Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• surface of nano-, micron, and micro- and nanocomposite structures. In this study, ten μm diameter silica spheres were selected as the particles for the colloidal probe and dispersed into an aqueous solution and sonicated for five minutes. A small amount of the dispersed liquid was removed and added

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• ), indicating that ZnO NPs are negatively charged and stable in aqueous solution. Photocatalytic degradation of dyes The photocatalytic degradation of ZnO NPs was evaluated through the degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange under visible and UV light and the degradation efficiency was calculated via

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• , patterning, and sensing, as a result of their advantageous characteristics [125]. Han and co-workers extracted cow milk-derived CDs (CM-CDs) from aqueous solution using ethyl acetate to create amphiphilic CM-CDs (ACMCDs). A unique ACMCD-Ag/polymethylmethacrylate antibacterial film was produced utilizing the

• , and they were effectively used for Cu2+ detection, which was attributed to the fluorescence quenching effect of the ions [128]. A unique and quick microwave-assisted method that requires two steps was reported by Pires for the synthesis of CDs with an average size of 9 nm from an aqueous solution of a

Solar-light-driven LaFe_xNi_1−xO₃ perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

• Chao-Wei Huang,
• Shu-Yu Hsu,
• Jun-Han Lin,
• Yun Jhou,
• Wei-Yu Chen,
• Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
• Yu-Tang Lin and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

• remaining in the aqueous solution during the textile process. The amount of dye wastewater is enormous and has gradually become the main wastewater discharged in the industry [6]. At present, dyes are mainly divided into azo dyes, thiazine dyes, acridine dyes, and aryl methane dyes. Due to their complex

• various photocatalysts prepared at pH 0 or pH 7 The standard concentration of MB aqueous solution was prepared at 20 ppm. Various LaFexNi1−xO3 perovskite oxides prepared at pH 0 were examined for dark adsorption and photocatalytic degradation. First, dark adsorption was not significant for all perovskite

• area and crystal diameters. A larger surface area would enhance the surface reaction with the aqueous solution, and larger crystal diameters could decrease the possibility of recombining electron-and-hole pairs. However, while the Fe doped content was set at 90%, replacing Ni, the photocatalytic

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• , Singen, Germany) at a frequency of 37 kHz in pure ethanol for 5 min. Subsequently, wafers were dried under a flow of nitrogen and covered with an 1% aqueous solution of branched polyethyleneimine (PEI), 25 kDa, for 15 min. To remove unbound PEI, the wafers were rinsed with deionized water. Coated wafers

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• × 1.0 cm2) and saturated calomel electrode (SCE) were used as the reference and counter electrodes, respectively. The Na2SO4 aqueous solution (0.5 M) was employed as the electrolyte and a xenon lamp with a 420 nm cutoff filter was used as the light source. The corresponding sample (5.0 mg) was

• pollutant solution was taken out at set intervals to determine the concentration variation of the pollutant solution. Cr(VI) and RhB were chosen as pollutant representatives, and the concentration of the RhB aqueous solution was measured by the absorbance at λ = 553 nm, analyzed through a Shimadzu UV-2450

• spectrophotometer. The concentration of the Cr(VI) aqueous solution was determined by the diphenylcarbazide colorimetric method as follows. 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (0.2 g) was dissolved in acetone/water (100.0 mL, v/v = 1:1) to form solution A, while H3PO4 (20.0 mL) and H2SO4 (20.0 mL) were homogeneously mixed in

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• BBR was significantly enhanced. The concentration of BBR NPs in aqueous solution (3.0 mg/mL) was higher than the saturation concentration of the precursor BBR (lower than 2.0 mg/mL). A notable increase in the antibacterial activity of BBR NPs against representative Gram-positive (MRSA) and Gram

• transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM1010, JEOL). The dynamic average size distribution and the stability of the prepared BBR NPs in aqueous solution were evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern Instruments. Antibacterial activity of BBR NPs The antibacterial

