Titania nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of ethanol under simulated solar light

• Evghenii Goncearenco,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Florian Dumitrache,
• Elena Dutu,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Alexandra Sandulescu,
• Crina Anastasescu and
• Ioan Balint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 616–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.51

• indicate changes regarding the variation of the nanoparticle surfaces according to the value of the working pressure. Since XPS analysis is a surface measurement and the samples were calcined in air, the possibility to identify the presence of Ti3+ species and oxygen vacancies is small, but we do not

• donor levels, for example chlorine atoms [66], but most probably they are acceptor levels created by titanium vacancies [67][68]. Band-to-band transitions have not been detected as separate PL bands, taking into account the obtained bandgap values from the optical properties. But, they are surely a part

• of the complex PL band at 400 nm, the resolution of which into the components requires another investigation. Oxygen and titanium vacancies have been found. These points defects are created most probably at the surface of the powder particles because in the HRTEM figures we do not see any dislocation

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• synthesize 8-carbon armchair graphene nanoribbons and nanographene C66 with periodic vacancies on the surface (Figure 8) [124]. Detailed processes of the surface synthesis of 5,8-dibromobenzene molecules kept at room temperature after deposition on Au(111) were disclosed through STM observations

• conversion of polymer chains to 8-carbon armchair graphene nanoribbons was observed to be efficient at the Au(111) monatomic step at around 670–720 K. The asymmetric distribution of periodic vacancies can form frontier orbitals with wiggly and linear geometries. On-surface synthetic nanoarchitectonics may

• lead to a variety of nonplanar graphene nanoribbons with periodic atomic vacancies. Molecular nanoarchitectonics by on-surface synthesis is a powerful tool for structures other than nanographene. Various functional units can be freely combined to obtain new nanostructures. However, it is generally

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo and
• Faisal Suleiman Mustafa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 291–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.26

• ][104][110][144][145][146][147][148][149][150]. Doping reduces the bandgap energy, introduces intermediate energy levels to overcome constraints, creates trap sites to capture photogenerated charge carriers, and increases the absorption of visible light. Additionally, after doping, oxygen vacancies or

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hong-Sheng Chan,
• Chia-Li Liao,
• Che-Wei Chang and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

• -streptavidin antibodies to the biotin moieties. In these tests, 11-mercaptoundecanol (MCU) molecules on an Au surface are selectively removed by the oxygen plasma activated PDMS stamp at stamp-substrate contact regions. BAT molecules are thereafter backfilled into the exposed surface vacancies, and the biotin

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• non-smooth walls of the MWCNTs indicates the presence of defects such as vacancies, dangling bonds, interstitials, and pentagons [14]. Figure 3b shows the irregular shape of TiO2 particles smaller than 20 nm and their non-uniform distribution. In Figure 3c, some MWCNTs link with TiO2 clusters as

• calculated as 3.14 and 2.51 eV, respectively. The results show that the lower bandgap of TiO2@MWCNTs catalyst could derive from vacancies on the MWCNTs or the interaction between TiO2 and MWCNTs [25]. Moreover, the C–O–Ti linkages on the TiO2@MWCNs contribute to the extension of the absorption of light at a

• transforms into rutile. This could be due to the carbon components on the MWCNTs acting as a robust reducing agent for facilitating the transformation from anatase to rutile TiO2 by forming oxygen vacancies [30]. Generally, the capacitance of the photoelectrochemical electrode is associated with the

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO₂ obtained by combustion synthesis

• Monika Michalska,
• Paweł Ławniczak,
• Tomasz Strachowski,
• Adam Ostrowski and
• Waldemar Bednarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1473–1482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.121

• given in the literature on the layered structure. The lattice constants depend on the fraction of vacancies and the mixing of Li/Co positions. There were no significant changes of the lattice constants a and c as functions of the temperature and size of the crystallites. Specific surface area

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• nitrogen vacancies and formation of energy sub-bands which help in overall reduction of the bandgap energy (Eg) [14]. At the same time, the incorporation of carbon into the HBN lattice results in the delocalization of electrons with simultaneous reduction in bandgap and is directly dependent upon the

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• type of halogen used. The activation of otherwise inert CO2 and H2O molecules is greatly aided by the ease with which photoinduced oxygen vacancies (OVs) are produced on the surface [25]. The excellent photocatalytic performance can be attributed to the layered crystal structures and small bandgap

• , heterostructure formation, interface modification, and Bi-content enhancement, have been employed. Defect formation Vacancies and defects affect the electrical properties of Bi-based semiconductor photocatalysts and, hence, govern the photocatalytic efficacy. Rao et al. reported an N2-assisted heat treatment

