Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• , which includes physical adsorption and electrostatic binding (Figure 3) [38]. Physical adsorption consists of either non-covalent weak hydrophobic or electrostatic hydrogen bonding, or attractive van der Waals interaction between antibodies and NPs [39]. Ionic binding, in contrast, involves an

Biomimetics on the micro- and nanoscale – The 25th anniversary of the lotus effect

• Matthias Mail,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Thomas Speck,
• William M. Megill and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 850–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.69

• nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders”. Here the challenge is to handle nanofibres which naturally stick to surfaces due to the van der Waals energy of surface interaction. Spiders which regularly process nanofibres into silk have evolved a structure on the surface of their hind legs to which the

The microstrain-accompanied structural phase transition from h-MoO₃ to α-MoO₃ investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction

• Zeqian Zhang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Minting Luo and
• Zhenfei Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 692–700, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.55

• octahedron layers in the ⟨100⟩α direction. The octahedron layers are bonded by van der Waals interactions in the ⟨010⟩α direction, crystalizing into the α-MoO3 structure. Keywords: microstrain; molybdenum oxide; phase transition; thermal expansion; Introduction Molybdenum exhibits oxidation states ranging

• tunnel ruptures the Mo–O2 bonds, forming individual MoO6 octahedron zigzag chains that share corners to generate octahedron layers. The octahedron layers are bonded by van der Waals interaction, crystalizing into the α-MoO3 structure. Results and Discussion Features of the phase transition from h-MoO3 to

• definition of the octahedra tunnel diameter by Lunk [24], the shortest O…O distance between diagonally located O atoms is 5.7053 Å. After subtracting the twofold van der Waals radius of O (1.52 Å), the diameter of the octahedra tunnel at 375 °C is 2.6653 Å, which is consistent with values given by Lunk (2.5

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• redox reaction during the electron deactivation process. For effective quenching, a complex driven by either hydrophobic, van der Waals, or π–π-stacking interactions is generated between the electron donor and the electron acceptor with a separation on a sub-nanometre length scale. The complexation of

Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) – a numerical model of setae acting in concert

• Alexander E. Filippov,
• Wencke Krings and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 603–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.50

• microscope [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. In this context, setae morphology and mesh size of the filtering structure and the surface chemistry and forces (e.g., van der Waals forces) of feeding structures and particles are of high importance, especially when the particles are of smaller diameter

• elastic ends of the short setae near the mouth opening. In particular, the adhesion by van der Waals attraction becomes possible at such scales. This part of the interaction must also be included in the model, namely in a form of potential interaction between the setae (or their tips) and the food

• – exp(−a(r – rvdW)))2, where rvdW is the position of the minimum of the van der Waals potential. The combined influence of all forces mentioned above leads to a typical dynamic scenario, which has been recorded in the movie in Supporting Information File 1. It reproduces quite realistically the behavior

Liquid phase exfoliation of talc: effect of the medium on flake size and shape

• Samuel M. Sousa,
• Helane L. O. Morais,
• Joyce C. C. Santos,
• Ana Paula M. Barboza,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Elisângela S. Pinto and
• Mariana C. Prado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 68–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.8

• flexural rigidity is about three times that of graphene but it can be bent to small curvatures without fracturing. These properties make nanoscale talc a promising candidate for the application [14][15][18] as reinforcement for polymers and other composites, including biocompatible materials, and van der

• Waals heterostructures. Being able to scale the production is a crucial step to realizing applications at an industrial level. We present the results of liquid-phase exfoliation of talc using different liquid media, namely sodium cholate aqueous solution (6 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL), Triton X-100 aqueous

Single-step extraction of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of riboflavin

• Polina M. Kalachikova,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Eldar M. Khabushev,
• Timofei V. Eremin,
• Timofei S. Zatsepin,
• Elena D. Obraztsova,
• Konstantin V. Larionov,
• Liubov Yu. Antipina,
• Pavel B. Sorokin and
• Albert G. Nasibulin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.130

• SWCNTs led to the upscaling of nanotube synthesis from laboratory reactors to cutting-edge manufacturing all over the world. Usually, raw SWCNTs consist of highly bundled structures due to strong van der Waals interactions between nanotubes, which alter and deteriorate their outstanding intrinsic

• adjacent riboflavin molecules (Figure 5b). As the riboflavin–dextran complex was relaxed, the binding energy between the riboflavin assembly and the dextran molecule was calculated. It was found that in the case of dextran in the top position (Figure 5a), weak van der Waals interactions do not depend

• intermolecular interactions negligible. The geometry of the structures was optimized until residual forces became less than 0.04 eV/Å. Grimme interatomic interaction was taken into account to describe the van der Waals-type of bonding [36]. The real-space mesh cutoff was set to 175 Ry, while calculations were

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• delivery systems through van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking, or electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions [24]. Several BODIPYs have been reported to be loaded into liposomes for cancer therapy [25]. Therefore, we speculated that BODIPY can be associated with our previously reported

