Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• activation energy of the nanotube growth are summarized. Finally, the growth properties of inner tubes inside SWCNTs are considered. Keywords: activation energy; carbon nanotube; growth dynamics; growth rate; synthesis; Review Introduction Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) discovered in 1993 [1][2

• (the pressure of carbon precursor, size and chemical nature of catalyst particle, synthesis temperature) are reviewed. The correlation between the lifetime of catalyst and growth rate of nanotubes is discussed. The reports on the calculation of the activation energy of the nanotube growth are

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

Sensitive detection of hydrocarbon gases using electrochemically Pd-modified ZnO chemiresistors

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Gennaro Cassano,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 82–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.9

• but lower the activation energy. The sensing response of ZnO towards most of the toxic gases in general, and towards HC gases in particular, can be improved by surface deposition of noble metals. Sivapunniyam et al. [39] have reported the improvement of ZnO-nanorod-based HC gas sensing by doping the

Evolution of the graphite surface in phosphoric acid: an AFM and Raman study

• Rossella Yivlialin,
• Luigi Brambilla,
• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Carlo Spartaco Casari,
• Matteo Passoni,
• Franco Ciccacci,
• Lamberto Duò and
• Chiara Castiglioni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1878–1884, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.180

• whole range from negative to positive EC potentials. In this case, see panel c, the anodic feature is placed at about 1.40 V, while the cathodic peak is at −0.75 V suggesting that the processes require a lower activation energy. Aiming at a first investigation of the sample by optical microscopy, we

Microwave synthesis of high-quality and uniform 4 nm ZnFe₂O₄ nanocrystals for application in energy storage and nanomagnetics

• Christian Suchomski,
• Ben Breitung,
• Ralf Witte,
• Michael Knapp,
• Sondes Bauer,
• Tilo Baumbach,
• Christian Reitz and
• Torsten Brezesinski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1350–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.126

• interacting nanoparticle ensembles, the frequency dependence should follow the empirical Vogel–Fulcher law (ν = ν0 × exp[–Ea/kB(Tmax – T0)] with –Ea = KV), where T0 is the interparticle interaction strength parameter and Ea is the activation energy [46][47]. From the best fit to the data (Figure 6e), we

Fast diffusion of silver in TiO₂ nanotube arrays

• Wanggang Zhang,
• Yiming Liu,
• Diaoyu Zhou,
• Hui Wang,
• Wei Liang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.105

• diffusion of Ag atoms is observed. The diffusivity for the diffusion of Ag atoms on the outmost surface of the TiO2 nanotubes at 400 °C is 6.87 × 10−18 m2/s, which is three orders of magnitude larger than the diffusivities for the diffusion of Ag through amorphous TiO2 films. The activation energy for the

• the outmost surface of TiO2 nanotubes. Probably there are hardly any Ag nanocrystals formed inside the TiO2 nanotubes through the migration of Ag. Keywords: activation energy; fast diffusion; magnetron sputtering; silver; TiO2 nanotube; Introduction Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has gained great attention

• treatment of TiO2 nanotube arrays coated with Ag nanofilms. The microstructures of the Ag@TiO2 nanotube arrays are characterized to determine the diffusivity and activation energy of the Ag diffusion on the surface of the TiO2 nanotubes. Results The preparation route of the Ag@TiO2 nanotubes is

Molecular machines operating on the nanoscale: from classical to quantum

• Igor Goychuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 328–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.31

• considering the pertinent activation barriers – the way the Marcus parabolic dependence of the activation energy on the energy bias is derived in textbooks [38]. The fact that the inverted ET regime can be used to pump electrons was first realized within a driven spin–boson model [22][40][41][42]. The model

Plasticity-mediated collapse and recrystallization in hollow copper nanowires: a molecular dynamics simulation

• Amlan Dutta,
• Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri and
• Tanusri Saha-Dasgupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 228–235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.21

• the length of the wire, causes the collapse to be five-fold slower. Focusing on the high-temperature regime with spatially uniform morphological evolution (T ≥ Tcross), the time of collapse (tcol) is found to follow Arrhenius behavior, , Ea being an effective activation energy and ν being the attempt