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• to remove the fat layer to the thickness of 3 ± 0.1 mm [31], and thawed before insertion testing on a 3D printed stretching mechanism to mimic skin in vivo conditions (Figure 2a). The MN arrays were initially oxygen plasma cleaned for 1 minute before dip coating with a concentrated aqueous solution

Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of thermal conductivities of aqueous and hydrocarbon nanofluids

• Adil Loya,
• Antash Najib,
• Fahad Aziz,
• Asif Khan,
• Guogang Ren and
• Kun Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.54

• constructed with 36 CuO molecules bonded by the COMPASS force field. This constructed nanoparticle size was 0.4 nm, as shown in Figure 1b. A molecular dynamics simulation of paraffin (i.e., eicosane C20H42) was also conducted for comparison with the aqueous solution. In the alkane/CuO nanofluid simulation

• thermal properties of the studied systems. The thermal conductivity of water/CuO nanofluids is significantly higher than that of nonpolar nanofluids. It was also found that due to higher velocities, intermolecular collisions and high kinetics of metal oxide atoms happen in aqueous solution, which results

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• analysis, 28–30 wt % solution of NH3 in water, Acros Organics). The preparation of the MNPs was performed by reverse precipitation, in which an aqueous solution (50 mL) of FeSO4 with the surfactant CTAB (2:1, mass ratio) was slowly dripped into a 50 mL basic solution of NaOH and NH4OH. The solution turned

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• solution. The surfactants SPAN 80 (0.855 g) and TWEEN 85 (0.045 g) were dissolved in CHX (20.4 g) and mixed with the aqueous solution of PHEG-Tyr with HRP. This two-phase system was cooled to 0 °C and dispersed using a UP200Ht ultrasonic processor equipped with a sonotrode S26d7 (Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH

• crosslinking in inverse miniemulsion by modification of an earlier procedure [24]. Briefly, PHEG-Tyr (0.18 g) was dissolved in Q-H2O (4 g) in a round-bottom glass flask for 24 h at room temperature under magnetic stirring. Then, HRP (0.450 mg) was dissolved in Q-H2O (0.32 g) and added to the PHEG-Tyr aqueous

Design and characterization of polymeric microneedles containing extracts of Brazilian green propolis

• Camila Felix Vecchi,
• Rafaela Said dos Santos,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 503–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.42

• extraction. The ethanolic extract (EE) was obtained using ethanol 96° GL and the comminuted drug with a drug/solvent (w/w) ratio of 3:7. The glycolic extract (GE) was prepared using the comminuted drug and an aqueous solution of propylene glycol 50% (w/w) and the same drug/solvent (w/w) ratio of 3:7. The

The role of sulfonate groups and hydrogen bonding in the proton conductivity of two coordination networks

• Ali Javed,
• Felix Steinke,
• Stephan Wöhlbrandt,
• Hana Bunzen,
• Norbert Stock and
• Michael Tiemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 437–443, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.36

• , followed by phosphonomethylation of the amino group using phosphonic acid, formaldehyde, and hydrochloric acid. The synthesis of the compounds [Mg(H2O)2(H3L)]·H2O and [Pb2(HL)]·H2O was achieved following published procedures [17]. For [Mg(H2O)2(H3L)]·H2O, an aqueous solution of MgCl2 (6 mmol, 1218 mg in 2

• mL H2O) was added to a mixture of the linker molecule (564 mg, 1.5 mmol), 1.5 mL of an aqueous solution of NaOH (c = 2 mol/L), 6.5 mL water, and 10 mL ethanol in a 30 mL Teflon insert, which was placed into a steel autoclave. For [Pb2(HL)]·H2O, Pb(OAc)3 (0.5 mmol, 189 mg in 2 mL H2O) was added to a

Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for ZIF-8 membranes with enhanced gas separation

• Season S. Chen,
• Zhen-Jie Yang,
• Chia-Hao Chang,
• Hoong-Uei Koh,
• Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi,
• Kuo-Lun Tung and
• Kevin C.-W. Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.26