• vacancies in monolayered Bi2WO6 nanosheets with a thickness of 1.0 nm have recently been shown [82]. The Bi defects were shown to promote the adsorption and activation of reactant molecules, which reduced the energy barrier even more. The photocatalytic performance corroborated this. The presence of

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• atoms [64][65][66]. Also, Liang and co-workers reported that the recombination of the e−–h+ pairs could be inhibited by doping MgO into g-C3N4 [32]. When MgO is added, the defect concentration increases and Mg and O vacancies are generated in MgO@g-C3N4. These defects work as the electron traps, which

• and 5% MgO@g-C3N4 in the visible and UV range, which increased the photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation. The PL results confirmed the presence of vacancies in the MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunctions. MgO@g-C3N4 is promising for large-scale fabrication via this simple and fast method. This

Theoretical investigations of oxygen vacancy effects in nickel-doped zirconia from ab initio XANES spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge

• Dick Hartmann Douma,
• Lodvert Tchibota Poaty,
• Alessio Lamperti,
• Stéphane Kenmoe,
• Abdulrafiu Tunde Raji,
• Alberto Debernardi and
• Bernard M’Passi-Mabiala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 975–985, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.85

• Nanotechnologies, Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (IRSEN), Brazzaville, Congo 10.3762/bjnano.13.85 Abstract In this study, we present theoretical X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra at the K-edge of oxygen in zirconia containing Ni dopant atoms and O vacancies at

• vacancies. In this system, each Ni atom is surrounded by two shells of O with tetrahedral geometry, in a similar way as in bulk cubic zirconia. The oxygen K-edge XANES spectrum of this configuration shows a pre-edge peak, which is attributable to dipole transitions from O 1s to O 2p states that are

• one remains in a tetrahedral geometry. Furthermore, the introduction of two vacancies in the 2Ni-doped zirconia results in the two Ni atoms having distorted octahedral and trigonal bipyramidal geometries and being coupled antiferromagnetically in the ground state. Additionally, the oxygen K-edge XANES

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• three weak peaks at 448, 479, and 490 nm, which are indexed to the recombination of photoinduced electron−hole pairs, freely excited electrons, surface defects, and oxygen vacancies on the band edges, respectively [36][61]. It is apparent that the PL intensities of the Bi2WO6/TiO2-NT nanocomposites at

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• structure and produce microstructures such as the core–shell structure, local lattice distortion, interstitial atoms, and atomic vacancies, which are critical to its excellent photocatalytic activity. Keywords: brookite titanium dioxide; core–shell structure; photocatalytic activity; sodium doping; twins

• atomic pair distribution function based on electron diffraction. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy results revealed the existence of a core–shell structure, lattice distortion, interstitial atoms, and atomic vacancies in NaxTi1−xO2, which is critical for an excellent photocatalytic

• including the core–shell structure, the nanodomain, interstitial atoms, atomic vacancies, and complex defects can be frequently observed in the samples calcinated at 300 and 400 °C but rarely for other samples calcinated at higher temperatures. Since the higher calcinating temperature can improve the atomic

Revealing local structural properties of an atomically thin MoSe₂ surface using optical microscopy

• Lin Pan,
• Peng Miao,
• Anke Horneber,
• Alfred J. Meixner,
• Pierre-Michel Adam and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 572–581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.49

• effects strongly influence the optical and electronic properties of 2D-TMDC materials. Optical second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy has been recently used to study the presence of mid-gap states in the electronic band structure of WS2 flakes, which are induced by sulfur vacancies [14]. In

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• a long time. It was assumed that zinc vacancies, oxygen vacancies, and other defects are candidates for recombination centres involved in the visible luminescence [78]. Studies concerning the green luminescence of ZnO in the past few years assumed that the oxygen vacancies are the most likely

• candidates for recombination centres involved in the visible luminescence of ZnO [77][79]. Thus, the electrical and luminescence characteristics of zinc oxide could be changed by the number of oxygen vacancies or other point defects (vacancies, atom substitutions, and interstitial atoms). Moreover

• also benefits the SERS enhancement. Doping zinc oxide–Ag nanoparticles with magnesium also introduces defect sites (surface defects and oxygen vacancies), which form new energy levels below the conduction band of zinc oxide, facilitating the charge transfer mechanism. In this case, besides the charge

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• predominantly point defects, that is, defects associated with one lattice point, such as cation or oxygen ion vacancies. OVs determine the physical and chemical properties of metal oxides. Figure 4a shows the natural crystal structure of SnO2 synthesized by vapor transport [48]. The (110) plane of rutile SnO2

• and acetone [75]. The presence of graphene induces the formation of SnO2 and introduces Sn vacancies, which supports the electron transfer from the CB of Zn2SnO4 to oxygen under visible light irradiation (Figure 12). The authors only used a visible light LED with low power (3 W) and obtained a high