• frequency, as shown in the inset of Figure 6. The non-linear fit to the data yields the effective attempt frequency as 5 × 1012 Hz, while the activation energy turns out to be about 0.27 eV. The observed Arrhenius behavior suggests that the thermally activated processes are operative during the collapse

• involving the nucleation of dislocations. The order of the obtained value of activation energy agrees well with that reported for the nucleation energy of dislocation [26], thereby providing support to this hypothesis. Atomic volume Because the radius of gyration becomes constant at the end of stage 1, a

Charge injection and transport properties of an organic light-emitting diode

• Peter Juhasz,
• Juraj Nevrela,
• Michal Micjan,
• Miroslav Novota,
• Jan Uhrik,
• Lubica Stuchlikova,
• Jan Jakabovic,
• Ladislav Harmatha and
• Martin Weis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 47–52, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.5

• identification of major bottleneck of charge injection and transport. Keywords: activation energy; impedance spectroscopy; organic light-emitting device; Introduction Since the discovery of organic electroluminescent (EL) materials such as tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum(III) (Alq3), organic light-emitting

• steady-state current–voltage characteristics recorded at various temperatures have been used to evaluate the activation energy of electric conductivity. Obtained results are compared with energy band diagram to identify major energy barriers limiting the current. Experimental The study of the charge

• transport bottleneck. It is interesting to note that estimated effective mobility follows the Poole–Frenkel dependence on the electric field, where Ea is the activation energy of the relaxation process, is the Schottky parameter, F is the intensity of electric field, and kT is the thermal energy (k

Chemiresistive/SERS dual sensor based on densely packed gold nanoparticles

• Sanda Boca,
• Cosmin Leordean,
• Simion Astilean and
• Cosmin Farcau

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2498–2503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.259

• cross-linked nanoparticle films [6][14]. The effective permittivity in the environment of the nanoparticles can increase due to the adsorption of analytes, which can replace ligands or fill up inter-molecular voids on the surface of the nanoparticles. This can decrease the activation energy for electron

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

• : Reducing the activation energy of the chemical processes by selecting appropriate precursors in a way that the conversion can take place at ambient temperature is an important target to reduce energy consumption [128]. Enhancing the energy efficiency of a chemical process and using alternative energies

• synthesis of metallic NPs, using biopolymers such as chitosan can eliminate the need to use capping agents [56][86][99]. Catalysis: Selecting proper catalytic reactions can enhance the overall efficiency of the process by decreasing the activation energy and increasing product selectivity. These advantages

Core-level spectra and molecular deformation in adsorption: V-shaped pentacene on Al(001)

• Anu Baby,
• He Lin,
• Gian Paolo Brivio,
• Luca Floreano and
• Guido Fratesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2242–2251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.230

• the central ring (hence highly reactive even if more aromatic) and decreases towards the outer ones [23][24]. Taking part in reactions through the most aromatic central ring is convenient for the molecule as the activation energy barrier is lower [25]. Furthermore the HOMO coefficients are highest for

Effect of SiN_x diffusion barrier thickness on the structural properties and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ films obtained by sol–gel dip coating and reactive magnetron sputtering

• Mohamed Nawfal Ghazzal,
• Eric Aubry,
• Nouari Chaoui and
• Didier Robert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2039–2045, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.207

• temperature required for nucleation, while the activation energy of the grain growth decreases [16]. The efficiency of the SiNx diffusion barrier to inhibit sodium diffusion from the SLG must be related to its thickness. It is well known that the SLG contains 14 wt % of Na2O, and the calcination at high

The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors

• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Ragesh Kumar T. P.,
• D. Howard Fairbrother and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1904–1926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.194

• the best-studied FEBID precursor with regards to the molecular mechanisms behind its deposition. These studies include absolute cross section measurements for DEA of Pt(PF3)4 [14] and a determination of the thermal electron attachment rate constant and the associated activation energy using a flowing

Temperature-dependent breakdown of hydrogen peroxide-treated ZnO and TiO₂ nanoparticle agglomerates

• Sinan Sabuncu and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1897–1903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.193

