TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• similarly leads to the formation of TiO2. TiO2 is a well-known photocatalyst whose efficiency depends on a number of factors, including the crystalline phase, particle size, and degree of crystallinity. The most active phase of TiO2 is considered to be anatase. Its nanoparticles usually show higher

• mordenite. Average TiO2 particle size ⟨d⟩ and elemental composition, determined by EDX and XPS, of the as-synthetized and Ti-loaded samples, and their TiO2 content. Textural properties of the Ti-loaded samples from N2 adsorption isotherms. Mass loss below (Δw1, Δw1′) and above (Δw2, Δw2′) 300 °C as directly

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• unique physicochemical properties of these mannose-decorated hybrid NPs, such as controlled particle size (≈265 nm) and stability ensured by negative zeta potential, make them highly effective for receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular drug delivery [57]. Similarly, hyaluronic acid-coated NCs

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• response are intricately linked to factors such as the chemical composition, particle size, structure, and geometry of these materials [18][19][20]. Hence, it is generally undesirable for nanoscale materials to undergo structural alterations because of environmental exposure or to change their properties

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• distinct liposomal variants to evaluate key nanocarrier quality attributes, including particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. These assessments were conducted at both physiological pH (7.4) and acidic pH (5), as summarized in Table 1. At physiological pH (7.4), the unmodified

• liposomes (Unmodified-Lipo) exhibited a stable physicochemical profile, with an average particle size of 102.2 ± 3.30 nm. Their PDI of 0.239 ± 0.046 indicated a uniform and consistent size distribution, supported by a mean negative zeta potential of −4.47 ± 2.34 mV. For sodium oleate-modified liposomes (SO

• -Lipo), a slight increase in mean particle size to 109.6 ± 7.65 nm was observed, which remained well within the preferred size range for nanoformulations. The PDI, averaging to 0.233 ± 0.032, was similar to that of the Unmodified-Lipo, suggesting that the incorporation of SO did not disrupt vesicle

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• corresponding particle size distributions, and the SAED patterns of NPs obtained in DW (Figure 3a–c), toluene (Figure 3d–f), and anisole (Figure 3g–i). The TEM image corresponding to HfNPs in DW shows the formation of nanofibres of diameters ranging from 5 to 65 nm along with spherical NPs (marked with red

• will be extended to other metallic targets and more liquids to create a more comprehensive report. (a) XRD data and (b) EDX data of pristine Hf target. Schematic representation of the experimental setup used for picosecond LAL of a Hf target (Mn represents mirrors). TEM images, particle size

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• MassLynx data processing software. Separation was done on a C-18 column (Knauer, Germany, 250 × 4 mm, particle size 4.5 nm) at an elution rate of 1 mL/min with the following gradient elution system: HPLC-grade water with 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (solution A, Carlo Erba, France), acetonitrile (solution B

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• ][43][44][45][46]. These bioactive compounds associated with metallic nanoparticles increase the specific delivery of drugs to the target and, thus, reduce the required amount of active compounds [47]. In addition, the control of particle size and morphology is essential for applications in

• biotechnology, and the biological approach has the ability to better control the particle size than chemical and physical synthesis methods of metallic NPs [48][49]. Thus, different species of algae have been used in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. In this review, species of brown algae (Sargassum

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• method and characterized using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The MOF mixture exhibited a particle size ranging from 40 to 100 nm, a high surface area of 1147 m2/g, a pore

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• include their small particle size, high encapsulation efficiency, enhanced stability, and improved dissolution in harsh gastrointestinal (GI) fluids. Following oral administration, PLHNPs demonstrate superior intestinal absorption and bioavailability, attributed to their enhanced stability and dissolution

• showed excellent pharmaceutical attributes with small particle size (PS), high zeta potential (ZP), and high entrapment efficiency (EE). The CUR-PLHNPs were tested for hemocompatibility in the drug concentration range of 60–12000 μg/mL, and the results indicated that the CUR-PLHNPs were non-hemolytic

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• saturation, particle size, temperature, bulk energy change of the phase transition, and surface energies of phases. We define radiation stability as the resistance to phase transition, and our investigation aims to identify the factors influencing this stability. Figure 1 presents a model of a HDCM under