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

Topographic signatures and manipulations of Fe atoms, CO molecules and NaCl islands on superconducting Pb(111)

• Carl Drechsel,
• Philipp D’Astolfo,
• Jung-Ching Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Rémy Pawlak and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.1

• Cu(111) [62]. Occasionally, even a trilayer phase appears within the NaCl bilayer (Figure 3a and Figure 3b). Note also that dark protrusions originating from trapped Ar atoms are still visible through the NaCl island by STM as well as point defects. We do not exclude that these might be Cl vacancies

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• time dependence was shown to vary with dopant concentration (e.g., abundance of oxygen vacancies in ceria) and also depends on the ratio of grain boundary/grain bulk [22][23][24][25]. Single ceria grains in a mixed ion/electron-conductive composite have so far not been addressed by AFM-based

• in this study strongly depended on the surrounding. In single-phase ceria materials, oxygen is incorporated into oxygen vacancies in the structure at high temperatures [4][30]: Previous studies showed that at temperatures below 400 °C the concentration of defect associates in ceria increases because

• electrons are trapped at oxygen vacancy sites, allowing also for singly charged () or uncharged (VO) oxygen vacancies in close vicinity to Ce3+ ions [31][32], which show a strongly lowered mobility. For low temperatures, the common electroneutrality equation for acceptor-doped ceria can be shortened, as

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• , defects such as interstitials or vacancies can be created [23]. This can induce a significant amount of crystal structure alterations in a sample and thus artefacts. While these artefacts are well recognized for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) lamella preparation, in which the lamella preparation

• produce artefacts that would compromise the TEM analysis. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the program Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) to better understand the underpinning ion–solid interactions for the different settings [22]. The extent of created dislocations, vacancies as well

• (Figure 2) obtained using SRIM shows that the interaction volume depth of the 30 keV Ga ions in Cu is ≈25 nm and is in the same range as the EBSD signal information depth of 20 nm. Throughout the interaction depth, 786 vacancies are created per incident ion while ten atoms are sputtered. The total number

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• Supporting Information File 1. A brief analysis of the magnetism of Co structures is given in section S5 of Supporting Information File 1. Adsorption of Co and Ru clusters on defective MoS2 It is well known from both theoretical and experimental studies, that the MoS2 ML easily forms S vacancies. To get a

• adsorption. Using the formation of H2S from H2, we computed a vacancy formation energy of −6.16 eV, which confirms that defects are easily formed. Furthermore, our results showed that the presence of an S vacancy (giving a concentration of 2% vacancies per supercell) improved Cu adhesion and promoted the

• S atom from the ML onto the Co structure to create a Co4S cluster, which was also the most favourable Co4 structure on the defective ML. This shows that, in the presence of Co, further vacancies can be formed through the transfer of S atoms onto the metal cluster. In contrast, the presence of the

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• neighboring vacancies in the direction of electron flow leading to an accumulation of atoms at the anode and vacancies at the cathode [1][2]. Current trends in computer technology, namely, reducing the size of integrated circuits, increasing their power, and increasing the density of elements, have led to an

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• the introduction of lattice defects has been demonstrated in a variety of nanoengineering applications. The generation of vacancies, preferential sputtering of one atomic species over another, and the introduction of increasing amounts of disorder leading to eventual amorphization of a crystalline

• . investigated the nature of the ion-induced defects further, and determined that after irradiation, the ion-induced vacancies become saturated with oxygen [20]. The authors of the latter thus proposed that the mechanism behind the irradiation-induced insulating behavior involved oxygen groups acting as charge

• nitrogen, the focused helium ion beam was used to create lattice vacancies at predefined locations (in a similar manner to the related electron beam-based methods). After annealing to allow for diffusion of the vacancies, the presence of nitrogen-vacancy centers was confirmed by photoluminescence

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• luminescence characteristic for zinc substituted by aluminum and accompanied by vacancies. The AZO layers are found to be point defected depending on the surface preparation of the substrate. Also, the INBE/IDLE ratio depends on the GaAs surface etching procedure before the ALD process. Detailed sequence of

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• contact with graphene. The lowest concentration of defects is observed for graphene deposited on nanowires with the lowest density. The contact between graphene and densely arranged nanowires leads to a large density of vacancies. On the other hand, grain boundaries are the main type of defects in

• distribution in the layer. Coulomb interaction between GaN NWs and graphene could also create vacancies in graphene and, consequently, increase the density of defects. In turn, as reported recently, strain and carrier concentration can be influenced and modified by graphene defects as well [27][28][29][30

• impact of the defects on graphene strain and carrier concentration. Experimental studies have shown that some kinds of defects distort the graphene lattice and, consequently, increase graphene strain [46][47]. For example, the vacancies elongate graphene lattice and induce tensile strain, while Stone