• in a solvent. The surface charge of a particle can vary with respect to the change in environment or any change in the surface chemistry. The proper treatment process of metal oxide NPs with H2O2 can reduce the activation energy of H2O2 resulting in the decomposition into H2O and O2, causing the

Current–voltage characteristics of manganite–titanite perovskite junctions

• Benedikt Ifland,
• Patrick Peretzki,
• Birte Kressdorf,
• Philipp Saring,
• Andreas Kelling,
• Michael Seibt and
• Christian Jooss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1467–1484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.152

• > ΘD/2 to determine the activation energy of the thermally activated hopping of small polarons. According to Bogomolov et al. [40], in the adiabatic limit, the resistivity can be written as with a prefactor, R0. For the measured J–V curves, the activation energy is calculated to be EA,RS = 126.1(1) meV

• = 107 V/m in a cross-plane measurement geometry. This value considerably exceeds that in lateral measurement geometries. A strong electric field leads to a reduction of the activation energy, EA [9]. In Figure 9 the Arrhenius plot of RP/T is shown. For high temperatures, the obtained activation energy

• reduced EA,RP at lower temperatures is due to an electric field-induced transition to driven polaron states and a related reduction of the activation energy for polaron transport [9]. A similar effect has been observed in PCMO–STNO junctions for the series resistance, RS [22]. In addition, current-induced

Thermal treatment of magnetite nanoparticles

• Beata Kalska-Szostko,
• Urszula Wykowska,
• Dariusz Satula and
• Per Nordblad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1385–1396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.143

• growth. On the other hand, it has been shown that for particular granular powders, the thermal stability increases with larger grain size [14]. These size-related effects are explained by enthalpy and stress, which influences the activation energy value [15]. Thermal sensitivity depends, in most cases

• structure be achieved [17]. At the nanoscale level, changes in the crystalline structure can be expected and observed at much lower temperatures, even very close to the room temperature. This is related to surface enthalpy and activation energy, which are size dependent [18]. It was found that Fe

Multiscale modeling of lithium ion batteries: thermal aspects

• Arnulf Latz and
• Jochen Zausch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 987–1007, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.102

• amplitude i0 in Equation 68 deviates from the usual definition [67] due to thermodynamic reasons [64] k is a reaction rate, which depends on the activation energy of the transition state for the ionic transfer from the electrolyte to the active particle. The full set of interface conditions for ionic flux

Magnetic properties of self-organized Co dimer nanolines on Si/Ag(110)

• Lisa Michez,
• Kai Chen,
• Fabien Cheynis,
• Frédéric Leroy,
• Alain Ranguis,
• Haik Jamgotchian,
• Margrit Hanbücken and
• Laurence Masson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 777–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.80

• from a complex balance of many competing processes occurring at the atomic scale. Each of these processes is thermally activated and characterized by an activation energy. By tuning the growth parameters, such as the substrate temperature or the deposition rate during the deposition of matter

• nanolines is governed by this atomic process of Co in-diffusion rather than the surface diffusion of the adsorbed Co atoms [21]. The incorporation of Co leads to the local destruction of the Si NRs, leaving bare Ag(110) areas. As the activation energy for Co surface diffusion is expected to be lower than

In situ observation of biotite (001) surface dissolution at pH 1 and 9.5 by advanced optical microscopy

• Chiara Cappelli,
• Daniel Lamarca-Irisarri,
• Jordi Camas,
• F. Javier Huertas and
• Alexander E. S. Van Driessche

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 665–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.67

• the existence of a surface energy distribution. In agreement with the above consideration the variability of biotite reactivity is an intrinsic factor of its crystalline anisotropy, i.e., surface energy variance, and thermodynamic parameters, such as activation energy, are not representative of the

• overall mineral dissolution process. For this reason the activation energy value reported in Cappelli et al. [38] would be part of a probability distribution and could only be associated to the low step retreat. In the same way biotite step-edge alteration can be reviewed based on the theory of

Entropy effects in the collective dynamic behavior of alkyl monolayers tethered to Si(111)

• Christian Godet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 583–594, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.60

