Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• secondary amphipathic CPPs are the proline-rich peptides [7]. Nonamphipathic peptides are rather short peptides, such as HIV-TAT, which have a high content of positively charged amino acids such as arginine or lysine. Studies suggest that at least eight positive charges are necessary for efficient uptake to

• lysine, derived from the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of SV-40 large T antigen, necessary for improving the solubility and the intracellular localization of the peptide and (iii) a spacer domain, which improves the flexibility. It has been reported by Deshayes et al. [29] that the internalization

• their stability and cellular uptake. MPG bears three domains: (i) a hydrophobic domain derived from the fusion domain of HIV-1 gp41, (ii) a lysine-rich nuclear localization sequence (NLS) derived from SV-40 large T antigen with five positive charges and (iii) a spacer sequence. Studies performed at low

Fully amino acid-based hydrogel as potential scaffold for cell culturing and drug delivery

• Dávid Juriga,
• Evelin Sipos,
• Orsolya Hegedűs,
• Gábor Varga,
• Miklós Zrínyi,
• Krisztina S. Nagy and
• Angéla Jedlovszky-Hajdú

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2579–2593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.249

• and the biodegradability of the hydrogel. In this paper, PASP cross-linked with cystamine (CYS) and lysine-methylester (LYS) was introduced as fully amino acid-based polymer hydrogel. Gels were synthesized employing six different ratios of CYS and LYS. The pH dependent swelling degree and the

• reductive conditions resulted in an increased drug release due to the cleavage of disulfide bridges in the hydrogels. Consequently, these hydrogels provide new possibilities in the fields of both tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery. Keywords: biocompatibility; cystamine; hydrogel; lysine; poly

• (amino acid)s [28][29]. The effect of poly-ʟ-lysine, which has a cationic character, on the cell behavior has been widely studied in the field of tissue engineering [30][31], while among the anionic poly(amino acid)s, poly(glutamic acid) is typically used for the development of hydrogel scaffolds [32

Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar,
• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Vanessa Trouillet,
• Hui-Yu Liu,
• Ravi Kumar,
• Annie K. Powell and
• Michael Hirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2505–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.241

• reagents are the simplest and most frequently used reagents for labeling proteins like antibodies. Within a pH range of 7–9, succinimidyl-ester reacts efficiently with the primary amino groups (–NH2) in the side chain of the lysine (K) residues of proteins to form stable amide bonds. This reaction results

High-tolerance crystalline hydrogels formed from self-assembling cyclic dipeptide

• Yongcai You,
• Ruirui Xing,
• Qianli Zou,
• Feng Shi and
• Xuehai Yan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1894–1901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.184

• hydrogel with crystal features and close-knit three-dimensional network structures. Importantly, the C-WY hydrogel exhibited adjustable rheological properties, excellent stability, and high tolerance under various conditions, including in the presence of charged biopolymers (poly-ʟ-lysine (PLL), alginate

pH-mediated control over the mesostructure of ordered mesoporous materials templated by polyion complex micelles

• Emilie Molina,
• Mélody Mathonnat,
• Jason Richard,
• Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes,
• Martin In,
• Philippe Dieudonné,
• Thomas Cacciaguerra,
• Corine Gérardin and
• Nathalie Marcotte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.14

• -PAA) or poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(methacrylic acid) (PEO-b-PMAA) copolymers, are able to form polyion complex (PIC) micelles upon interaction with weak polybases such as oligochitosan (OC) [25], poly-L-lysine (PLL) [26][27] and aminoglycoside antibiotics [28]. PIC micelles present a core–corona

Enzymatically promoted release of organic molecules linked to magnetic nanoparticles

• Chiara Lambruschini,
• Silvia Villa,
• Luca Banfi,
• Fabio Canepa,
• Fabio Morana,
• Annalisa Relini,
• Paola Riani,
• Renata Riva and
• Fulvio Silvetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 986–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.92

• nanoparticles have been successfully coupled to an organic system constituted of a fluorescent molecule, a tripeptide specifier and a spacer. The system is able to selectively release the fluorescent molecule upon targeted enzymatic hydrolysis promoted by a lysine/arginine specific protease. Keywords: drug

