Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• the intended manner. 3. Simple deposition techniques, such as impregnation and dipping, do not generate a film that steadily sticks on the substrate. Other methods, such as sputtering and evaporation of silver, only affect the exterior of the catheter. 4. In addition to its antibacterial potential

• describe the first design. In the literature, two different coatings are discussed: metallic layers consisting of Ag0, and layers containing ionic Ag+ salts [10]. Coatings of silver halides are difficult to prepare, the most commonly applied process is impregnation, dipping into a solution or aqueous

Enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties of continuous-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites with stacked graphene

• Naum Naveh,
• Olga Shepelev and
• Samuel Kenig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1909–1918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.191

• Naum Naveh Olga Shepelev Samuel Kenig Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, 12 Anna Frank St., Ramat Gan 5252626, Israel Israel Plastics and Rubber Center, Technion City, Haifa 3200004, Israel 10.3762/bjnano.8.191 Abstract Impregnation of expandable graphite (EG) after thermal treatment with

• by different techniques were investigated. The principle method comprised the following steps: impregnation at elevated temperatures of EG in epoxy resin premixed with SAAs, further size reduction of EG worm-like particles using intensive mixing, and degassing of the paste-like epoxy/SG compositions

• impregnation of the plies. Composite materials prepared with carbon fabric/Kevlar combinations Composite laminates were prepared from combinations of Kevlar and carbon fabric. Asymmetric layering provides the possibility to create composite materials with regulated surface resistivity for the different

Methionine-mediated synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles and functionalization with gold quantum dots for theranostic applications

• Arūnas Jagminas,
• Agnė Mikalauskaitė,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas and
• Jūrate Vaičiūnienė

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1734–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.174

• crystallites in the solution [5][15]. The deposition of gold onto the surface of magnetic iron oxide-based NPs can also be achieved via their impregnation with hydroxylamine [16], vitamin C [17] or methionine [18][19], which are capable to reduce the gold ions at the surface of NPs. However, in this case

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• . Feng et al. reported novel CdS quantum dot (QDs) coupled with g-C3N4 photocatalysts by a chemical impregnation method [16]. The reported photocatalyst was used for visible-light-based H2 evolution from an aqueous methanol solution with Pt as a cocatalyst. The effect of CdS loading was optimized to be

• was fabricated by a one-pot impregnation co-precipitation method as shown in Figure 12a. The S doping was introduced to narrow the band gap of g-C3N4 by stacking its 2p orbitals on the valence band of bare g-C3N4 which eventually contributes to increase the efficiency. Furthermore, the sulfur doping

• facilitates the surface oxidation of g-C3N4 during the impregnation method, and consequently, the VO43− tetrahedron is formed on the oxidized site of g-C3N4. A very interesting electron transfer mechanism has been discussed in the case of g-C3N4-BiVO4 nanocomposite in terms of a Z-scheme, wherein excited

Preparation of thick silica coatings on carbon fibers with fine-structured silica nanotubes induced by a self-assembly process

• Benjamin Baumgärtner,
• Hendrik Möller,
• Thomas Neumann and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1145–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.116

• study is the deposition of nanostructured silica onto the surface of carbon fibers. Among other techniques of covering the carbon fiber surface with a silicon dioxide layer (or other ceramic coatings), the most common ones are chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [4], liquid phase impregnation [5] and sol

High photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites prepared by photodeposition for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

• Shu Chin Lee,
• Hendrik O. Lintang and
• Leny Yuliati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 915–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.93

• Puncak Tidar N-01, Malang 65151, East Java, Indonesia 10.3762/bjnano.8.93 Abstract Two series of Fe2O3/TiO2 samples were prepared via impregnation and photodeposition methods. The effect of preparation method on the properties and performance of Fe2O3/TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of 2,4

• -dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) under UV light irradiation was examined. The Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposites prepared by impregnation showed lower activity than the unmodified TiO2, mainly due to lower specific surface area caused by heat treatment. On the other hand, the Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposites prepared by

• ][15]. Commonly, the reported methods for the preparation of Fe2O3/TiO2 include impregnation [5][6][16][17][18], sol–gel [7][19], and hydrothermal methods [8][9][10]. A combination of several processes has also been employed, such as the electrospinning method combined with a hydrothermal approach [11

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• layer deposition and impregnation. It was shown that the catalyst prepared by atomic layer deposition catalyzed the growth of SWCNTs by the tip-growth mode, whereas the catalyst prepared by impregnation catalyzed the base-growth of nanotubes. This was explained by weak interactions between Co

• nanoparticles and MgO support in the catalyst prepared by atomic layer deposition and extremely strong metal-support interactions between epitaxial Co nanoparticles and MgO support in the catalyst prepared by impregnation. Tangential and perpendicular growth modes. In the recent years, the other two growth

