly applicable only in terms of the one-constant approximation for the LC elasticity. However, it remains sufficiently accurate for realistically different elastic constants. Using values typical for the nematic E7 mixture with the ratio

• striped pattern: The molecules are anchored in-plane along the rubbing direction (white “R” arrow) by pristine PI (light yellow stripes) and orthogonally to the substrate by PI irradiated with FIB (middle darker stripe). The competing aligning actions are averaged by the LC elasticity at some distance

Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

• that accumulate as plastic waste are poorly recyclable because of low recycling yields and insufficient properties of the recycled polymers in terms of elasticity, rheology, and thermal and mechanical stability [5]. Amongst them is PU, a thermosetting polymer with a cross-linked structure [5][11][12

Nanoscale spatial mapping of mechanical properties through dynamic atomic force microscopy

• Zahra Abooalizadeh,
• Leszek Josef Sudak and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1332–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.132

• resonance are avoided) in previous studies, the elastic modulus calculation by FMM requires operation in regions of the spectrum where there is little or no change in amplitude for small frequency shifts. This is to ensure that the amplitude response is restricted to variations of the sample elasticity

• influenced by covered steps of the HOPG surface, out-of-plane elasticity is not. Influence of tip shape As discussed previously, the size and shape of the tip will influence the adhesive interaction between the tip and sample, and thus the total applied normal force. As we have labeled the measurements shown

A Ni(OH)₂ nanopetals network for high-performance supercapacitors synthesized by immersing Ni nanofoam in water

• Donghui Zheng,
• Man Li,
• Yongyan Li,
• Chunling Qin,
• Yichao Wang and
• Zhifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 281–293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.27

• layer smoothly adheres to the MG matrix. The thickness of the Ni-NF layer is ca. 1.5 μm; the Ni40Zr20Ti40 MG is ca. 22 μm thick. It is well known that Ni-based MGs exhibit a much larger elasticity and ductility than their corresponding crystalline alloys. A sufficiently thick MG layer acts as a ductile

Pull-off and friction forces of micropatterned elastomers on soft substrates: the effects of pattern length scale and stiffness

• Peter van Assenbergh,
• Marike Fokker,
• Julian Langowski,
• Jan van Esch,
• Marleen Kamperman and
• Dimitra Dodou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 79–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.8

• is dominated by surface-tension effects, whereas for larger features, surface-tension effects are balanced by elasticity [25]. Summarizing, whereas for rigid substrates, adhesive micropatterns have been designed to gain a low Eeff, it remains to be investigated whether this design approach should

• . Formation of protrusions is a trade-off between, on the one hand, elastic stresses and, on the other hand, the compressive load on the bulk. On the stiffer PVA-18 substrate, this positive effect of a terminal layer on pull-off forces was not observed. PVA-18 has a higher elasticity, likely resulting in a

Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction

• Andrea Vanossi,
• Dirk Dietzel,
• Andre Schirmeisen,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Shigeki Kawai and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1995–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.190

• [101] leading to a size-dependent breakdown of structural lubricity. As anticipated, the critical length scale depends sensitively on the ratio between the slider elasticity and the interaction forces with the substrate. Consequently, this transition was experimentally observed only for the MoS2

• and the elasticity of the sliding plates, are needed to account for both laws within the same frictional model. The authors of [201] suggested that insight gained from spring-block frictional models could offer explanations for statistical properties of macroscopic frictional systems, and extended it

A simple extension of the commonly used fitting equation for oscillatory structural forces in case of silica nanoparticle suspensions

• Sebastian Schön and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1095–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.101

• interpreted as the distance between the particles within the confinement, is solely dependent on the particle number density and is equal to λ = c−1/3 [35]. This dependence seems fundamental as it is very robust against multiple parameters such as salt concentration, particle size [36], surface elasticity

Scanning speed phenomenon in contact-resonance atomic force microscopy

• Christopher C. Glover,
• Jason P. Killgore and
• Ryan C. Tung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 945–952, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.87

• velocity Vs. The adsorbed water layer is surrounding the tip–sample junction but does not exist in the contact region. This case, depicted in Figure 1b, represents a situation where the AFM is solely measuring the elastic properties of the sample. The elasticity of the sample has been represented as the