Rapid, ultraviolet-induced, reversibly switchable wettability of superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic surfaces

• Yunlu Pan,
• Wenting Kong,
• Bharat Bhushan and
• Xuezeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 866–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.87

• chemicals Titanium dioxide (TiO2, rutile) with a diameter of ≈25 nm and aluminium dioxide (Al2O3) with a diameter of ≈30 nm were acquired from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Corporation (Shanghai, China). 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorooctyl(trimethoxy)silane (PFOS) was obtained from Shanghai Macklin

• Biochemical Corporation (Shanghai, China). Other chemicals include 99.9% ethanol used as the solvent and deionized water was used in the CA measurements. Preparation of coating surfaces Rutile phase TiO2 was modified by a simple hydrolysis reaction in order to obtain superhydrophobicity. In the modification

• process, 1 g of PFOS was dissolved into 50 mL ethanol and stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature in order to fully hydrolyse fluoroalkylsilane. Next, 3 g of rutile TiO2 was added into the solution and stirred for another 1 h to form the suspension. The suspension could be used to spray or paint a

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• to the formation of rutile crystal structure. The composite material shows only 19% weight loss, which implies that the material has high thermal stability due to the uniform growth of the TiO2 nanoparticles on the fiber, providing high stability to the composite material. Electrochemical properties

Advanced scanning probe lithography using anatase-to-rutile transition to create localized TiO₂ nanorods

• Julian Kalb,
• Vanessa Knittel and
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 412–418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.40

• Julian Kalb Vanessa Knittel Lukas Schmidt-Mende Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.10.40 Abstract In this article, we demonstrate the position-controlled hydrothermal growth of rutile TiO2 nanorods using a new scanning

• probe lithography method in which a silicon tip, commonly used for atomic force microscopy, was pulled across an anatase TiO2 film. This process scratches the film causing tiny anatase TiO2 nanoparticles to form on the surface. According to previous reports, these anatase particles convert into rutile

• nanocrystals and provide the growth of rutile TiO2 nanorods in well-defined areas. Due to the small tip radius, the resolution of this method is excellent and the method is quite inexpensive compared to electron-beam lithography and similar methods providing a position-controlled growth of semiconducting TiO2

Sub-wavelength waveguide properties of 1D and surface-functionalized SnO₂ nanostructures of various morphologies

• Venkataramana Bonu,
• Binaya Kumar Sahu,
• Arindam Das,
• Sankarakumar Amirthapandian,
• Sandip Dhara and
• Harish C. Barshilia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 379–388, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.37

• the TEM images of the square-shaped NWs. A TEM bright field image of square-shaped NW is shown in Figure 2a. The high-resolution TEM image of the single square type NWs shows the crystalline (101) plane which belongs to the rutile tetragonal SnO2 with a d spacing value of 2.65 Å. (Figure 2b). The

• corresponding SAED pattern further demonstrates the single crystalline nature of the NWs (Figure 2c). It is indexed with the [020] zone axis of the rutile SnO2 phase. The electron diffraction study reveals crystalline NWs with no obvious extended defects such as dislocations or stacking faults. Figure 3 shows

• the TEM images of the cylinder-shaped NWs grown at 1000 °C. An HRTEM image of a single NW across the width is shown in Figure 3a. The image related to the single cylindrical NW shows the crystalline (110) plane which belongs to the rutile tetragonal SnO2 with a d spacing value of 3.36 Å (Figure 3b

One-step nonhydrolytic sol–gel synthesis of mesoporous TiO₂ phosphonate hybrid materials

• Yanhui Wang,
• P. Hubert Mutin and
• Johan G. Alauzun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 356–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.35

• and TiP0.05 showed the presence of well-crystallized anatase nanocrystals (JCPDS 21-1272), as in the TiO2 sample. There was no evidence of rutile. The TiP0.1 sample appeared partially crystallized, while the TiP0.2 sample was amorphous in XRD experiments. The crystallite size (Table 1) of the hybrid

Zn/F-doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis: structural and optical properties

• Florian Dumitrache,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Elena Dutu,
• Ion Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Alina Ilie,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Cristian Mihailescu,
• Adriana Smarandache and
• Gabriel Prodan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.2

• SnO2 in its undoped form is an n-type semiconductor with a direct bandgap of 3.6 eV at room temperature. Its n-type conductivity is due to oxygen vacancies in its rutile structure. The bandgap, starting from the bulk value, increases as the size of the nanocrystal decreases, due to electron confinement