Effect of nanostructured carbon coatings on the electrochemical performance of Li_1.4Ni_0.5Mn_0.5O_2+x-based cathode materials

• Konstantin A. Kurilenko,
• Oleg A. Shlyakhtin,
• Oleg A. Brylev,
• Dmitry I. Petukhov and
• Alexey V. Garshev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1960–1970, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.187

• by the fabrication of conducting carbon coatings on the surface of Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2+x particles [19][20][21][22]. Such coatings can be obtained by the impregnation of oxide powders with the solution or the melt of organic compounds accompanied by subsequent heat treatment in the absence of oxygen or at

Mesoporous hollow carbon spheres for lithium–sulfur batteries: distribution of sulfur and electrochemical performance

• Anika C. Juhl,
• Artur Schneider,
• Boris Ufer,
• Torsten Brezesinski,
• Jürgen Janek and
• Michael Fröba

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1229–1240, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.114

• during melt impregnation on the distribution of sulfur and compared the resulting loading and distribution with composites obtained by impregnation from a solution of sulfur in carbon disulfide. Finally, the electrochemical performance of HCS/sulfur composite cathodes with a sulfur areal loading of 2.0

• mg·cm−2 was investigated. Results and Discussion Silica template and hollow carbon spheres Hollow carbon spheres with a mesoporous shell were obtained by impregnation of silica spheres with a core–shell structure with phenol and formaldehyde (first step in Figure 1). Carbonization under inert atmosphere

• filling the pores of the shell and the cavity. The maximum mass of sulfur msulfur that can be incorporated into the shell by melt impregnation can be calculated by multiplication of the pore volume Vpores of the shell (1.06 cm3 for 1 g HCS) with the density of liquid sulfur (ρsulfur = 1.819 g·cm−3) [12

Selective photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to methanol in CuO-loaded NaTaO₃ nanocubes in isopropanol

• Tianyu Xiang,
• Feng Xin,
• Jingshuai Chen,
• Yuwen Wang,
• Xiaohong Yin and
• Xiao Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 776–783, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.69

• Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China 10.3762/bjnano.7.69 Abstract A series of NaTaO3 photocatalysts were prepared with Ta2O5 and NaOH via a hydrothermal method. CuO was loaded onto the surface of NaTaO3 as a cocatalyst by successive impregnation and calcination. The obtained

• surface of the InTaO4 material. In this paper, we report the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol using CuO-loaded NaTaO3 catalysts. NaTaO3 nanocubes were synthesized via a hydrothermal method using Ta2O5 and NaOH. CuO was loaded onto the surface of NaTaO3 by impregnation, where CuO acts as a

• concentration of 1 mol/L, 2 mol/L, 3 mol/L, 4 mol/L, respectively. CuO was loaded onto the surface of NaTaO3 by impregnation. 0.1 g of 2M-NaTaO3 and a given amount of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O were mixed in a crucible with 3 mL deionized water. After stirring for 10 min, the crucible was transferred into a muffle furnace

Sonochemical co-deposition of antibacterial nanoparticles and dyes on textiles

• Ilana Perelshtein,
• Anat Lipovsky,
• Nina Perkas,
• Tzanko Tzanov and
• Aharon Gedanken

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1–8, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.1

• is the direct impregnation of textiles in the reactant solution. Other methods such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of silver NPs on textiles have also been used [1]. Among the various other coating techniques the sonochemical immobilization was carried out on a large variety of substrates

• subsequent coating/dyeing of the textile by impregnation [19]. Niu has reported on another sonochemical attempt to impart dyes and biocidal agents on wool [20]. In the current paper we describe the simultaneous deposition on cotton fabrics of Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) or Reactive Black 5 (RB5) with

Heterometal nanoparticles from Ru-based molecular clusters covalently anchored onto functionalized carbon nanotubes and nanofibers

• Deborah Vidick,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Michel Devillers,
• Claude Poleunis,
• Arnaud Delcorte,
• Pietro Moggi,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo and
• Sophie Hermans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1287–1297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.133

• commercial Pt–Ru/C catalysts. The preparation methods for Pt–Ru/nanocarbon are varied and take inspiration from (i) electrochemistry (electrodeposition) [11][12], (ii) nanoparticle synthesis (polyol procedure) [13][14] or (iii) heterogeneous catalysis (impregnation/reduction). A fixed pH value during the

• of the MWNTs used [19] and the type of CNT (single-, double- or multi-walled nanotubes) considered [20]. Bimetal Ru–Pt catalysts for the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde were prepared by impregnation of carbon nanotubes, graphite nanofibers (GNFs) and activated carbon (AC) for comparison [21]. It was