• proportional to the square of the particle size, R2: Here, C0β = Kv/(57.6Dvβ) and C0α = Kv/(57.6Dvα) are the proportionality factors, and the vacancy diffusion coefficients determine the proportionality factors C0 in Equations 11–14. In the following, we employ the steady-state approach (Equations 17–21) in

• publication. However, conducting this analysis will provide valuable insights into the phase transformation dynamics from β phase to α phase, complementing the findings obtained for the case of the α phase particle. Size effect and irradiation We check the phase transformation criterion for a nanoscale

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• for CNS targeting. For example, size, shape, and surface characteristics of a DDS directly affect cellular transport and uptake, biodistribution, and the interaction with biological interfaces [64][65]. Regarding particle size, NPs with a size of approx. 15 nm or below were observed to penetrate the

• olfactory bulb thanks to the paracellular space in the olfactory epithelium [66]. However, because of their small particle size, they could be more suitable for imaging applications rather than drug delivery. Moreover, NPs with sizes up to 300 nm were found and considered suitable for intranasal delivery

• revealed that an increase in particle size led to a shift towards caveolae-mediated internalization, the primary pathway for particles sized around 500 nm [69]. This shows the possibility of an even more extended particle size range to be considered for N2B delivery [69]. Regarding surface characteristics

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• nucleation in a supersaturated solution) can be experimentally identified [18] and correlated with specific parameters of the systems exposed to microwaves [18][19][20]. For instance, the use of microwaves in nanoparticle production may increase the reaction rate, also contributing to a narrow particle size

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• , 5 μM particle size, New Objective). The source temperature was set to 275 °C and the nanoelectrospray voltage to 2.2 kV. The mass spectrometer operated in data-dependent acquisition mode, where full scan MS1 spectra (m/z 300–1,600) were acquired at resolution r = 60,000 after accumulation of 1 × 106

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• temperature, and the reaction time, by using UV–vis spectroscopy. Changes in the physicochemical properties, such as morphology and particle size of AuNPs, were monitored through absorbance and the λmax values of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band. Figure 2 illustrates the impact of synthesis conditions

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• second part of the first halo region (H1’), where the background forms irregularly shaped dark and bright regions of several hundreds of nanometers in size. After taking the high-resolution images, the imaged regions showed an increase in particle size and brightness (cf. Supporting Information File 1

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• in the liver [27][28]. The interaction of the nanocarriers with various types of cells is size-dependent [30]. Nanocarriers with a particle size bigger than 100 nm could be taken up by LSECs and Kupffer cells through endocytosis. With the increase of particle size, the uptake of nanocarriers by

• Kupffer cells is enhanced, leading to rapid accumulation of the nanocarriers in the liver with short blood circulation time [31]. In contrast, nanocarriers with a particle size smaller than 100 nm could avoid a capture by Kupffer cells. These nanocarriers then diffuse out of the sinusoids through the

• FDA-approved biodegradable polymer. The R406-PLGA NPs (particle size of 159.7 nm) showed a significant downregulation of major inflammatory markers (CCL2, IL-1α, and IL-6) in vitro in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. In an in vivo experiment using a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) mouse

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• ensure efficacy and safety [58]. The most crucial characteristics of nanoparticles are particle size, morphology, zeta potential, and surface area. Morphology of nanoparticles: There are many tools available for determining the morphology of nanomaterials. However, the most commonly used methods are

• [61]. Nanoparticle size: The nanoparticle size can be determined using a variety of methods including dynamic (DLS) and static (SLS) light scattering; TEM, SEM, and AFM are also widely employed [62][63]. DLS and SLS can detect particle size by determining changes in distribution of particle size

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• was meticulously evaluated by analyzing the ablation rates, surface plasmon resonance peak positions, and particle size distributions of the obtained colloids. The nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using the techniques of UV–visible absorption, transmission electron microscopy, and energy

• wavelengths and media. Subsequently, a flexible SERS substrate was developed by depositing 18 types of NPs produced onto a filter paper. It was found that substrates containing NPs generated at 1064 nm laser wavelength exhibited prominent performance, characterized by higher yield and larger particle size

• the variations of NP particle size or size dispersion. The peak shift is mainly correlated with the size and shape of NPs and their surrounding medium. Naderi-Samani et al. [56] reported the synthesis of Ag NPs by nanosecond laser ablation in different aqueous solutions: water, acetone