• and from our own experience, we thought that at least a tripeptide would be necessary as the peptide specifier to grant selectivity by plasmin or other similar proteases. It is well known that plasmin is selective for lysine (or, to a lesser extent, arginine) as the scissile amino acid (P1), while a

• and the ε-lysine amino groups. Particularly crucial is the latter, since it was planned to be removed as the last step after linking to the nanoparticles. We selected tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) thanks to its easy removal that releases no side products. Moreover, we chose to perform the synthesis from

L-Lysine-grafted graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue and metal ions

• Yan Yan,
• Jie Li,
• Fangbei Kong,
• Kuankuan Jia,
• Shiyu He and
• Baorong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2680–2688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.268

• of education key laboratory with modern metallurgical technology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 63000, China 10.3762/bjnano.8.268 Abstract In this paper, novel L-lysine-modified graphene oxide (Lys-GO) was synthesized through amidation. The morphological and structural

• , a MoSx/3D-graphene hybrid material as an electrode material enhanced the efficiency of hydrogen-producing in a fuel cell [8]. Mo et al. reported reduced graphene oxide covalently functionalized with L-lysine [9], which could be used for the electrochemical recognition of tryptophan (Trp) enantiomers

• . Reduced graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent can be used for the removal of malachite green dye and metal ions [10][11]. A high-performance hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride/graphene oxide (PVDF/GO)–lysine composite membrane can be used for sea water desalination and purification [12]. However, the

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• , Karlsruhe, Germany. 0.01% poly(L-lysine) solution (PLL, Mr = 150,000–300,000, sterile-filtered, and cell-culture tested) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie Gmbh, Munich, Germany. Sample support microchips with a central silicon nitride (SiN) membrane window of a dimension of 150 × 400 μm and a

Methionine-mediated synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles and functionalization with gold quantum dots for theranostic applications

• Arūnas Jagminas,
• Agnė Mikalauskaitė,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas and
• Jūrate Vaičiūnienė

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1734–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.174

• attachment of gold species. In recent publications amino acids such as methionine [19] and lysine [24] have been reported to be effective capping agents to control the size of magnetite [19] and Co ferrite [24] NPs during co-precipitation synthesis [25]. The main goal of the methionine capping was the

Functional dependence of resonant harmonics on nanomechanical parameters in dynamic mode atomic force microscopy

• Federico Gramazio,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Francesc Pérez-Murano,
• Enrique Rull Trinidad,
• Urs Staufer and
• Jordi Fraxedas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 883–891, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.90

• a function of R obtained from commercial gold nanoparticles (5.5 ± 0.7 nm diameters) dispersed on a thin poly-lysine film grown on mica. From the figure we can observe the increase of A6 for increasing R values. Dependence of the amplitude of the 6th harmonic on bulk modulus Figure 6 shows the

Recombinant DNA technology and click chemistry: a powerful combination for generating a hybrid elastin-like-statherin hydrogel to control calcium phosphate mineralization

• Mohamed Hamed Misbah,
• Mercedes Santos,
• Luis Quintanilla,
• Christina Günter,
• Matilde Alonso,
• Andreas Taubert and
• José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 772–783, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.80

• . In the present work, an elastin-like recombinamer bearing lysine amino acids distributed along the recombinamer chain has been cross-linked via Huisgen [2 + 3] cycloaddition. The recombinamer contains the SNA15 peptide domains inspired by salivary statherin, a peptide epitope known to specifically

• designed with different polarities. This variability provides access to a multitude of related, but different, amphiphilic multiblock ELRs with pre-programmed self-assembling capabilities. Moreover, if the guest residue X carries amino or carboxyl groups, for example in lysine or glutamic acid, different

• the combination of ELRs with mineralizing domains to be obtained. One of these mineralization-enhancing segments is the SNA15 (DDDEEKFLRRIGRFG)* peptide from salivary statherin that has negative and positive charges stemmed from the side chains of aspartic (D), glutamic (E), lysine (K) and arginine (R

