Assessment of the optical and electrical properties of light-emitting diodes containing carbon-based nanostructures and plasmonic nanoparticles: a review

• Keshav Nagpal,
• Erwan Rauwel,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Protima Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1078–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.80

• transmittance (>80% in the visible region) and low sheet resistance (≈20 Ω/sq). Typically, ITO consists of 90% In2O3 and 10% SnO2 by weight. Kim et al. have grown ITO on glass substrates with varying Sn concentrations [35]. Although ITO is a conventional favorite current-spreading layer, it nevertheless suffers

• thermal resistance between the device layers [37][38]. Furthermore, the transmittance of large-area few-layer graphene used as a current-spreading layer in InGaN-based UV LED is similar to the transmittance of ITO in the blue region (Figure 1a) [39]. Furthermore, the I–V results in Figure 1b show an

• -based devices are 2800 cd/m2 and 1.4 cd/A, respectively, at a turn-on voltage of 6.6 V. These values are however not as satisfactory as the ITO-based device: 6000 cd/m2 and 1.9 cd/A at a turn-on voltage of 6.2 V. One reason for lower SWNT device performance is associated with its lower transmittance of

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• flexibility after the ink coating. The maximum transmittance value of as-prepared PET films in the visible region was estimated to be about 92.5% with a sheet resistance value of ca. 20 Ω/sq. This makes the films a potential substitute to commonly used expensive indium tin oxide (ITO) in the field of flexible

• optoelectronics. Keywords: silver nanowires; high yield; visible luminescence; PET film; transmittance; sheet resistance; Introduction Several optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells, touch screens, LC displays, organic EL panels, light-emitting diodes, and organic light emitting diodes, use transparent

• electrodes made of sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) films [1][2][3]. These films are widely used because of their high transmittance, low sheet resistance, and high electrical conductivity. Yet, they still have some major drawbacks such as high cost, intrinsic brittleness due to the ceramic nature [4], and

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• transmittance values of AgNPs in the OH stretching vibration spectral region. Also, the transmittance value at the excitation wavelength used in the Raman experiments (514.5 nm) was taken into account. After this correction, the spectra were then treated with a baseline correction. Only the non-polarised Raman

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• direction [89], and can form networks of wires that facilitate the passage of electrical current. They can also improve transmittance characteristics due to their high aspect ratio [90]. Novel applications can be seen in transparent conductive films (TCFs) [91], wireless technology [92][93], touchscreen

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• taking into account the transmittance of the ablation liquid at 1064 nm. The ablation time for each sample was set to 20 min. Figure 1 shows a schematic of the pulsed laser ablation system used in this work. A rotating motor was used to help prevent the aggregation and agglomeration of particles during

Structural and electronic properties of SnO₂ doped with non-metal elements

• Jianyuan Yu,
• Yingeng Wang,
• Yan Huang,
• Xiuwen Wang,
• Jing Guo,
• Jingkai Yang and
• Hongli Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1321–1328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.116

• SnO2; electronic structure; optical properties; Introduction Thin film solar cells are devices that convert solar energy into electrical energy. Transparent conductive films (TCFs) are a thin film material with both conductive capabilities and high transmittance in the visible light range (300–800 nm

• , high transmittance of visible light, good thermal stability, acid–base corrosion resistance, high material hardness, and easiness of preparation processes [5]. Non-metal atoms, such as fluorine (F) and nitrogen (N), were proved to be proper elements for doping. After doping with heteroatoms, the

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• −1 [15][16]. The broad transmittance peak at 3418 cm−1 and weak bands in the range of 2845–2935 cm−1 are attributed to the adsorbed water molecules (νO–H) and the carbonaceous impurities (νCH3, νCH2) in PTh, respectively. A peak at 1123 cm−1 that is also characteristic of PTh corresponds to the Cα–Cα

• resonance absorption between two thiophene rings [17]. It demonstrates that PTh is predominantly formed by Cα–Cα conjunction during the low-temperature oxidative polymerization. The transmittance peaks at 1035 cm−1 and 788 cm−1 further prove this point as they indicate the out-of-plane bending (τCβ–H) and

Highly sensitive detection of estradiol by a SERS sensor based on TiO₂ covered with gold nanoparticles

• Andrea Brognara,
• Ili F. Mohamad Ali Nasri,
• Beatrice R. Bricchi,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,
• Matteo Ghidelli and
• Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1026–1035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.87