Straight roads into nowhere – obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad,
• Christoph Neinhuis and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1345–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.111

• basic principles [40]: (i) transpiration, occurring in the leaves, providing the driving force for the water flow to overcome gravity and (ii) the cohesion of water, provided by van der Waals forces between the water molecules. The conduits consist of the cell walls of the dead xylem cells. The water

• molecules flowing inside them are connected to each other and to the conduit walls by cohesion generated by van der Waals forces. The conduits are interconnected by pores, termed “pits”, which allow water to enter and leave the conduits on the way upwards (see Figure 4). In this way, a three-dimensional

• weak van der Waals forces, whose range is at most 100 nm [41]. It is, therefore, prone to become unstable upon perturbations, particularly upon the entry of small air bubbles (by, for instance, damage such as broken twigs). If large enough, these perturbations initiate a process termed “air seeding

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• are just van der Waals forces, which are weak [46]. Metal oxides such as TiO2 only have the O 2p orbital in their VB. In contrast , Bi-based oxide materials have an electronic structure in which O 2p and Bi 6s orbitals are paired in the VB. The bandgap of the semiconductor may be reduced to 3.0 eV

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders

• Sebastian Lifka,
• Kristóf Harsányi,
• Erich Baumgartner,
• Lukas Pichler,
• Dariya Baiko,
• Karsten Wasmuth,
• Johannes Heitz,
• Marco Meyer,
• Anna-Christin Joel,
• Jörn Bonse and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1268–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.105

• product in the form of a random network of fibers, referred to as nonwoven fabric, the stickiness of the freshly produced and thus fragile nanofiber nonwoven remains a problem. This is mainly because nanofibers strongly adhere to any surface because of van der Waals forces. In nature, there are animals

• because nanofibers strongly adhere to any surface due to van der Waals forces [9]. For a cylindrical fiber with radius R interacting with the plane surface of a semi-infinite body, the energy per unit length due to van der Waals interaction is given as [9]: with the Hamaker constant AH, which is according

• to [9]: Here, the mass densities (ρ1 and ρ2) of the interacting bodies and the London coefficient c, which describes the particle–particle interaction, are multiplied. The van der Waals energy UvdW of the fiber obtained due to the interaction is the integral of the above interaction function µ over

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• shown to be removed one by one from the sample surface by tip indentation of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The probing of the interaction forces by AFM and thus the analysis of van der Waals (vdW) forces can provide valuable information on the evolution of the tip size. Carbon nanotube probes

• ][24]. Jiménez-Sánchez et al. [25] studied the extraction of Ir clusters from graphene (by indentation) on the surface of Rh(111) to fabricate AFM sharp nano-tips, i.e., with weak van der Waals interactions. Experiments were performed under ultrahigh pressure and low temperature (5 K) conditions using

• individual SWNT tip can be imaged stably with high-resolution images. Therefore, this tip type can have deeper applications in the nano field. However, due to large van der Waals forces, multiple carbon nanotubes tend to attach to AFM probes. Based on the above approach, a simple method was proposed to

Role of titanium and organic precursors in molecular layer deposition of “titanicone” hybrid materials

• Arbresha Muriqi and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1240–1255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.103

• TiCl4 on the hydroxylated surface, EHCl is the total energy of a free HCl molecule released as by-product, EEG is the total energy of the EG molecule and is the total energy of TiCl3-terminated hydroxylated surface. In computing the energies in Equation 1 and Equation 2, we also employ van der Waals

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• based on noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, van der Waals forces, π–π interaction, and electrostatic interaction. Moreover, the structural “fitting” effect may also have distinct adsorption behaviors for enantiomers. Therefore, the design of effective chiral

• structures formed by noncovalent intermolecular/intramolecular interactions of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydrophobic interactions [52][53][54]. As the construction concept is inspired by natural systems for molecular recognition, supermolecular-based nanostructures have attracted

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• responsible for the loss of energy from a specific cantilever oscillation mode), because Qsupport ∝ 1/t3 [62]. The measurement of magnetic, electric, or van der Waals forces is, thus, best done with thin cantilevers. These cantilevers typically have resonance frequencies of a few tens of kilohertz (comparable

• sensitivity is also useful for mapping other small forces, such as weak electrostatic, van der Waals, or Casimir forces, highlighting the advantages arising from using cantilevers with optimized force constant for a particular type of tip–sample interaction. At 6.4 K the total noise of the MFM cantilever is

Influence of water contamination on the sputtering of silicon with low-energy argon ions investigated by molecular dynamics simulations

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 986–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.86

• van der Waals and Coulombic interactions in the energy calculation, resulting in a sum of partial energies [38]. The ReaxFF force field was developed by van Duin et al. [34] for the Si–C–O–H system, and for all simulations described in this paper, ReaxFFSiOCH(2019) is used. To reproduce the