Template-controlled piezoactivity of ZnO thin films grown via a bioinspired approach

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Fabian Streb,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Zaklina Burghard and
• Joachim Bill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 296–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.32

• according to Lipowsky et al. with a dipping robot DR 3 from Riegler & Kirstein, Germany [26]. Solutions of poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS, Sigma-Aldrich, M ≈ 70,000 g mol−1), poly-L-glutamic acid (PLGA, Sigma-Aldrich, M = 15,000–50,000 g mol−1) and poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (PLL, Sigma-Aldrich, M = 15,000

Comparison of four functionalization methods of gold nanoparticles for enhancing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

• Paula Ciaurriz,
• Fátima Fernández,
• Edurne Tellechea,
• Jose F. Moran and
• Aaron C. Asensio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 244–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.27

• of free amine groups (few lysine amino acid residues) compared to the antibody molecule. The lower availability of free amino groups could hamper the attachment of peroxidase in the covalent strategy (Figure 1c), although more experiments should be performed to confirm this. Consequently, this would

Streptavidin-coated gold nanoparticles: critical role of oligonucleotides on stability and fractal aggregation

• Roberta D'Agata,
• Pasquale Palladino and
• Giuseppe Spoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1–11, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.1

• has been demonstrated that the interaction between proteins and citrate-stabilized AuNPs occurs through a mechanism involving carboxylate–ammonium interactions established between citrate and lysine or histidine amino groups on the protein surface. The mechanism also includes contributions from steric

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• molecules is disadvantegous too. Using more advanced chemistry for immobilizing the molecules of interest in a controlled fashion [145][146][147][148]. Typical molecules used for non-specific surface coatings are poly-L-Lysine (PLL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), both interact unspecifically with cells

Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Marina Dobrivojević,
• Lada Brkić Ahmed,
• Michal Babič,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Daniel Horák and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 926–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.84

• . Their properties can be modified by coating with different biocompatible polymers. To test if a coating polymer, poly(L-lysine), can improve the biocompatibility of nanoparticles applied to neural stem cells, poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. We evaluated

• intracellular uptake of iron oxide in neural stem cells. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay and the calcein acetoxymethyl ester/propidium iodide assay demonstrated that poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles scored better than nanomag®-D-spio in cell labeling efficiency, viability and proliferation

• -lysine)-coated maghemite and nanomag®-D-spio nanoparticles showed that they preserve their identity as neural stem cells and their potential to differentiate into all three major neural cell types (neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes). Conclusion: Improved biocompatibility and efficient cell

Surface coating affects behavior of metallic nanoparticles in a biological environment

• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Ivona Capjak,
• Tea Crnković,
• Marija Lovrić,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Ivana Vinković Vrček and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 246–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.23

• steric effects on the stabilization of NPs. Thus, AgNPs were produced with the following coatings (Figure 1): trisodium citrate (CITAgNP), sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOTAgNP), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAAgNP), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVPAgNP), poly(L-lysine) (PLLAgNP), bovine serum

• albumin (BSAAgNPs), Brij 35 (BrijAgNP) and Tween 20 (TweenAgNP). The SPIONs were prepared as uncoated γ-Fe2O3 NPs (UNSPIONs), and coated with D-mannose (MANSPIONs) or poly(L-lysine) (PLLSPIONs). Three media for NP dispersion were investigated: ultrapure water (UW), biological cell culture medium without

• positively charged lysine and cysteine [60]. Therefore, its interaction with NPs is hardly trivial. The most important observation of this study is that BSA enables a colloidal stabilization of metallic NPs in biological fluids regardless of their chemical composition, surface structure and surface charge

Single-molecule mechanics of protein-labelled DNA handles

• Vivek S. Jadhav,
• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Florian Wruck and
• Martin Hegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 138–148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.16

• ) in high-resolution measurements [10]. We previously presented optical force rupture measurements of the nascent polypeptide chain from biotinylated ribosomes, which were specifically bound to surface-modified polystyrene beads [11]. While the ribosome was translating, the biotinylated lysine residue