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• direct and common approach to describe the nanostructure of a NM is to include values that provide a physical description of the particle. Particle size is the most common feature in nano-QSAR models. However, despite the established understanding that size plays a crucial role in the activity and

• simplified to its major component, ignoring impurities, mixtures, and ligands; when those are incorporated, their proportion is commonly ignored. Particle size, commonly the measured or nominal value of the diameter, is among the most common features in nano-QSAR models. However, as discussed above, its

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

• Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Abel Fundora,
• Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
• Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
• Manuel F. Meléndrez and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

• offered by the same two metals in the bulk, such as Au and Ni [4]. Alloying immiscible elements is feasible in the nanoscale regime because the enthalpy of the mixture decreases as the size of the nanoparticles decreases, and it generally becomes negative below a certain particle size [5]. Silver

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• certain controllability of the redox reactions occurring during reductive or oxidative laser processing in aqueous media at constant particle size. Furthermore, focusing laser pulses in CO2-saturated water leads to the reduction of CO2, which selectively yields CO [74] or oxocarbon-encapsulated

• the ionic strength of the added salts and the obtained gold particle size (Figure 2). The surface oxidation increased with the anion’s surface charge density until a plateau of around 60% was reached. A further increase in ionic strength showed no change in surface oxidation, which was attributed to

• thickness on particle size, which was modeled by Reichenberger and coworkers [54]. In detail, during LSPC of inorganic nanoparticles in organic solvents, carbon is formed in addition to permanent gases or molecular carbon-based species. While the surface of colloids synthesized in water is only modified by

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• synthesized utilizing a non-thermal plasma apparatus, as previously developed by de Souza et al. [17]. In this process, similarly as reported in [4], TiN powder with a particle size of approximately 1.0 μm and a purity of 98% (Alfa Aesar) was exposed to a 60 kV electric arc in the presence of a nitrogen gas

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• of CF and CF/GQDs-200, respectively, and the corresponding particle size distribution. CF has very fine particles of around 15–20 nm. The intimate interfacial contact between GQDs sheets and the CF nanoparticle is further depicted in the TEM image (Figure 4e). In this image, the deposited

• and the easy movement of the domain walls can result in a decrease in coercivity. The reduced particle size leads to reduced coercivity, which could be expressed as a transformation from a ferrimagnetic to a superparamagnetic state [15]. Figure 6d presents the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms

• curves of CF/GQDs-200. SEM images of (a) CF/GQD-140, (b) CF/GQD-180, and (c) CF/GQD-200; TEM observations and corresponding particle size distribution of (d) CF and (e) CF/GQDs-200. EDX-mapping of CF/GQDs-200. (a) Electron microscopy image, (b) EDX spectrum, (c) carbon mapping, (d) oxygen mapping, (e

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• antisolvent, and the mixing conditions. During precipitation, different solvents can affect the size, the structure, and the stability of polymorphous particles. To confirm the morphology of DCS nanocrystals, SEM and XRPD analyses were applied for the examination of particle size and structure, respectively

• . As illustrated in Figure 1 and quantified using ImageJ, the particle size of commercial DCS is in the range of several hundred microns, as depicted in Figure 1A. Conversely, the average particle size of DCS nanocrystals is 47.3 ± 9.5 nm, as evidenced in Figure 1B. This observation indicates a

• smaller particle size. In addition, we used Quality by design (QbD) to generate parameters that can be applied to commercial products in the future. The QbD is a systematic approach to drug development that ensures that a product is of high quality and consistently meets the desired characteristics

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• ) pigment is a non-toxic, particulate material in widespread use and found in everyone’s daily life. The particle size of the anatase or rutile crystals are optimised to produce a pigment that provides the best possible whiteness and opacity. The average particle size is intentionally much larger than the

• for product quality assurance by three TiO2 manufacturing companies and present number-based primary particle size distributions (PSDs) obtained in a round-robin study performed on five anatase pigments fabricated by means of sulfate processes in different plants and commonly used worldwide in food

• ; particle sizing; primary particles; Introduction Following the EU definition of nanomaterials as being materials in which more than 50% by number of their primary particles have at least one dimension smaller than 100 nm [1][2], the accurate measurement of particle size distributions (PSDs) has become