Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• had surface groups such as carboxyl and hydroxy groups. Aloe vera has intrinsic antimicrobial properties, so the bactericidal activity of these CDs was investigated by the agar well diffusion method, and the sensing ability towards Fe3+ was also reported [67]. Kavitha et al. used date palm fronds with

• functional groups such as amino, carboxylate, carbonyl, and hydroxy groups. The cytotoxicity study showed good biocompatibility and applicability in both in vitro and in vivo imaging [116]. Recently, milk was used by Al-Hashimi et al. as a natural precursor to synthesize N-CDs via a solvothermal method

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• solvent that possesses many hydroxy groups. The hydrogen atoms of these hydroxy groups and the oxygen atoms of methoxy and furyl groups of BBR form hydrogen bonds, which can effectively avoid the aggregation of BBR NPs. Therefore, glycerol acts as a stabilizer to improve the distribution and stability of

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• nanogel was not significantly affected by pH change. It was slightly anionic due to excess of carboxyl end groups and hydroxy groups [23]. Negligible difference could be seen between the measurements at 25 °C with an average zeta potential of ca. −7.5 mV and the measurements at 37 °C with an average zeta

Ciprofloxacin-loaded dissolving polymeric microneedles as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of S. aureus skin infections

• Sharif Abdelghany,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Yazan Al Thaher,
• Maram Al Fawares,
• Amal G. Al-Bakri,
• Saja Zuriekat and
• Randa SH. Mansour

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 517–527, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.43

• hydroxy groups of PVA and the carbonyl groups of PVP in an intertwined network [43]. Therefore, we assumed that CIP_MN1 composed of PVA/PVP hydrogel had greater mechanical strength than CIP_MN2 composed of PVA and penetrated the Parafilm more efficiently. Overall, the results we obtained signify the

Investigation of a memory effect in a Au/(Ti–Cu)Ox-gradient thin film/TiAlV structure

• Damian Wojcieszak,
• Jarosław Domaradzki,
• Michał Mazur,
• Tomasz Kotwica and
• Danuta Kaczmarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 265–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.21

• related to lattice oxygen (for TiO2 and CuO), hydroxy groups (OH−) and adsorbed water molecules (H2Oads). The UPS spectrum of the (Ti0.48Cu0.52)Ox thin film is shown in Figure 7. The position of the valence band maximum (VBM) was determined from the extrapolation of the line fit to the leading edge of the

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• regarding the hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature of a material as water can percolate more easily inside wider pores than inside smaller pores [22]. Synthesized TiO2 is often covered partially with a layer of hydroxy groups that imparts a negative charge to the surface, making them hydrophilic with a small

• contact angle, which is reported to be favorable for biomedical applications. Likewise, Gatoo et al. proposed that amorphous titania materials are hydrophilic due to the presence of a higher concentration of hydroxy groups upon their surface and the high polarity of the O–Ti–O bond [23]. The surface

• hydroxy groups can react with water molecules. The thus formed hydrogen bonds account for a good wettability. An annealing temperature below 450 °C still retains the hydrophilic behavior because of the combined crystalline phase (anatase and rutile), but above that temperature, the reduction of the number

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• metals and other cations, electrospun membranes have been recognized as a promising solution. Most metal ion removing membranes interact with the targeted ions through ionic interactions via functional groups, such as hydroxy groups, carboxyl groups, amino groups, and ester groups, on the membrane

• flexible nanohybrid membrane of Pd NP-decorated polydopamine-SiO2/PVA, which can simultaneously remove organic dyes, chemicals, and oils [83]. (Figure 4 and Figure 5) Superhydrophilicity was found to be a synergistic effect of numerous hydroxy groups from SiO2 NPs and the nano/microscale surface roughness

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• acid with fluorine and a piperazine ring [25]. It exhibits a zwitterionic nature, with a pKa1 and pKa2 of 6.2 and 8.5, respectively [26]. Zwitterionic molecules like amino acids and amphoteric hydroxy groups get adsorbed onto iron oxide nanoparticles predominately via electrostatic interaction [27][28