Fabrication and characterization of novel multilayered structures by stereocomplexion of poly(D-lactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) and self-assembly of polyelectrolytes

• Elena Dellacasa,
• Li Zhao,
• Gesheng Yang,
• Laura Pastorino and
• Gleb B. Sukhorukov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 81–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.10

• ) (PLLA) were alternately adsorbed directly on calcium carbonate (CaCO3) templates and on poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) multilayer precursors in order to fabricate a novel layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly. A single layer of poly(L-lysine) (PLL) was used as a linker

• . Experimental Materials Sodium carbonate, calcium chloride, poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS, MW 70,000), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH, MW 58,000), poly(L-lysine-hydrobomide) (MW = 30,000–70,000), L-lactide, D-lactide, tannous octoate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

• L-lysine or L-arginine, and stabilized it with soluble starch. In comparison to Lai et al. they reduced the energy requirement using microwave irradiation for 10 s at 150 °C. According to the TEM micrographs, the average particle size of the produced Ag NPs was 26.3 nm. They found that increasing

Peptide-equipped tobacco mosaic virus templates for selective and controllable biomineral deposition

• Klara Altintoprak,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alexander Welle,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Petia Atanasova,
• Nina Stitz,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Joachim Bill,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Holger Jeske,
• Dirk Rothenstein,
• Fania Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1399–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.145

• residues, i.e. lysine–aspartic acid (KD)x motifs expected to act as charge-relay systems promoting TEOS hydrolysis and silica polymerization; (ii) a tetrahistidine-exposing polypeptide (CA4H4) known to induce silicification due to the positive charge of its clustered imidazole side chains; and (iii) two

• . Every CPLys subunit provided a primary amine group of a lysine residue at the protein's C terminus. This resulted in ≈2130 sites selectively accessible to NHS ester-mediated coupling reactions per rod [76]. These were equipped with hetero-bifunctional crosslinker molecules (succinimidyl-(N

• effector peptides (i.e., TMV–PEG, TMV–Lys, TMVwt) did not show any substantial inorganic coating at all, instead, some unspecific silica precipitation was observed (Figure 4b). It is known for in vitro systems that an alternating arrangement of lysine and aspartic acid residues (as in peptides KD5 and KD10

Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• particle size testing was then deposited on to a poly-L-lysine-coated glass slide for 60 s then washed off and dried in a steady stream of nitrogen. AFM imaging was carried out to examine the tattoo ink particles that were used in the particle size distribution testing. (a) Particle size distribution of

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

• Lennart Treuel,
• Dominic Docter,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 857–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.88

• acid (DHLA)-coated quantum dots (QDs) by using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) [4]. The electrostatic surface potential of native HSA shows distinct, positively charged patches on an otherwise negative potential surface (Figure 3). These patches are caused by the presence of basic lysine

• the ε-amino group of lysine with succinic anhydride, Treuel et al. [4], turned these positively charged groups into negatively charged carboxylate functions, obtaining succinylated HSA (HSAsuc). In addition to the surface charge distribution, this succinylation changed the overall zeta potential of

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

• Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
• Dana Kubies,
• Josef Zemek,
• Neda Neykova,
• Roman Demianchuk,
• Eliška Mázl Chánová,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Milan Houska and
• František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

• ]. Chitosan/alginate, multilayered, 3D networks prepared by the layer-by-layer method enabled encapsulation of bone marrow stromal cells on the surface of dental or joint implants [18]. Polyelectrolyte (chitosan, poly(L-glutamic acid), and poly-L-lysine) coatings increased the surface ionic nature and

Increasing throughput of AFM-based single cell adhesion measurements through multisubstrate surfaces

• Miao Yu,
• Nico Strohmeyer,
• Jinghe Wang,
• Daniel J. Müller and
• Jonne Helenius

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 157–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.15

• SCFS, a single cell is attached to a cantilever (Figure 1A,B), commonly facilitated by an adhesive coating (e.g., concanavalin A, poly-L-lysine or CellTak) [17][18][19][20][21][22]. The attached cell is lowered (approach) onto a substrate (Figure 1A(i)), which is a protein-coated surface, another cell