• pseudopotentials describing core electrons of the different elements. Van der Waals contributions are included using the Tkatchenko–Scheffler method [47]. A plane wave cut-off of 500 eV is used and k-points are automatically generated. The self-consistent calculation is performed using a Davidson block iteration

• °. Comparison between samples after irradiation with an incident beam at 100 eV and 85° for (a) the pristine sample and (b) the contaminated sample, where the silicon atoms are in the compact representation (yellow). The oxygen (red) and hydrogen (white) atoms are represented with their van der Waals

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• interactions (e.g., van der Waals forces), and adhesive chemistry of biopolymers (various types of glues) [5]. On the level of tissues, multiple cell types work together to perform complex tasks, based on their hierarchical arrangement governing the exchange of information between different cell types. To

• adhesion at contact angles between 60° and 80° [66]. The contrary material property of highly hydrophilic surfaces also effectively reduces protein and, subsequently, microbial adhesion. A theoretical study analysed the contribution to either adhesion or repellency of steric repulsion, van der Waals

• attraction, and hydrophobic interaction free energies of surface-bound hydrophilic polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer [67]. Greater surface density and chain length of terminally attached PEO chains were reported to correlate to a lower van der Waals attractive component. In turn, steric repulsion of the

Self-assembly of C₆₀ on a ZnTPP/Fe(001)–p(1 × 1)O substrate: observation of a quasi-freestanding C₆₀ monolayer

• Guglielmo Albani,
• Michele Capra,
• Alessandro Lodesani,
• Alberto Calloni,
• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Franco Ciccacci,
• Alberto Brambilla,
• Lamberto Duò and
• Andrea Picone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.76

• relevant charge transfer between the overlayer and the substrate occurs. In contrast, a low Ea is characteristic of physisorbed molecules, for which the adsorption is mediated by the weak van der Waals interaction with the substrate. Chemisorption is the typical scenario for molecules stabilized on

Optimizing PMMA solutions to suppress contamination in the transfer of CVD graphene for batch production

• Chun-Da Liao,
• Andrea Capasso,
• Tiago Queirós,
• Telma Domingues,
• Fatima Cerqueira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Jérôme Borme,
• Paulo Freitas and
• Pedro Alpuim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 796–806, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.70

• depolymerize due to strong van der Waals and London attractive forces among the long polymer chains [13]. It must also be considered that thermal treatments can often be counterproductive as they intensify polymerization, harden the PMMA residues, and complicate the removal. Therefore, the way toward clean

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• function is quite attractive because this function is versatile even for nanoparticles. Electrodes of sodium-ion batteries can be fabricated by using the Ni–CN–Ni colloids as glue. The contribution to the adhesion strength among 2D coordination polymers was generally considered to be van der Waals forces

• [147]. However, the adhesion strength varied over time, sometimes reaching values even close to 100 N·cm−2, which is higher than to be expected from van der Waals forces. The non-uniform deposition of Ni–CN–Ni nanosheets caused by Marangoni flow was an important reason for the unstable value of the

Design and selection of peptides to block the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by molecular docking

• Kendra Ramirez-Acosta,
• Ivan A. Rosales-Fuerte,
• J. Eduardo Perez-Sanchez,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Josue Juarez and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 699–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.62

• of the most commonly used programs [16][17][21]. ADV provides theoretical information about hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions. It can also predict the binding pose and binding affinity [20]. Considering these important features, ADV

• solvation potentials are neglected, while van der Waals potential, the nondirectional hydrogen bond term, the hydrophobic term, and a conformational entropy penalty are considered) [20][21]. It can be observed that the binding energy values (Table 1 and Table 2) are significantly lower than the binding

Reliable fabrication of transparent conducting films by cascade centrifugation and Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of electrochemically exfoliated graphene

• Teodora Vićentić,
• Stevan Andrić,
• Vladimir Rajić and
• Marko Spasenović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 666–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.58

• break van der Waals forces, leading to exfoliation [20]. Electrochemical exfoliation offers an alternative to LPE that is both scalable and widely available. It has been used to make graphene for various applications, including energy storage [21][22]. Both ultrasound-assisted LPE and electrochemical

Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of thermal conductivities of aqueous and hydrocarbon nanofluids

• Adil Loya,
• Antash Najib,
• Fahad Aziz,
• Asif Khan,
• Guogang Ren and
• Kun Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.54

• enables the system to keep the pressure constant but the volume is varied). The temperature of the nanofluid during simulation was maintained at 303 K with 1 bar pressure. Electrostatic and van der Waals forces were imparted on the nonbonded interaction for dispersion. Charges on the system were

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• general concept of self-assembly allows for the preparation of SAMs from the liquid or gas phase. Highly ordered TPT SAMs spontaneously form on Au(111) due to the formation of bonds between sulfur and gold atoms, which is accompanied by van der Waals interactions between the aromatic rings. The TPT SAMs

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• with the oleic acid and oleylamine ligands present on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles through van der Waals forces to facilitate the dispersion of nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Further addition of ethylene glycol weakened the van der Waals interaction, causing decomposition of nanoparticle