• activation as described above. The percentage of Ru present on the carbon nanofibers at this stage was determined by ICP analysis (Table 2). In a second step, a promoter element, Cs, was added to the support by impregnation of the cesium oxalate compound followed by solvent evaporation (see Supporting

Synthesis and characterization of fluorescence-labelled silica core-shell and noble metal-decorated ceria nanoparticles

• Rudolf Herrmann,
• Markus Rennhak and
• Armin Reller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2413–2423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.251

• is a common technique for the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts. It generally involves impregnation of the carrier with a soluble precursor and calcination, or precipitation and reduction followed in most cases by calcination which is expected to increase the fixation of the metal on the carrier

• . With respect to (meso)porous ceria, this has been described for, e.g., rhodium [49][50] (impregnation), platinum [51] (ultrasound-assisted reduction), and gold [52][53] (impregnation and photochemical reduction, respectively). In principle, these procedures should be applicable to ceria NP as well, but

Controlling the dispersion of supported polyoxometalate heterogeneous catalysts: impact of hybridization and the role of hydrophilicity–hydrophobicity balance and supramolecularity

• Gijo Raj,
• Colas Swalus,
• Eglantine Arendt,
• Pierre Eloy,
• Michel Devillers and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1749–1759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.185

• design heterogeneous catalyst design, in which the classical wet impregnation technique often leads to the formation of large crystallites, particularly at high POM loadings, on various inorganic and/or on hydrophobic supports [28]. The demonstrated hybridization strategy of POMs with DODA and the

Purification of ethanol for highly sensitive self-assembly experiments

• Kathrin Barbe,
• Martin Kind,
• Christian Pfeiffer and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1254–1260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.139

• can be expected. The idea to use the very same metal in a highly disperse form to remove these contaminants led to the application of gold-NPs on a highly porous support, zeolite. We could demonstrate that this material can conveniently be prepared by an impregnation/pyrolysis route. Optimization of

Template-directed synthesis and characterization of microstructured ceramic Ce/ZrO₂@SiO₂ composite tubes

• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Meike Naumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1152–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.126

• -precipitation for the preparation of powders [13], impregnation [9], dip-coating [5], or hydrothermal synthesis [4], sol–gel synthesis routes have been widely employed for the preparation of CexZr1−xO2 solid solutions [14]. Pure aqueous sols or sols stabilized by the addition of organics, e.g., surfactants

• sol precursor aggregates by a spray-coating procedure. After impregnation with this sol the initial PS fiber template was selectively removed from the PS/silica/ceria/zirconia composite by calcination. Figure 2 shows SEM images of the obtained ceria/zirconia@silica ceramic composite tubes after the

• the composite tubes Ce0.13/Zr0.87O2@SiO2 as the tetragonal cubic structure of ZrO2. EFTEM investigations on the CeO2/ZrO2@SiO2 microtubes material were performed in order to investigate the homogeneity of the Zr/Ce impregnation after final calcination as well as to gather information about the overall

3D-nanoarchitectured Pd/Ni catalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition for the electrooxidation of formic acid

• Loïc Assaud,
• Evans Monyoncho,
• Kristina Pitzschel,
• Anis Allagui,
• Matthieu Petit,
• Margrit Hanbücken,
• Elena A. Baranova and
• Lionel Santinacci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 162–172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.16

• enhanced properties as compared to those grown by conventional methods, such as impregnation, ion-exchange, and deposition–precipitation [15][16]. ALD has initially been used to produce oxide layers to support the catalysts [17], but two additional approaches have been recently proposed: ALD is either used

Study of mesoporous CdS-quantum-dot-sensitized TiO₂ films by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and AFM

• Mohamed N. Ghazzal,
• Robert Wojcieszak,
• Gijo Raj and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 68–76, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.6

• process enables a homogeneous adsorption of cationic species in Ti−O− walls [9]. The resulting film was put in a sealed quartz tube under Argon flux, and gaseous H2S was injected slowly until PH2S = Patm. These two steps (impregnation and precipitation) were repeated until the film was saturated. From

Template based precursor route for the synthesis of CuInSe₂ nanorod arrays for potential solar cell applications

• Mikhail Pashchanka,
• Jonas Bang,
• Niklas S. A. Gora,
• Ildiko Balog,
• Rudolf C. Hoffmann and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 868–874, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.98

• VLS synthesis of CuInSe2 nanowires (by Cu impregnation of In2Se3 nanowires) and the construction of a single-nanowire CIS/CdS core–shell device [4]. However, the authors estimated the efficiency of their solar cell to be below 1%, and the construction of a larger scale device with this approach still