• feature of the analyzed powders. The most evident diffraction peaks (see the green arrows) correspond to the tetragonal rutile structure of the SnO2 phase (PDF No: 00-041-1445); thus the identified peaks centered at 26.8°, 34°, 38°, 51.9°, and 54.8° can be assigned to (110), (101), (200), (211) and (220

• case, a mixture of tetragonal rutile-type and minority orthorhombic tin dioxide phases was identified [44]. The crystalline phases identified from SAED (see Figure 3b) images are consistent with those from XRD, indicating structural uniformity up to the level of nanoparticle agglomeration containing

Impact of the anodization time on the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotubes

• Jesús A. Díaz-Real,
• Geyla C. Dubed-Bandomo,
• Juan Galindo-de-la-Rosa,
• Luis G. Arriaga,
• Janet Ledesma-García and
• Nicolas Alonso-Vante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2628–2643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.244

• transport [46]. While the observed metallic Ti is attributed to the metal substrate, no significant contribution of the rutile phase was observed. The latter is also consistent with the observations of Dozzi et al., where even small amounts of F dopant atoms prevented the thermal transition from anatase to

• rutile, confirming their role in the crystalline stability [47][48]. The crystallite size was calculated by using Scherrer equation or Rietveld refinement, and the lattice parameters were estimated using the software TOPAS. The results are summarized in Table 2, where it was found using both methods that

• intense peak at 142 cm−1 (Eg) assigned to anatase lattice vibrations [50]. No peaks of the rutile phase were observed in any of the samples. This is in agreement with the XRD data and other reports [51]. It is also noticeable that the intensity of all peaks increases with the anodization time without peak

A visible-light-controlled platform for prolonged drug release based on Ag-doped TiO₂ nanotubes with a hydrophobic layer

• Caihong Liang,
• Jiang Wen and
• Xiaoming Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1793–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.170

• . Only the peaks of titanium can be observed for the sample before heat treatment in Figure 2a. On the contrary, it can be observed that the peaks of anatase phase appear for the samples shown in Figure 2b while the weak peak of rutile appears at around 28.7° (marked by blue stars). The loading of Zn2

Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• particles. When uniform, amorphous TiO2 particles were calcined at an optimal temperature (500 °C), the final sample exhibited beneficial characteristics such as high anatase crystallinity with a mixed phase of anatase and rutile and relatively high surface area. The photocatalytic efficiency of the uniform

• photoexcited electron–hole pairs), it is also well-known that a mixed anatase and rutile crystalline phase can lead to enhanced photocatalysis performance. In particular, the exceptional activity of commercial P25 TiO2 is often explained to originate from its unique crystalline properties, i.e., its mixed

• anatase/rutile phase with high anatase crystallinity. As shown in both a previous study and our later discussion, a mixed crystalline phase of anatase and rutile in P25 TiO2 can have several beneficial effects such as improved light adsorption in the low energy UV range and separation of photoexcited

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• increased by increasing the photocatalyst dose [154]. Ku et al. reported that the combination of ZnO on the surface of TiO2 at a higher calcination temperature (>500 °C) prevents the transformation of anatase to rutile phase. It also enhances the specific surface area of the ZnO/TiO2 composite by inhibiting

• matrix restricts the transformation of anatase to rutile phase possibly because of the presence of Ni2+ ions that stabilize the anatase phase. Further, the presence of NiO would hinder the aggregation of TiO2 particles, resulting in increase of surface area and decrease of particle size of the

• . The coupling of Bi2O3 not only hindered the transformation of anatase phase to rutile but also facilitated the extension of the absorption range to the visible region. It also escalated the interfacial charge transfer between Bi2O3 and TiO2. The maximum photocatalytic activity under irradiation of

Semi-automatic spray pyrolysis deposition of thin, transparent, titania films as blocking layers for dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells

• Hana Krýsová,
• Josef Krýsa and
• Ladislav Kavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1135–1145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.105

• previously for rutile TiO2 films [18]. However, SPD titania films are likely to be of anatase structure as shown by our XRD analysis (see Figure S1 and Figure S2 in Supporting Information File 1) and confirmed by others [3][6][13]. Figure 3a,b shows that the type of FTO substrate used significantly