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• surfaces of HNT have different chemical constitutions, they display different chemical affinities as well. Silver nucleation, for example, is favoured on the aluminol surface, due the high affinity between Ag+ ions and hydroxy groups (OH−) [26]. There is evidence suggesting that the silver nucleation on

• with treatment time. These data indicate that the NaOH chemical bath indeed improves the nucleability of silver on the HNT clay surface. Three mechanisms can be suggested to explain the improved silver nucleation in Ag/HNT-4 and Ag/HNT-8, all of them are related to the fact that hydroxy groups are

• preferential nucleating spots for silver. These mechanisms are: (1) hydroxylation of the HNT surface, that is, by exposing the clay particles to NaOH, hydroxy groups are grafted on the surface [33][34][35], which will later work as nucleating sites for Ag-NPs; (2) corrosion-induced crystalline defects, that is

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• 0.84 to 0.94 [36] and even close to 0.99 according to Baca and Ashby [52]. It is also known that NH4OH surface treatment leaves it rich in hydroxy groups which facilitate the ALD growth process [36][54][55]. In our opinion, all of the above factors contributed to the relatively high EQE of the B4

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• , attributed to N–O, –COOH, or hydroxy groups; probably COOH and the stretching mode of O–H bonds; and either –CH or C–O–C, respectively [16][49][50] (Figure 4). Due to the citrate coating on the solvothermally synthesized nanoceria, the FTIR spectrum shows additional large peaks at 1535 and 1365 cm−1 (Figure

• with the TGA-induced 5% weight loss of the solvothermally synthesized nanoceria at 125 °C due to outgassing of water, including surface hydroxy groups, suggests that NM-212 was calcined. The solvothermally synthesized nanoceria also exhibited a weight loss of ca. 10% due to its citrate coating. EDS

• combustion temperatures are reached. Nanoceria with surface hydroxy groups, as expected for solvothermally synthesized nanoceria, are chemically reactive at physiological temperatures. Increased temperature results in water loss as two surface hydroxy groups condense, forming water and a Ce–O–Ce surface site

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• , which are limiting factors for the triboelectric performance of TENG devices, Chen et al. tried to introduce a nitro group into the counter cellulose friction layer to change the triboelectric polarity of cellulose with higher electron-attractive capacity [94]. The hydroxy groups in the cellulose

• decreases in a low RH condition. As the RH increases, the hydroxy groups of the first physisorbed layer bond to water molecules, through hydrogen bonding, which also permeate into the interlayers of GO. The gradually absorbed water layer creates a uniform barrier layer for the induction of positive charges

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• respect to reaction conditions. FTIR results show that similar to bacteria, carbonyl, amide, and hydroxy groups corresponding to the cellular protein are responsible for the synthesis and stabilization of AgNPs [178][179]. The less non-pathogenic behavior of fungi and their faster synthesis rate suggest

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• hydroxy groups bonded to nickel atoms (δ(NiO–H) band) in NiPS as multiple peaks were recorded between 630 and 710 cm−1 [57]. XPS analysis of mSiO2@NiPS and mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the surface composition of mSiO2@NiPS and mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2. The complete scans

• three peaks with binding energies of 534.1, 533.2, and 532 eV (Figure 4c). The peaks with lower binding energy correspond to the presence of lattice oxygen bonded to Si, Ni, and/or Ti while the higher binding energy is due to defect oxygen associated with the presence of surface hydroxy groups [56

Cu₂O nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl parathion

• Juan Rizo,
• David Díaz,
• Benito Reyes-Trejo and
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1546–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.137

• , abundant, moderately stable, and reliable source of material for the degradation of MP. It is well known that nanoparticles have the advantage of a relatively high surface area. We have used this advantage to increase the basicity of Cu2O in the form of surface hydroxy groups (OH). This also decreased the

