Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• supernatant upon several washing steps. “In Vitro Sedimentation, Diffusion and Dosimetry” studies were undertaken to determine the cell-delivered dose for all culture conditions based on the specific density and size parameters of the bio-nano conjugates [52]. Finally, comprehensive physicochemical

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• , and dried after the first three hours of coating. When the coating was finished after a total of six hours, the samples were washed in toluene and left in Milli-Q water for approximately 12 hours. The last washing step ensures that all produced HCl is removed from the coating which will otherwise

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• and washing (90 min with UC at 100,000g) deprived photomodified bio-NPs of the ability to preserve the protein corona. The study presented in this article is a pioneering one. We used the photomodification method that we developed earlier, which allowed us to obtain and visualize a complete protein

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• –2.00 hPa. For sample preparation, transversely sectioned T. bifurca specimens were fixed in Karnovsky fixative solution + 0.1% ruthenium red for 12 h. Following buffer washing, a post-fixative solution (osmium tetroxide + 0.1% ruthenium red) was applied at room temperature. After rinsing with alcohol

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• substrate was cut to approximately 1 cm2 in size and cleaned by washing it in acetone, methanol, and pure water for 10 min each. An ohmic contact was made with aluminum on the cleaned sample at 1 × 10−7 Torr vacuum in a PVD thermal evaporation device. Approximately 30 μL of the CDs stock solution was taken

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• samples, nearly the same amount of CTAB is present. In addition to this, the as-prepared CTAB-AuNR1 and CTAB-AuNR2 were also evaluated regarding heavy metal detection. Although the nanoparticle concentration has a big impact, washing nanoparticles is crucial in detecting heavy metals. As-prepared

• nanoparticles of the same concentration and size were evaluated to understand the impact of washing. As-prepared AuNR1 at 0.5 and 1 OD did not detect any metal through significant changes in color or plasmon resonance (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S15 and Figure S16). However, a slight blueshift of as

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• DMEM culture medium (10% FBS) at 37 °C for 10 min, using the thermoblock Thermomixer C (Eppendorf). Posteriorly, the precipitate was washed with PBS (pH 7.4, 10 mM) to remove excess proteins weakly adsorbed on SiO2NPs. The washing procedure was performed by centrifugation (14000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C

• ) and ii) human plasma (5.5% in PBS) at 37 °C for 10 min, using the thermoblock Thermomixer C (Eppendorf). After this period, the precipitate was washed with PBS (pH 7.4, 10 mM) to remove excess proteins weakly adsorbed on the surface of SiO2NPs. The washing procedure was performed by centrifugation

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• and cut into 1 cm × 1 cm pieces. The targets were thoroughly cleaned in an ultrasonic bath using ethanol, acetone, and DW for 10 min. After washing, the targets were fixed at the bottom of the glass beaker filled with 5 mL of DW and aqueous NaCl solution (1 mM). The setup was mounted on the motorized

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• @MnO2 NFs The CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs uptake by Huh-7 cells was observed under a fluorescence microscope. Huh-7 cells were incubated with 50 µg/mL NFs for 24 h. Then, 4% paraformaldehyde was used to fix the Huh-7 cells for 15 min, followed by washing with PBS. Fixed cells were stained by the Prussian Blue kit

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• HUVECs were seeded and incubated with nanovesicles as stated before. After incubation, supernatants were discarded, and cells were washed once with 100 µL PBS and incubated with 2.5 μg/mL JC-1 staining mixture for 15 min at 37 °C. Upon supernatant removal and PBS washing, the fluorescence intensity of

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• amounts: 100, 200, and 400 mg; dopamine hydrochloride/Fe3O4 ratios: 1:1, 2:1, and 4:1) and stirred at room temperature for 15 h at 1000 rpm. Following this stage, the obtained PDA-coated Fe3O4 NPs were separated from the solution using a magnet. Subsequently, unreacted material was removed by washing

• particles were removed by washing with distilled water. The PEGylation PDA/Fe3O4 NPs were then dried in a vacuum oven at 45 °C. The PDA-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles were modified with SH-PEG to facilitate their accumulation in tumour regions. In similar studies, the conjugation of SH-PEG onto the surface of

Study of the reusability and stability of nylon nanofibres as an antibody immobilisation surface

• Inés Peraile,
• Matilde Gil-García,
• Laura González-López,
• Nushin A. Dabbagh-Escalante,
• Juan C. Cabria-Ramos and
• Paloma Lorenzo-Lozano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.8

• immobilized on the surface of the NFs containing protein A/G through 1 h of incubation. Then, RPE-labelled BSA (10 µL 100 µg/mL in blocking buffer) was immunocaptured by the anchored antibodies over a period of 1 h. Washing steps were carried out between each step in order to remove non-linked excess reagents

• (immediately after antibody anchoring; it is considered the reference value) and 7 days, 30 days, and 90 days after antibody anchoring, bringing the immunocapture systems to room temperature only covered by aluminum foil. Washing steps were carried out between each step above in order to remove non-linked

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• ). After washing three times with distilled water and adding 5 mL of water, an aliquot of 0.5 mL of particle suspension (a volume concentration of 8%) was then incubated with 2 mg/mL CUR in DMSO (final concentration of CUR and DMSO were 1 mg/mL and 50% (v/v), respectively) for 1 h at RT and protected from