Room-temperature single-photon emitters in titanium dioxide optical defects

• Kelvin Chung,
• Yu H. Leung,
• Chap H. To,
• Aleksandra B. Djurišić and
• Snjezana Tomljenovic-Hanic

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1085–1094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.100

• , rutile and brookite [34]. Defects can be introduced during fabrication or are intrinsic to the crystallographic structure. Extensive work on TiO2 surface defects [35] has come from the need to progress catalytic reactions. Point defects within the TiO2 include interstitials and vacancies [36][37][38

• manner except that the substrate temperature was set to 160 °C and annealed at 450 °C in the same manner as a-450 °C-TiO2. This sample is labelled b-450 °C-TiO2. Preparation of TiO2 nanopowder samples Two nanopowder phases, anatase and rutile (MTI Corporation) were used. The anatase (rutile) has a purity

• of 99% with an average particle size of 30 nm (45 nm). Four nanopowder samples were prepared: anatase and rutile suspended in deionised (DI) water, and anatase and rutile suspended in isopropyl alcohol (IPA). For the nanopowder–DI water mixture, 21.0 (20.6) ± 0.2 mg of anatase (rutile) nanopowder was

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• )/Au multilayer structures. First, the ITO-coated glass substrate was cleaned by ultrasonication in acetone and isopropanol for ≈20 min and oxygen plasma for 30 s. TiO2 (3Dnano P25, average particle size 21 ± 5 nm, mixed rutile (20%)/anatase (80%) phases, and a surface area of 50 m2/g) was mixed with

Combined pulsed laser deposition and non-contact atomic force microscopy system for studies of insulator metal oxide thin films

• Daiki Katsube,
• Hayato Yamashita,
• Satoshi Abo and
• Masayuki Abe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 686–692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.63

• TiO2(001) is said to undergo a structural change to rutile TiO2(001) at around 750 °C, the XRD pattern showed that the anatase phase remained in this case. This is due to the lattice constant of the substrate. Considering that a phase transition from anatase to rutile may occur if the temperature is

Mechanistic insights into plasmonic photocatalysts in utilizing visible light

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Azrina Abd Aziz,
• Lan Ching Sim,
• Pichiah Saravanan,
• Min Jang and
• Detlef Bahnemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 628–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.59

• IR region can be detected by observing the peak of O–O stretching of H2O2. Figure 12 shows three plausible types of structural formation of adsorbed H2O2 on to the surface of TiO2. A side-on peroxide structure (Figure 12c) appeared for the absorption band on rutile at 820–940 cm−1 [113]. The peaks at

Influence of the preparation method on the photocatalytic activity of Nd-modified TiO₂

• Patrycja Parnicka,
• Paweł Mazierski,
• Tomasz Grzyb,
• Wojciech Lisowski,
• Ewa Kowalska,
• Bunsho Ohtani,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska and
• Joanna Nadolna

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 447–459, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.43

• patterns of the examined samples are shown in Figure 1. In all synthesized photocatalysts, the diffraction pattern presents a group of lines at 2θ values of 25.4, 37.9, 48.1, 54.1, 55.1 and 62.9°, which are characteristic of anatase phase. The phase transformation to rutile has not occurred despite the

Photocatalytic and adsorption properties of TiO₂-pillared montmorillonite obtained by hydrothermally activated intercalation of titanium polyhydroxo complexes

• Mikhail F. Butman,
• Nikolay L. Ovchinnikov,
• Nikita S. Karasev,
• Nataliya E. Kochkina,
• Alexander V. Agafonov and
• Alexandr V. Vinogradov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 364–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.36

• crystallinity (nanocrystals) representing a mixture of anatase and rutile phases. The structures exhibit improved adsorption and photocatalytic activity as a result of hydrothermally activated intercalation of titanium polyhydroxo complexes (i.e., TiCl4 hydrolysis products) in a solution with a concentration

• the synthesis conditions with a low pH value of the medium. The diffractograms of the TiO2-pillared samples calcined at 300 °C have shown the absence of the anatase phase, and from 500 °C broad and weak peaks of both anatase (at 2θ = 25.3°, 47.8°, 54.4°) and rutile (at 2θ = 27.7°) could be identified

• , which is in agreement with the data of [28] where the co-presence of both anatase and rutile phases at calcination temperatures of 450–500 °C has been established. The TiO2-PMMHx samples (Figure 2) showed significantly more sharp and intense peaks of the anatase and rutile phases at the above mentioned

