Miniemulsion copolymerization of (meth)acrylates in the presence of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for reinforced coating applications

• Bertha T. Pérez-Martínez,
• Lorena Farías-Cepeda,
• Víctor M. Ovando-Medina,
• José M. Asua,
• Lucero Rosales-Marines and
• Radmila Tomovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1328–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.134

• formation of oligomers in the aqueous phase, and the large droplet size that reduced the total surface area of the droplets and consequently their ability to capture oligomers from the aqueous phase. For the 0.1 wt % sample, the particle size was similar to the droplet size, likely because the smaller

Oxidative chemical vapor deposition of polyaniline thin films

• Yuriy Y. Smolin,
• Masoud Soroush and
• Kenneth K. S. Lau

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1266–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.128

• temperature of 90 °C is needed to minimize the formation of oligomers during polymerization. Lower substrate temperatures, such as 25 °C, lead to a film that mostly includes oligomers. Increasing the oxidant flowrate to nearly match the monomer flowrate favors the deposition of PANI in the emeraldine state

• removing residual oxidant, short-chain oligomers, and unreacted monomer [17]. For example, Nejati et al. [31] have shown that washing oCVD PTh films removes the oxidant dopant and soluble portions of the film, which from UV–vis analysis was composed of short chain oligomers of five repeat units or shorter

• case and therefore much less oxidant is available for oxidizing the PANI film. Second, the peaks of the lowest Fo condition (F2) also indicate that some of the film may contain oligomers. For instance, the peak at 1635 cm−1 can be assigned to NH scissoring vibrations of the aromatic amines [52

Uptake of the proteins HTRA1 and HTRA2 by cells mediated by calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Olga Rotan,
• Katharina N. Severin,
• Simon Pöpsel,
• Alexander Peetsch,
• Melisa Merdanovic,
• Michael Ehrmann and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 381–393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.40

• organisms [29]. HtrAs are unique serine proteases. Besides their trypsin-like protease domain, they possess at least one C-terminal PDZ domain and can form higher oligomers [30]. The main functions of its family members are key aspects of the protein quality control process [29]. The best-studied members of

Tailoring bifunctional hybrid organic–inorganic nanoadsorbents by the choice of functional layer composition probed by adsorption of Cu²⁺ ions

• Veronika V. Tomina,
• Inna V. Melnyk,
• Yuriy L. Zub,
• Aivaras Kareiva,
• Miroslava Vaclavikova,
• Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva and
• Vadim G. Kessler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 334–347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.36

• in the Experimental section. It is known that the temperature influences the process of hydrolysis and condensation of silanes, resulting in the formation of oligomers of different length. Therefore, the size of the silica particles depends on the synthesis temperature [38]. The particles with

Effective intercalation of zein into Na-montmorillonite: role of the protein components and use of the developed biointerfaces

• Ana C. S. Alcântara,
• Margarita Darder,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1772–1782, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.170

• SDS-PAGE gel also shows bands around 50 kDa that reveal the presence of α-zein dimers [30][31], as well as bands at higher molecular mass (around 150 and 250 kDa) corresponding to other protein aggregates, such as trimers, tetramers and/or oligomers. Electrophoresis measurements conducted in the PCT

• biohybrids based on EXT show a lower amount of adsorbed protein than those prepared from PCT. This fact may be related to the adsorption of zein oligomers present in the PCT fraction, as shown by SDS-PAGE (Figure 1B). Adsorption of the components from EXT on MMT is confirmed from analysis by UV–vis

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• thermoplastic polymers. However, it can be used to disperse the filler in liquid monomers or oligomers of thermosetting matrices, which can then be polymerized in situ to obtain nanocomposites [40]. Ball milling: High-quality ball mills can reduce the size of particles down to 100 nm. Ball milling can be used

High antiviral effect of TiO₂·PL–DNA nanocomposites targeted to conservative regions of (−)RNA and (+)RNA of influenza A virus in cell culture

• Asya S. Levina,
• Marina N. Repkova,
• Elena V. Bessudnova,
• Ekaterina I. Filippova,
• Natalia A. Mazurkova and
• Valentina F. Zarytova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1166–1173, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.108

• sequences as our DNA5, DNA1, DNA8, and DNA4 were examined against the NP segment [10]. To ensure the delivery into cells, morpholino oligonucleotides were conjugated to an arginine-rich peptide. The efficiency of the used oligomers were in the following order: DNA1 << DNA8 < DNA4 ≤ DNA5 (reduction by 50% or