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• with the particles for 5 min. After washing in 0.9% NaCl solution, particles were centrifuged (3000g, 3 min), and the supernatant was decanted. Particles were then resuspended in 0.9% NaCl. For crosslinking, 0.02% glutaraldehyde (GA) was added to the particle suspension, which was then incubated for 1

• h at room temperature under stirring. After another washing in aqua dest. the MnCO3 matrix was dissolved using 0.25 M EDTA. After 30 min incubation time, 0.2 mg/mL NaBH4 in 0.1 M NaOH was added to prevent oxidation of Hb to met-Hb. Incubation for another 30 min followed. After triplicate washing in

• a washing solution of 0.9% NaCl containing 0.2% HSA, particles were resuspended in 0.9% NaCl, checked via light microscopy for aggregation, and stored at 4 °C. Particle characterization To ensure that the subsequent experiments would be carried out on particles that also met the quality requirements

Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes

• Brunno R. F. Verçoza,
• Robson R. Bernardo,
• Luiz Augusto S. de Oliveira and
• Juliany C. F. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.73

• passed when they reached confluence in the bottles. In addition, primary cultures of murine macrophages were obtained from the peritoneal cavity of CF1 mice by washing with Hanks’ balanced solution. Then, they were plated on coverslips in a 24-well culture plate and placed to adhere for 24 h at 37 °C in

Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles

• Remmi Danae Baker-Sediako,
• Benjamin Richter,
• Matthias Blaicher,
• Michael Thiel and
• Martin Hermatschweiler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70

• on a “Quantum X shape” lithography system (Nanoscribe GmbH & Co, Karlsruhe, Germany) following printing and post-printing protocols from NanoGuide. Post-printing protocols begin by removing unpolymerized material via two-step washing with either propylene glycol methyl ether acetate or mr-Dev for 15

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

• Ha Tran Huu,
• Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
• Vuong Hoang Ngo,
• Huy Hoang Luc,
• Minh Kha Le,
• Minh Thu Nguyen,
• My Loan Phung Le,
• Hye Rim Kim,
• In Young Kim,
• Sung Jin Kim,
• Van Man Tran and
• Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

• ) water, before being dried in a vacuum oven at 110 °C for 12 h. The product was further heated under air at 300 °C for 3 h. The activated carbon was obtained after washing with 2 M HCL and DI water. It was dried under vacuum and denoted as BC-800. In situ fabrication of Ge/C-iM750 composite material A

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• the 40 mL suspension at 200 °C for 5 h in a 50 mL poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-lined autoclave. Washing with DI water was carried out in order to remove the acid from the resulting black suspension once it had been cooled to room temperature. NaOH solution was subsequently used to neutralize the solid

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

Mixed oxides with corundum-type structure obtained from recycling can seals as paint pigments: color stability

• Dienifer F. L. Horsth,
• Julia de O. Primo,
• Nayara Balaba,
• Fauze J. Anaissi and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 467–477, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.37

• purification Formation of sodium chloride (NaCl) during the boehmite synthesis is observed. Therefore, it is necessary to purify the obtained boehmite. Purification was performed by washing the synthesized samples with hot water to remove sodium chloride. After this step, the boehmite was filtered and dried at

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• ]. 4T1 cells were seeded onto 12-well plates with a cover glass placed on the bottom of each well. After culture for 24 h, cells were incubated with free BDP (30 μM) and AB-LNPs (with a BDP concentration of 30 μM and a Au concentration of 30 μM) for 6 h. After washing twice with PBS, the cells were

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• burgundy to colorless. The reaction system did not change in color (it still appeared burgundy) after sufficient washing and heating, and no signal was detected by mass spectrometry (m/z 693). This indicates that the specificity of the colloidal gold nanoprobe is high enough to distinguish a target with

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• ) and 4-vinylpyridine- (4-Vpy) based polymer film with dansyl-ʟ-phenylalanine as the chiral template. The template was finally removed by washing with a solution of 0.01 M HCl. The resultant MIP could specifically recognize dansyl-ʟ-phenylalanine in solution and quantitatively measure ʟ- and ᴅ-forms in

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• that was at least partially removed during the washing process. Propolis adhesion on bee mandibles was measured to be 1 J/m2 and was indeed significantly lower compared to five technical materials. Propolis adhesion was higher on mandibles that were washed compared to fresh, unwashed mandibles. Results

• % ethanol, Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG), or acetone (Rotipuran® ≥99.8%, p. a. ACS ISO, Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG) for 5 min followed by 5 min washing with distilled water. Distilled water was used as an agent for removing hydrophilic substances from the surface of bee mandibles. Chloroform and acetone are known

• to remove hydrophobic substances and the wax layer from mandibles [27]. The ultrasonic bath facilitates the dissolving procedure and particle removal from the surface. To visualise the effect of washing, dry untreated mandibles and mandibles treated with the different solvents were examined using a

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• primitive cell volume was 254.7 Å3 as opposed to 258.9 Å3 for the standard brookite phase. Note that the Na content in the brookite is affected by the process of centrifugation and washing of the samples. When the samples were centrifuged and washed three times (as described in the Experimental section