• previous investigation. The facile precursor method provides many benefits over currently used selenization techniques [10][11][12], or the impregnation of a third metal cation into a binary selenide compound [4][13]. Firstly, it achieves mixing at the atomic level by forming a solid ‘green body’, in which

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

Distribution of functional groups in periodic mesoporous organosilica materials studied by small-angle neutron scattering with in situ adsorption of nitrogen

• Monir Sharifi,
• Dirk Wallacher and
• Michael Wark

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 428–437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.49

• principle was used. Thus, each sample was hand-pressed to a pellet and dried in an oven at 373 K for 48 h before being weighed in air. After that, each sample was soaked in the impregnation solution prior to another weighing with the aid of a hydrostatic balance. Hereby, it is important that the sample was

• immersed completely into the impregnation solution. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms and pore diameters (inset); (squares) benzene-PMO, (circles) benzene-PMO-(0.81 mmol SO3H·g−1) grafted on silanol groups, (triangles) benzene-PMO-(1.65 mmol SO3H·g−1) grafted on silanol and benzene groups. Neutron diffraction

Synthesis and catalytic applications of combined zeolitic/mesoporous materials

• Jarian Vernimmen,
• Vera Meynen and
• Pegie Cool

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 785–801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.87

• on the shape of the particles [86][87][88]. The mesoporous supports are generally large-pore materials, such as SBA-15 and MCF (mesocellular foam) so that the nanoparticles can be accommodated inside the mesopores. The impregnation of the nanoparticles can occur through wet, incipient wetness and dry

• impregnation. During a wet impregnation, the mesoporous material is completely soaked in a solution of nanoparticles, while in the case of a dry impregnation a volume of solution identical to, or even smaller than, the total pore volume is added. An incipient wetness impregnation lies between these two

• expensive alternative. The most promising, but also most expensive, carbon templates are the CMKs. These carbons are replicas or inverse replicas of existing mesoporous silicates, such as MCM-48 (CMK-1) [106] and SBA-15 (CMK-3 [107] and CMK-5 [108]). By impregnation of the CMKs with zeolite nanoparticles

Template-assisted formation of microsized nanocrystalline CeO₂ tubes and their catalytic performance in the carboxylation of methanol

• Jörg J. Schneider,
• Meike Naumann,
• Christian Schäfer,
• Armin Brandner,
• Heiko J. Hofmann and
• Peter Claus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 776–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.86

• , which form spherical and cylindrical micelles, and which could thus allow for a better contact of the inorganic ceria sol with the electrospun polymer fibres during impregnation. After spray-coating followed by sol–gel transformation to the ceramic green body at 80 °C overnight, the green body was

• overall ceramic yield was 10% and therefore significantly lower. This difference can be attributed to an enhanced wetting of the surface of the polymer fibres, as well as in the interstices between the packed PMMA fibre mats, during the impregnation step. This leads to a significantly enhanced wetting of

• ceria mats, obtained by plasma treatment and further calcination at 350 °C, for 3 h to remove the polymer template. The ceria-sol-impregnation step of the polymer fibres was performed with the addition of Pluronic P123®. SEM images (different magnifications) of interconnected microsized ceria tubes

Ceria/silicon carbide core–shell materials prepared by miniemulsion technique

• Lars Borchardt,
• Martin Oschatz,
• Robert Frind,
• Emanuel Kockrick,
• Martin R. Lohe,
• Christoph P. Hauser,
• Clemens K. Weiss,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Bernd Büchner and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 638–644, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.67

• confirms the presence of cerium (1.5 wt % Ce). Furthermore the catalytic tests, shown in the next chapter, prove the presence of ceria. The core–shell structure could be seen more clearly when CeO2/Si(O)C particles that were synthesized by an impregnation approach were considered. From the scanning

• SiC-SDS spheres, (B) SiC-Acr/CeO2 spheres prepared by molecular bonding approach and (C) SiC/CeO2 spheres prepared by impregnation. Elemental mapping investigations on CeO2/Si(O)C core–shell nanoparticles prepared by impregnation. TEM image of a cerium oxide particle (left) with the corresponding

Nanostructured, mesoporous Au/TiO₂ model catalysts – structure, stability and catalytic properties

• Matthias Roos,
• Dominique Böcking,
• Kwabena Offeh Gyimah,
• Gabriela Kucerova,
• Joachim Bansmann,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Nicola Hüsing and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.63

• ][21][22]. These model catalysts were prepared in different ways, e.g., by deposition of the respective active metal phase by evaporation, deposition of preformed metal nanoparticles or chemical impregnation and subsequent activation procedures. While structurally and chemically still reasonably well