• dependence of the B2 dipolar strength. For both dissipation mechanisms, the observed linear correlation between activation energy and logarithm of pre-exponential factor is consistent with a multi-excitation entropy model, in which the molecular reorientation path is strongly coupled with a large number of

• ]. Recently, the temperature dependence of the molecular relaxation frequency (at low reverse bias) has revealed the sensitivity of its activation energy to end-group functionalization, namely increased motional constraints with carboxylic acid substitution to methyl groups [40]. This extension of our

• -independent and has very small values for activation energy (EA = 29.6 ± 1 meV) and pre-exponential factor (fA0 ≈ (7 ± 2) × 103 Hz). Its small modulus intensity, M″MAX ≈ 0.02, and dipolar relaxation strength, Δε ≈ 0.09, decrease weakly as a function of the increasing temperature (Figure 6b in [32]). The

Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• the potential MDR barrier from the resistance gene(s) of melanoma cells to low concentrations of PTX. The height of a potential barrier is called activation energy (as known in reaction kinetics), that is, a reaction molecule must exceed the large energy barrier of this process, and it turns out that

• molecule recognition can be performed, the substrate will enter a transition state easily, and the activation energy will become lower. Conversely, in an enzyme–substrate reaction, since an adsorbed substrate is bound to an enzyme interface, its degree of freedom falls, and entropy generally will decrease

• decrease greatly by reduction of the interface for substrate adsorption, which is known popularly as an “induced-fit model” [48]. The enthalpy change is almost equal to the activation energy (ΔEa) in Figure 6, and a DDMC/PTX complex promotes a tubulin polymerization reaction, thereby leading to the

Electrical contacts to individual SWCNTs: A review

• Wei Liu,
• Christofer Hierold and
• Miroslav Haluska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2202–2215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.229

• activation energy method) are more suitable for extracting the Schottky barrier height at the metal–SWCNT contacts in CNFETs [33][34]. According to the thermionic emission theory, the thermionic current through the metal–semiconductor contact is proportional to the measurement temperature [35]. The SB height

• can be determined from the following equation [36]: where A is the contact area, A* is the effective Richardson constant, q and kb represent the elementary charge and Boltzmann constant, respectively, qφb is the activation energy, and T is the temperature. Figure 4a shows the transfer characteristics

• more positive and negative biases reveal only a weak temperature dependence due to carrier transport dominated by tunneling. Utilizing this characteristic, the activation energy (qφb, Figure 4c) is extracted according to Equation 3. Its maximum value corresponds to the Schottky barrier height. The

Silicon and germanium nanocrystals: properties and characterization

• Ivana Capan,
• Alexandra Carvalho and
• José Coutinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1787–1794, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.189

• simple MOS structure, with Ge NCs embedded in the SiO2 film deposited on a Si substrate. In order to check for the existence of the deep level traps coming from the Si/SiO2 interface, temperature dependent C–V measurements have been performed. The activation energy of the electron emission has been

• -covered nanocrystals with the same size. Like the hydrogenated Si NCs, chlorinated Si NCs doped with phosphorus or boron require a high activation energy to transfer an electron or hole, respectively, to undoped Si NCs. The electronic levels of surface dangling bonds are similar for both types of surface

The influence of molecular mobility on the properties of networks of gold nanoparticles and organic ligands

• Edwin J. Devid,
• Paulo N. Martinho,
• M. Venkata Kamalakar,
• Úna Prendergast,
• Christian Kübel,
• Tibebe Lemma,
• Jean-François Dayen,
• Tia. E. Keyes,
• Bernard Doudin,
• Mario Ruben and
• Sense Jan van der Molen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1664–1674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.177

• exponential dependence on T−0.5 [2][42]). For the three types of samples, there is now a clear similarity in the low-temperatures range, illustrated by the parallel lines in the semilog plot of Figure 5b, indicating an activation energy of the same order for the three molecular spacers. Nevertheless, the Au

• temperature. Additionally, it is difficult to reconcile a Coulomb-blockade picture with the continuous increase of the slope of the Arrhenius plot of Figure 5b when heating Au-NP–S-BPP networks. The latter would suggest a significant change of the activation energy, i.e., of the charging energy, as