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• authors also showed that methanol is the most efficient sacrificial agent when compared to isopropanol, glycerol, and glucose [25]. A further study by Jose et al. focused on the effect of TiO2 modification (anatase and/or rutile). These authors observed that TiO2 P25/Au mixed systems performed best in the

• entire UV–visible range when the TiO2 is composed of 75% of anatase and 25% of rutile with identical AuNPs [26]. In an interesting new approach, Zhang et al. found that Janus particles (rather than the core–shell or randomly organized materials described so far) based on large TiO2 particles with

• observed in the HRTEM images (white circles). FFT analysis of the HRTEM image shows a series of reflections that can be assigned to Au and different TiO2 modifications (brookite and anatase), which are also identified by XRD (Table S2, Supporting Information File 1). Rutile cannot be detected. The EDX

Impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on purification and contamination of nematic liquid crystals

• Dmitrii Pavlovich Shcherbinin and
• Elena A. Konshina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2766–2770, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.275

• about 0.1 wt %. LC2 was studied as a sample of LC that was contaminated during the utilization process. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Plasmotherm, Moscow) were doped into LC1 and LC2. The nanoparticles were a mixture of anatase and rutile with an average particle size of 50 nm. Used NPs were obtained

CdSe nanorod/TiO₂ nanoparticle heterojunctions with enhanced solar- and visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Fakher Laatar,
• Hatem Moussa,
• Halima Alem,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Emilien Girot,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Hatem Ezzaouia and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2741–2752, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.273

• suffers from two main drawbacks. First, due to its wide bandgap (Eg = 3.2 and 3.0 eV for anatase and rutile, respectively), TiO2 can only be activated by light with a wavelength of less than 390 nm to trigger the electron–hole separation. Second, TiO2 exhibits a low quantum efficiency due to the fast

• located at 2θ = 27.55, 36.23, 41.34 and 56.72° belong to rutile TiO2 (JCPDS No 21-1276) (Figure 2b). The anatase and rutile phases of TiO2 exhibit a higher catalytic activity than the brookite phase [44]. The anatase/rutile ratio was not affected by the heating at 300 °C (the phase transition occurs at

Synthesis and characterization of noble metal–titania core–shell nanostructures with tunable shell thickness

• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Marta Michalska-Domańska,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Dariusz Zasada and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2083–2093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.208

• ][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. For many applications, however, the use of titanium dioxide in CSNs would be of much greater interest. Useful physicochemical properties of titanium dioxide in its crystalline forms, rutile and anatase, such as high refractive index and photocatalytic activity have led to its

• nanoparticles with diameter of less than 20 nm and to obtain thinner shells. In addition, studies will be dedicated to converting the titania shell of the synthesized CSNs to either crystalline titania (anatase, rutile or their mix) or perovskites and to testing the performance of such systems in various

Metal oxide nanostructures: preparation, characterization and functional applications as chemical sensors

• Dario Zappa,
• Angela Bertuna,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Navpreet Kaur,
• Nicola Poli,
• Veronica Sberveglieri and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1205–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.122

• are detected in the Raman spectrum in Figure 3. The peaks located at 489, 624 and 764 cm−1 are related to Eg, A1g and B2g vibration modes, respectively. These peaks are the common Raman peaks of tetragonal rutile bulk SnO2, as reported in literature [6]. The ZnO Raman spectrum is reported in Figure 4

High photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites prepared by photodeposition for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

• Shu Chin Lee,
• Hendrik O. Lintang and
• Leny Yuliati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 915–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.93

• in different opinions regarding the contribution of the Fe2O3. Since the impregnation method usually involves heat treatment, the properties of TiO2 such as the ratio of anatase/rutile, particle size, as well as specific surface area may be altered during this process and could influence the

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• Vanadium has oxidation states ranging from −1 to +5. Binary vanadium oxides have already been proven as a potential material for studying superconductivity at high pressures and low-dimensional quantum-spin transitions [103]. VO2 has two crystalline phases, monoclinic and rutile. The monoclinic form of

• vanadium(IV) oxide can be transferred to the rutile form by a thermally induced, reversible treatment at 68 °C [104]. VO2 (M) behaves as a semiconductor whereas VO2(R) behaves as a semimetal. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) has very low electronic conductivity due to its low d-band mobility. It also shows a