• and 6 log TCID50/mL, respectively, at a MOI of 0.001 and 5 µM concentration of oligomers) [11]. The DNA4 morpholino oligonucleotide displayed very low activity in these experiments. It was shown [21] that a 12-mer oligonucleotide directed to the 3’-end of (−)RNA of all IAV segments and delivered into

Experimental and simulation-based investigation of He, Ne and Ar irradiation of polymers for ion microscopy

• Lukasz Rzeznik,
• Yves Fleming,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.104

• studies on monatomic bombardment on polymers report on 5 keV and 500 eV Ar atom bombardment of polystyrene oligomers [21] and polystyrene molecules containing 61 repeat units [22] adsorbed on Ag(111), respectively. In the first study, the excited volume in the substrate induces collective motion which

High-resolution noncontact AFM and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of self-assembled photovoltaic donor–acceptor dyads

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Pierre-Olivier Schwartz,
• Laure Biniek,
• Martin Brinkmann,
• Nicolas Leclerc,
• Elena Zaborova and
• Stéphane Méry

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 799–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.71

• elementary building block level. Keywords: donor–acceptor co-oligomers; donor–acceptor lamellae; donor–acceptor-ordered bulk heterojunction; Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM); noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM); organic photovoltaics; surface photo-voltage (SPV); Introduction Nowadays, with

• . To establish the resolution limits of SPV imaging by KPFM, there is now a crucial need to investigate model D–A interfaces with better defined structural and electronic properties. In that context, several groups have used the “microphase separation ability” of D–A block copolymers [12] or oligomers

• on such self-assembled D–A networks [20]. In this study, we investigate a new class of PDI-based acceptor–donor block co-oligomers [19][21]. More precisely, the acceptor block (A) is PDI, whereas the donor block (D) is made of a combination of thiophene, fluorene, and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole

Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies

• Claudia Koch,
• Fabian J. Eber,
• Carlos Azucena,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Alexander M. Bittner,
• Holger Jeske,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Fania C. Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 613–629, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.54

• Figure 2. Depending primarily on pH, ionic strength, and total protein concentration, CPs may form small oligomers collectively known as "A-protein". This aggregation of TMV protein in the absence of RNA is mainly driven by hydrophobic interactions. CPs further assemble into higher-order ring-shaped

• particle, with the RNA not depicted as it is completely enclosed in the CP helix (golden). Self-assembly process of TMV. Model for the bidirectional self-assembly of nanotubular TMV particles, based on the formation and consumption of different CP oligomers, i.e. "A-protein" and disks, in vitro. RNA is

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• formation in the presence of trace amounts of oxygen may cause multilayer formation [69] and, in electrical measurements, the probing of disulfide oligomers. To address that problem the in situ formation of thiols from thioacetates with a deprotection agent can significantly reduce the risk of multilayer

Effects of electronic coupling and electrostatic potential on charge transport in carbon-based molecular electronic junctions

• Richard L. McCreery

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 32–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.4

• Richard L. McCreery Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada and National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council, Canada 10.3762/bjnano.7.4 Abstract Molecular junctions consisting of 2–20 nm thick layers of organic oligomers oriented between a

• more common metal/molecule or silicon/molecule structures in many reported molecular junctions. Theoretical observations based on density functional theory are presented here, which model carbon-based molecular junctions as single molecules and oligomers between fragments of graphene. Electronic

• aspects of junction behavior are attributable to the unique carbon–carbon bonding at one or both contacts of the molecular junction. A simple model based on single molecules and oligomers bonded to small graphene fragments representing the sp2 carbon contacts provides insights into how electronic

Nanostructured surfaces by supramolecular self-assembly of linear oligosilsesquioxanes with biocompatible side groups

• Maria Nowacka,
• Anna Kowalewska and
• Tomasz Makowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2377–2387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.244

• , citric acid, thioglycolic or acid). The adsorption of both silsesquioxane oligomers and organic primers was confirmed with attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. The observed physiochemical and textural variations in the adsorbed materials correlate with the differences in the chemical

• structure of the applied oligomers and primers. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; hydrophilicity; oligosilsesquioxanes; self-assembly; surface; Introduction The modification of surface properties can be used as a versatile tool in materials engineering for biological and medical purposes [1][2][3][4

• acidic molecules and can be involved in the formation of surface salts. For example, potassium carboxylates generated on the surface of mica assist the process of adsorption of fatty acids [44][45][46][47] and their derivatives [48]. The character of the interactions between the oligomers and the