• TiO2 porosity. Optical properties Figure 4 reports the optical transmittance of the TiO2/Au samples. Our previous studies involving TiO2/Au systems have shown that the reflectance has low values of about 5% and can thus be considered negligible [28]. A general decrease of the optical transmittance was

• observed for large quantities of Au and the transmittance was influenced by the growth conditions and the thermal treatment. For example, in the case of 6 nm of Au the wavelength at which maximum absorption occurs changed after annealing from about 620 to 560 nm (Table 2). These trends were outlined also

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanocolumn arrays

• Jinghan Xu,
• Yanqi Liu and
• Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

• concentration promotes the generation of active radicals, which increases the catalytic reaction rate and the catalytic efficiency [41][43]. In Figure 9b and 9d, a schematic diagram of the energy conversion of the two different nanocolumn structures is shown. In the AFT structure, the good transmittance of TiO2

Structural optical and electrical properties of a transparent conductive ITO/Al–Ag/ITO multilayer contact

• Aliyu Kabiru Isiyaku,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 695–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.57

• transmittance (86.1%) with a very low sheet resistance of 2.93 Ω/sq. The carrier concentration increased more than twice when the Al–Ag layer was inserted between the ITO layers. The figure of merit of the IAAI multilayer contact has been found to be high at 76.4 × 10−3 Ω−1 compared to a pure ITO contact (69.4

• smaller thickness would result in high optical transmittance in the visible region. However, the resistivity would increase, which is an issue [4][7][8]. Therefore, the search for new material compositions and structures of ITO-based films to enhance the performance in optoelectronic devices is of

• indium metal is needed [9][10][11]. The insertion of a metal layer reduces the transparency of the ITO electrode due to opaqueness of the metal, but selecting an optimal metal thickness can effectively decrease the reflection from the metal film and thus enhance the transmittance. Furthermore, it gives

Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

• Xianfeng Dai,
• Ke Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 51–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.5

• to convert it into the proper perovskite phase, which is termed the “half step”. Efficient semi-transparent PSCs with a PCE of 10.03% and an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 28% were achieved. The devices prepared by the 1.5-step process show better performance than those prepared by the one

Gold and silver dichroic nanocomposite in the quest for 3D printing the Lycurgus cup

• Lars Kool,
• Floris Dekker,
• Anton Bunschoten,
• Glen J. Smales,
• Brian R. Pauw,
• Aldrik H. Velders and
• Vittorio Saggiomo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 16–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.2

• Lycurgus cup might be possible by studying the reflectance and transmittance spectra from the Lycurgus cup and matching them with freshly synthesised Au and Ag nanoparticles in PVA. However, such spectra are missing in literature and the only few present are hand-drawn [13], making it impossible to

Plasmonic nanosensor based on multiple independently tunable Fano resonances

• Lin Cheng,
• Zelong Wang,
• Xiaodong He and
• Pengfei Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2527–2537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.243

• and output power flows of the input port1 and output port2, respectively. The transmittance is defined as T = Pout/Pin. Since the width of the bus waveguide is much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light, only a single propagation mode TM0 can exist in the structure, of which the dispersion

• field amplitudes in each part of the waveguide (i = 1, 2) for outgoing (−) or incoming (+) from the resonator. In this paper, only port1 has TM wave incidence. The input and output port are symmetrical with the same w about the resonance system. Hence, S2+ = 0, τn1 = τn2 = τn, and the transmittance T is

• element method (FEM), which is also comparative to MICMT. The transmittance values are calculated according to the definition of Equation 8. It is well known that the excitation of Fano resonance requires the interaction of continuous (bright) modes and discrete (dark) modes. In our design, stub1 can form

Multiple Fano resonances with flexible tunablity based on symmetry-breaking resonators

• Xiao bin Ren,
• Kun Ren,
• Ying Zhang,
• Cheng guo Ming and
• Qun Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2459–2467, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.236

• angle is ϕ = 0° and the deviation distance is d = 0. Figure 2 shows the transmission spectra of the designed waveguide–resonator coupled system. Different values of the thickness of the metal wall, t, were studied. When a metal wall is placed in a MDM waveguide, the transmittance is low over a wide

Semitransparent Sb₂S₃ thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Lothar Weinhardt,
• Monika Blum,
• Clemens Heske,
• Wanli Yang,
• Ilona Oja Acik and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.230