• through a nucleophilic substitution at the phosphorous atom (SN2@P), in which hydroxy groups are the nucleophile as Liu et al. have reported [14], and not at aliphatic or aromatic carbon atoms (SN2@C) [14][39]. Furthermore, Cu2O NPs play an important role in the degradation of MP since hydroxy groups are

• found on its surface (see XPS results below). These surface hydroxy groups can either be directly involved in the SN2@P mechanism or they can polarize the oxygen–hydrogen bonds of the water molecules and thus facilitate the hydrolysis of MP. Further research regarding the exact mechanism for the

Adsorption behavior of tin phthalocyanine onto the (110) face of rutile TiO₂

• Lukasz Bodek,
• Mads Engelund,
• Aleksandra Cebrat and
• Bartosz Such

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 821–828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.67

• ), which are characteristic for a clean surface [23]. As shown in Figure 2, single point protrusions located on the dark rows mostly correspond to hydroxy groups [24]. Sn-down Pcs may adopt two different positions, as shown in Figure 2b. The inset image (Figure 2c) shows that the left molecule lies above

• molecules may dissociate at oxygen vacancies and form hydroxy groups on the surface. Both species can be recognized in our STM images and they both lead to the formation of dipole moments pointing away from the surface [32]. Their local arrangement may play a significant role in the interaction between a

• molecular adsorbate and the substrate, as was presented for CuTPP on rutile (110) [33]. The charge state of a CuTPP molecule depends on the particular localization of hydroxy groups under the molecule. For Sn-down Pc molecules, the relaxation brings the macrocycle closer to the surface, which increases long

Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar,
• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Vanessa Trouillet,
• Hui-Yu Liu,
• Ravi Kumar,
• Annie K. Powell and
• Michael Hirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2505–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.241

• antibody sandwich, six different fabrication routes were followed (Figure 1). First, the glass substrates were plasma-treated to generate reactive hydroxy groups on their surfaces and then functionalized with either acid (to obtain DBCO-terminated surfaces) or silanes (to obtain thiol- and epoxy-terminated

Growth dynamics and light scattering of gold nanoparticles in situ synthesized at high concentration in thin polymer films

• Corentin Guyot,
• Philippe Vandestrick,
• Ingrid Marenne,
• Olivier Deparis and
• Michel Voué

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1768–1777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.172

• the Au3+ ions, the annealing temperature also modifies the polymer matrix itself. It induces cross-linking mainly by interconnecting hydroxy groups of the polymer chain. This cross-linking can occur at inter- or intramolecular levels [21][22][23]. During annealing, it was also observed that the

Layered double hydroxide/sepiolite hybrid nanoarchitectures for the controlled release of herbicides

• Ediana Paula Rebitski,
• Margarita Darder and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1679–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.163

• Q3 signal, is observed at −96.6 ppm, which could be associated with a new type of Si environment coming from the condensation of the silanol –OH groups on the surface of the sepiolite fibers with the hydroxy groups of the co-precipitated LDH particles, as previously reported for neat LDH/sepiolite

High-temperature resistive gas sensors based on ZnO/SiC nanocomposites

• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Marina N. Rumyantseva,
• Alexander S. Frolov,
• Alexey D. Yapryntsev and
• Alexander M. Gaskov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1537–1547, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.151

• asymmetric oscillations of the N–O bond. A broad peak in the region of 3750–3000 cm−1 is due to the stretching vibrations of hydroxy groups on the ZnO surface. The deformation vibrations of adsorbed water molecules are recorded at 1640 cm−1. In addition to these, the spectrum contains peaks related to the

• lines, the spectrum contains the signals corresponding to O–H vibrations of surface hydroxy groups, deformation vibrations of adsorbed water molecules, and C–H bonds in the residues of organic components. All these oscillations are also present in the FTIR spectra of ZnO/SiC nanocomposites with the