Nanostructured superhydrophobic films synthesized by electrodeposition of fluorinated polyindoles

• Gabriela Ramos Chagas,
• Thierry Darmanin and
• Frédéric Guittard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2078–2087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.212

• polyindoles are presented in Figure 2. These cyclic voltammograms show only little variation in the polymer oxidation and reduction peaks due to the low conductivity of the polymers. Also, the short length of the new oligomers formed during the electropolymerization process increases their solubility

• PIndole-5-Fn and proceeds equally in all directions for PIndole-6-Fn. For PIndole-4-Fn, the polymerization should not be favorable to form any structure on the surface. Previous works showed that one of the main parameters governing the surface roughness is the solubility of the oligomers formed in the

DNA–melamine hybrid molecules: from self-assembly to nanostructures

• Rina Kumari,
• Shib Shankar Banerjee,
• Anil K. Bhowmick and
• Prolay Das

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1432–1438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.148

• Information File 1, Table S1) using a zero linker approach. The terminal phosphomonoester groups of the oligomers, which is more nucleophilic for activation than the internucleotidic phosphodiesters of oligonucleotides, were activated by EDC in the presence of imidazole as a catalyst in aqueous solution. The

• the conjugates of the complementary oligomers are slightly different due to the difference in the DNA sequences (see Supporting Information File 1, Table S1). MALDI–TOF MS as well as ESIMS were performed on the PAGE-purified DNA–melamine conjugates (see Supporting Information File 1, Figures S2, S3

• ). The mass spectra show the formation of di-branched and tri-branched DNA–melamine conjugate for both the ssDNA oligomers and unambiguously prove that the melamine is covalently conjugated to two or three ssDNA. The di-branched DNA–melamine conjugate ((R1)2–melamine) was allowed to self-assemble with

PLGA nanoparticles as a platform for vitamin D-based cancer therapy

• Maria J. Ramalho,
• Joana A. Loureiro,
• Bárbara Gomes,
• Manuela F. Frasco,
• Manuel A. N. Coelho and
• M. Carmo Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1306–1318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.135

• hydrolysis, acidic degradation products accumulate inside the PLGA NPs and are responsible for reaction autocatalysis. The hydrolytic breakdown also causes the formation of pores, allowing the release of oligomers and monomers, resulting in bulk erosion [32]. As the NP degradation is slow, the release

Chemoselective silicification of synthetic peptides and polyamines

• Maryna Abacilar,
• Fabian Daus and
• Armin Geyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 103–110, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.10

• such molecules yields defined structures and allows for the comparison of individual chain lengths. The distribution of natural oligomers around an average value is replaced with a sequence of individual chain lengths for independent experiments. The aim is to unravel the interplay between different

Poly(styrene)/oligo(fluorene)-intercalated fluoromica hybrids: synthesis, characterization and self-assembly

• Giuseppe Leone,
• Francesco Galeotti,
• William Porzio,
• Guido Scavia,
• Luisa Barba,
• Gianmichele Arrighetti,
• Giovanni Ricci,
• Chiara Botta and
• Umberto Giovanella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2450–2458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.254

• similar to neat TF, in turn unchanged compared to the terfluorene [26], with vibronic side bands typical of fluorene-based oligomers. The PL intensity of PT15 film is higher than PT5 and PT30 likely due to the higher density of fluorescent intercalated tactoids. We recorded a PL quantum yield of 48% for

• film (Figure 6d–f), the oxidation affects free TF oligomers dispersed in the polymer hybrid, while sharp blue emission from the intercalated TF is still observed, confirming the protecting role played by the silicate. Conclusion In summary, novel inorganic–organic hybrid composites have been prepared

Electrostatic interplay: The interaction triangle of polyamines, silicic acid, and phosphate studied through turbidity measurements, silicomolybdic acid test, and ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy

• Anne Jantschke,
• Katrin Spinde and
• Eike Brunner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2026–2035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.211

• silica sols [18]. These stabilized sols exhibit particles of 30–50 nm diameter, which remain stable up to 24 h. In the relevant pH range of 5–7, monosilicic acid is an uncharged molecule, Si(OH)4 [31]. However, monosilicic acid (pKa ≈ 9.8) spontaneously transforms into higher oligomers and silica