• Sb2S3 thin films and transmittance of solar cells without P3HT/Au back contact. The AVT of the stacks of glass/ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3 with 70, 100, and 150 nm of Sb2S3 is 28%, 26%, and 16%, respectively in the 380–740 nm wavelength range (Figure 3b). Thus, the 150 nm thick Sb2S3 film is already too opaque for

• absorption coefficient curves of Sb2S3 and P3HT. The transmittance of light to the absorber is limited at higher photon energies by the onset of absorption of TiO2 at 3.0 eV and ITO at 3.6 eV. The P3HT layer, however, does not contribute to the generation of photocurrent [14][21]. On the contrary, any

• 600, FEI Company). The optical properties were measured using a UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometer (Jasco V-670, integrating sphere, air reference). The AVT was calculated as the arithmetic average of total transmittance of the glass/ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3 stack in the 380–740 nm wavelength range by using Equation

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

Nonlinear absorption and scattering of a single plasmonic nanostructure characterized by x-scan technique

• Tushar C. Jagadale,
• Dhanya S. Murali and
• Shi-Wei Chu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2182–2191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.211

• experimental feasibility and the capability to determine both the nonlinear refractive index and the nonlinear absorption [21]. Below, we briefly address the principle of z-scan and its limitations. The z-scan technique is based on measurement of transmittance as a thin sample moves along the propagation path

• large-area power detector. If there is no nonlinearity, the transmittance will be constant no matter where the sample is. However, when there is nonlinear absorption, the transmittance changes as the sample is in the vicinity of the focus, where the intensity is highest along the beam path. Therefore

• , the open-aperture setup is sensitive to nonlinear absorption and measures the imaginary part of the nonlinear refractive index. In the closed-aperture setup, the transmittance is measured through a small aperture in front of the power detector, so the detected signal is sensitive to beam divergence

Biocatalytic oligomerization-induced self-assembly of crystalline cellulose oligomers into nanoribbon networks assisted by organic solvents

• Yuuki Hata,
• Yuka Fukaya,
• Toshiki Sawada,
• Masahito Nishiura and
• Takeshi Serizawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1778–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.173

• equation: where Icor is the corrected intensity, Iobs is the observed intensity, t is the X-ray transmittance through the sample, and Iblank is the intensity measured without any sample. The amorphous cellulose halo obtained previously [42] was fitted to the 1D profiles in 2θ ranges adequately selected

Revisiting semicontinuous silver films as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates

• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Małgorzata Norek,
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz and
• Piotr Nyga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1048–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.105

• ][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. However, transmittance, reflectance and absorption are rarely reported in these studies, and it is difficult to link the optical properties of these nanostructures with their SERS performance. In our earlier initial study we investigated SSFs as SERS substrates [55

• quartz crystal microbalance. Characterization of semicontinuous silver films Optical properties of SSFs were characterized using UV–vis–NIR Perkin Elmer Lambda 900 spectrometer. Transmittance was measured using a standard detector, while reflectance was measured with an integrating sphere module

• . Absorption was calculated assuming the sum of transmittance, reflectance, and absorption is 100%. The morphology of the fabricated structures was measured using a Quanta 3D FEG Dual Beam scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an atomic force microscope (AFM). The SEM images of SSFs were converted to black

Nanoscale optical and structural characterisation of silk

• Meguya Ryu,
• Reo Honda,
• Adrian Cernescu,
• Arturas Vailionis,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Jitraporn Vongsvivut,
• Jing-Liang Li,
• Denver P. Linklater,
• Elena P. Ivanova,
• Vygantas Mizeikis,
• Mark J. Tobin,
• Junko Morikawa and
• Saulius Juodkazis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 922–929, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.93

• polarisation at the IR spectral range of λ = 750–4000 cm−1 (2.5–13.3 μm); the extinction of polarisers was Tmax/Tmin ≈ 150 and the transmittance was about 50%. The far-field transmission measurements were carried out with a 36× magnification Cassegrain objective lens (NA = 0.5) at the corresponding resolution

• of 0.61λ/NA ≈ 4.1 μm at the 3000 cm−1 band (λ = 3.33 μm). The absorbance or optical density A = −log(T) spectrum is defined by the absorption coefficient α ≡ 4πκ/λ = 2ωκ/c [cm−1] for the transmitted light intensity IT = I0e−αd = I0 × 10−OD; where d is the thickness of sample, the transmittance T = IT

Rapid, ultraviolet-induced, reversibly switchable wettability of superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic surfaces