• components. The first one (O1) at 530.2 eV corresponds to the lattice oxygen in the ZnO phase, while the high-energy component (O2) at 531.2 eV is assigned to the different oxygen-containing species on the zinc oxide surface, which include hydroxy groups and different forms of chemisorbed oxygen [25][26][27

Gas sensing properties of individual SnO₂ nanowires and SnO₂ sol–gel nanocomposites

• Alexey V. Shaposhnik,
• Dmitry A. Shaposhnik,
• Sergey Yu. Turishchev,
• Olga A. Chuvenkova,
• Stanislav V. Ryabtsev,
• Alexey A. Vasiliev,
• Xavier Vilanova,
• Francisco Hernandez-Ramirez and
• Joan R. Morante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1380–1390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.136

• considerably smaller amounts of hydroxy groups compared to the nanopowders. This leads to a decrease in the parasitic sensitivity of the sensing materials to humidity. In addition, we demonstrated that the nanowires are characterized by a nearly single-crystalline structure, ensuring higher stability of the

• of 532.0–533.6 eV (Figure 6). These components are usually caused by hydroxy groups and water molecules [38][47][50][51] adsorbed on the surfaces of the nanosized objects under study. The fine structure of the oxygen 1s level is considerably different for tin dioxide nanowires and for powder samples

• maximal or minimal values of current transfer. As shown in Figure 11, a maximum response in both nanowire and sol–gel sensors is observed at a temperature of around 250 °C. The effect of superficial hydroxy groups on the sensor cross-sensitivity to humidity was investigated in detail in [52]. It was shown

Construction of a 0D/1D composite based on Au nanoparticles/CuBi₂O₄ microrods for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Weilong Shi,
• Mingyang Li,
• Hongji Ren,
• Feng Guo,
• Xiliu Huang,
• Yu Shi and
• Yubin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1360–1367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.134

• the higher-energy peak (531.6 eV) might be attributed to hydroxy groups on the surface [35][36]. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared photocatalysts was investigated by the degradation of TC under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). C and C0 are the final and the initial concentration of TC

A silver-nanoparticle/cellulose-nanofiber composite as a highly effective substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Yongxin Lu,
• Yan Luo,
• Zehao Lin and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1270–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.126

• to their low cost, wide availability, as well as flexibility, portability and biodegradability [52][53][54]. The high surface density of hydroxy groups in cellulose results in a sufficient stability of the deposited silver nanoparticles via Ag–O bonding [52]. Moreover, the unique three-dimensionally

Photoactive nanoarchitectures based on clays incorporating TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles

• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Marwa Akkari,
• Nithima Khaorapapong and
• Makoto Ogawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1140–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.114

• a shorter wavelength region, showing quantum-size effects. The advantages of clay minerals acting as supports for TiO2 and ZnO NPs are the presence of surface electrical charge and/or the elevated concentration of hydroxy groups on the available surface, which can have an important influence on the

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by phenolic compound-modified maghemite nanoparticles

• Małgorzata Świętek,
• Yi-Chin Lu,
• Rafał Konefał,
• Liliana P. Ferreira,
• M. Margarida Cruz,
• Yunn-Hwa Ma and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1073–1088, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.108

• , phenolic compounds with a higher number of hydroxy groups have enhanced ROS scavenging capability. In addition to low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds of natural origin, some inorganic nanoparticles also have antioxidant properties, e.g., zinc, cerium, magnesium oxide, magnetite, and silver [6][7][8][9

• . Moreover, the radical scavenging ability of CS-P was closer to that of CS-H than that of CS-G. The antioxidant properties of hydroquinone, which has only two hydroxy groups attached to the aromatic ring, were relatively low, whereas those of gallic acid, which has three hydroxy groups and a carbonyl group

• , were the highest. It can be explained by the superior stability of a gallic acid-derived free radical, which is a decisive factor in the antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds. In contrast to hydroquinone and phloroglucinol, gallic acid is able to both donate electrons from hydroxy groups and