• of Q0 and Q1 are dominating the spectrum (Qn = Si(OSi)n(OH)4−n, n = 0–4) [43]. Note that highly mobile species exhibit narrow signals as observed in basic solution. In contrast, the spectrum of the acidic solution already exhibits the Q2, Q3, and Q4 signals characteristic for higher oligomers which

• of 5–7, more than 95% of the initial silicic acid are present in the form of insoluble silica. This is the result of the silica polycondensation reaction, which transforms soluble silica species into insoluble silica species, i.e., higher oligomers or silica nanoparticles. Such insoluble silica

Nanocrystalline ceria coatings on solid oxide fuel cell anodes: the role of organic surfactant pretreatments on coating microstructures and sulfur tolerance

• Chieh-Chun Wu,
• Ling Tang and
• Mark R. De Guire

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1712–1724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.181

• and sulfur signals much higher than expected [32] from, e.g., a well-packed surfactant monolayer, and many times higher than the signals detected in the sulfonate-treated anodes of [27]. This indicates that the sulfonate treatment on the present anodes left large oligomers and cross-linked clusters of

Non-covalent and reversible functionalization of carbon nanotubes

• Antonello Di Crescenzo,
• Valeria Ettorre and
• Antonella Fontana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1675–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.178

• detect their sidewall oxygenated defects. A simple CH3CN washing of the composite allows the complete desorption of the adsorbed complexes [84]. A similar result was obtained by adding CH3CN to CNTs dispersed in chlorinated solvents by using foldamers (i.e., synthetic and designable oligomers) [85]. In

Donor–acceptor graphene-based hybrid materials facilitating photo-induced electron-transfer reactions

• Anastasios Stergiou,
• Georgia Pagona and
• Nikos Tagmatarchis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1580–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.170

• important role of the covalent grafting of ZnPc onto the graphene sheet for enhancing the photo-induced electron-transfer phenomena and achieving higher IPCE values as compared to non-covalently interacting ZnPc [58], or ZnPc-functionalized (phenylene vinylene) oligomers [59]. In the second strategy

Hole-mask colloidal nanolithography combined with tilted-angle-rotation evaporation: A versatile method for fabrication of low-cost and large-area complex plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials

• Jun Zhao,
• Bettina Frank,
• Frank Neubrech,
• Chunjie Zhang,
• Paul V. Braun and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 577–586, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.68

• demonstrated the possibility to tune particle plasmon resonances by varying geometries, materials, and substrates. Recently, more complex geometries such as dimers, oligomers, stacked and chiral structures, and hybrid combinations with different materials were examined [1][2][3]. Mode coupling, plasmon

• the power of our method to fabricate very complex plasmonic oligomers, namely a gold pentamers. The four outer dots are created first with azimuthal tilted angle θ of 25°. Their thickness is 15 nm and their diameter is 100 nm. The tip to fabrication the same size outer ring disks is evaporation of

Optimization of solution-processed oligothiophene:fullerene based organic solar cells by using solvent additives

• Gisela L. Schulz,
• Marta Urdanpilleta,
• Roland Fitzner,
• Eduard Brier,
• Elena Mena-Osteritz,
• Egon Reinold and
• Peter Bäuerle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 680–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.77

• BHJSCs is fabricated by simultaneous deposition of both, the electron donor (D) as a p-type and the electron acceptor (A) as n-type semiconducting material. The field can be divided based on the type of donor material; polymer or oligomer/dye molecules. Oligomers or, as they are sometimes referred to

• to batch to batch variations of the synthetic organic materials, such as in the case of polymers, are of less significance. On the other hand, the preparation of structurally defined oligomers sometimes requires costly multi-step syntheses. Diketopyrrolopyrroles [4], oligothiophenes [5], merocyanines

• [6], phthalocyanines [7], and squarine dyes [8][9] have all been investigated as promising donor materials in efficient BHJSCs. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 6.9% have been reported for oligomers based on vacuum-processed [10] and 8.2% for solution-processed single junction devices [11

Apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy of sparsely labeled tobacco mosaic viruses and the intermediate filament desmin

• Alexander Harder,
• Mareike Dieding,
• Volker Walhorn,
• Sven Degenhard,
• Andreas Brodehl,
• Christina Wege,
• Hendrik Milting and
• Dario Anselmetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 510–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.60

• color photo activation localization microscopy (PALM) that both protein species coexist within the same filaments [23]. However, the distribution of both protein types in the early stage of the desmin filament formation, i.e., oligomers and unit length filaments (ULF), respectively, is still not known