• Yunlu Pan,
• Wenting Kong,
• Bharat Bhushan and
• Xuezeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 866–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.87

• –CF3 groups) undergo no obvious changes either under UV illumination or high temperature exposure. The change in transmittance for selected transitions are listed in Figure 3b, which shows that the change of –OH in TiO2 is much larger than the change of –CF2- or –CF3 in PFOS. The change of –CF2- or

• locations. SEM images of TiO2–PFOS and Al2O3–PFOS composite surfaces. FTIR spectra of TiO2 and TiO2–PFOS, Al2O3 and Al2O3–PFOS. (a) Contact angle and FTIR spectrum of the TiO2–PFOS surface under different treatment conditions. (b) The change in transmittance for selected transitions, –OH, –CF2- and –CF3. (a

• ) Contact angle and FTIR spectrum of the Al2O3–PFOS surface under different treatment conditions. (b) The change in transmittance for selected transitions, –OH, –CF2- and –CF3. The possible mechanism describing the transition of TiO2 and PFOS under UV illumination and heating. Reversible superhydrophobic

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• UV radiation of the polymer chains. UV–vis transmittance spectra of PBS and the nanocomposites with 5 wt % of Mg2Al LDHs are presented in Figure 10. The largest decrease in transmittance is observed for PBS–LDH/PHE, then for PBS–LDH/HIS. As mentioned for the hybrid LDH materials, the absorption band

• can be caused by the cycle phenyl or imidazole acting as a chromophore. Also, PBS with Mg2Al/nitrate LDH shows lower transmittance, as described above. The evolution of the UV–vis transmittance of PBS and PBS nanocomposites was measured during photodegradation at 60 °C (Supporting Information File 1

• , Figure S5). The transmittance spectra for PBS are not modified during the entire period of irradiation. In the case of PBS nanocomposites with LDH/nitrate and LDH/HIS, the transmittance decreases during the first 20 h and then stabilizes. When the PBS nanocomposite with LDH/PHE is irradiated, the

Direct observation of the CVD growth of monolayer MoS₂ using in situ optical spectroscopy

• Claudia Beatriz López-Posadas,
• Yaxu Wei,
• Wanfu Shen,
• Daniel Kahr,
• Michael Hohage and
• Lidong Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 557–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.57

• substrates has been monitored in situ using differential transmittance spectroscopy (DTS). The growth of the MoS2 monolayer can be precisely followed by observation of the evolution of the characteristic optical features. Consequently, a strong correlation between the growth rate of the MoS2 monolayer and

• the optical properties of 2D TMDCs [2][20] and, most recently, also to monitor the molecular beam epitaxy of monolayer MoSe2 on sapphire substrates [27]. In the current work, we have applied an analogous technology, namely, differential transmittance spectroscopy (DTS), to realize the in situ real

• time study of the CVD growth of monolayer MoS2 on Al2O3(0001) surface. In this case, the normalized difference between the transmittance through the bare substrate and the transmittance after a given deposition time are resolved. By monitoring using DTS during growth, the evolution of the optical

Gold nanoparticles embedded in a polymer as a 3D-printable dichroic nanocomposite material

• Lars Kool,
• Anton Bunschoten,
• Aldrik H. Velders and
• Vittorio Saggiomo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 442–447, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.43

• 4th century puzzled scientists for long time: The Lycurgus cup [7]. This cup has a very peculiar dichroic filter property [8], as its color is dependent on the illumination angle, changing from clear red (transmittance) to opaque green (reflectance). It was later found that this optical property was

Development of an anti-pollution coating process technology for the application of an on-site PV module

• Sejin Jung,
• Wonseok Choi,
• Jung Hyun Kim and
• Jang Myoun Ko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 332–336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.32

• annealing treatments were applied to PV module glasses, i.e., furnace, rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and torch. Among these, torch annealing, which can be easily carried out at PV module installation sites, was applied to PV module glasses using different numbers of repetition. Light transmittance, contact

• light transmittance of 95% or higher [5][6]. Large solar power plants are currently being installed for power generation, and a huge amount of time and cost is required for maintenance, including surface cleaning. Therefore, the introduction of a technology capable of easily removing pollutants using

• were measured using the integrating sphere of a UV–visible spectrophotometer (Mega 700, Scinco Co., Ltd., South Korea). Results and Discussion The light transmittance measurement results of the fabricated functional coatings are summarized in Figure 1. The light transmittance of the coating film