• aqueous solution (50 mL) in an Erlenmeyer flask. The flask was connected to an aspirator to provide a vacuum to remove the air inside the pores of the disk. Then, the disk was kept in the aqueous solution for another 30 min until the porous support was fully filled with zinc nitrate. The α-Al2O3 disk was

• increased to 50 mM, a continuous ZIF-8 film with a high surface coverage was obtained (Figure 5b). In this case, the diffusion rate of 2-methylimidazole from 1-octanol solution into aqueous solution was relatively slow. As a result, homogeneous crystal formation was suppressed through the small number of

Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 284–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.23

• ) FTIR spectra of MZG, GSH, and Myr. (e) Stability evaluation of MZG nanoparticles during incubation in aqueous solution at 37 °C for 24 h. (f) Stability evaluation of MZG nanoparticles during incubation in the mixture medium of PBS containing 9% DMEM and 1% FBS (v/v) at 37 °C for 24 h (equivalent

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• with the oleic acid and oleylamine ligands present on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles through van der Waals forces to facilitate the dispersion of nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Further addition of ethylene glycol weakened the van der Waals interaction, causing decomposition of nanoparticle

• ) Magnetic hysteresis curves of individual Fe3O4 nanoparticles as well as NPCs. The insert shows aggregation of NPCs dispersed in aqueous solution by a magnet. (d) DLS characterization of NPCs dispersed in cell culture medium. (e) DLS results of NPCs suspension after five heating/cooling cycles. Photothermal

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• and composition of nanostructures, the assembling behavior and stability in aqueous solution, the loading/encapsulation ratio of drugs, and the toxicity of nanostructures to living organisms still need to be overcome by researchers. Moreover, little research has been done on the biocompatibility of

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• aqueous solution to Fe present on the surface of the nanoparticles. Such Fe–OH associations are often found on iron oxide nanoparticles due to their high reactivity [28][35]. Characteristic peaks for NOR observed at 1258 cm−1, 1615 cm−1, 1734 cm−1, 2852 cm−1 and 3418 cm−1 in Figure 2f are indicative of

• synthesized by co-precipitation of ferrous and ferric chloride salts [47]. An aqueous solution of Fe2+:Fe3+, taken in the molar ratio of 1:2, was stirred at 700 rpm with nitrogen purging, for 10 min, at 80 °C. The reduction to Fe3O4 was carried out with the addition of 15 mL of 25% ammonia solution. Stirring

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• ) and with a dissolution capacity of 98% at 4 h (aqueous solution with 1% SDS, at 37 °C, and 100 rpm). Regarding their pharmacokinetics in vivo (rabbits, 25 mg/kg), it was observed that when the nanocrystal was administered via endotracheal insufflation, the average maximum concentration (Cmax) and the

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• to be highly underinvestigated despite the advantages an aqueous solution-based synthesis route can offer. Instead, commercial S NPs are increasingly employed in cathodes, for instance, by Chen et al. [58], who wrapped reduced graphene oxide sheets around such NPs (Figure 7B). In this case, the

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• schematically in Figure 1 and produces about 270 mg of AgNWs, which could be considered a high-yield synthesis. Formulation of AgNW ink and fabrication of transparent conducting films A facile method was chosen for synthesizing the AgNW ink, which involved the mixing of an aqueous solution of the adhesive agent

• morphology of the Ag NWs was best at a reaction temperature of 160 °C and a 1:4 ratio of AgNO3/PVP. The XRD analysis confirmed the crystallinity of the AgNWs structures. The aqueous solution of the AgNWs exhibited a broad PL emission band in the red region. The SEM images confirmed that the final product was

• free from impurities, that is, silver nanoparticles. No other nanostructures could affect the optical and conduction properties, or the roughness of the film. A silver nanowire ink formulated by adding HEC to an aqueous solution of silver nanowires, was then loaded onto the surface of PET films by

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• ) properties and bandgap measurements of the deposited layers were also reported. The highest EQE value was obtained for the samples initially etched with a citric acid-based etchant and, in the last preparation step, either passivated with ammonium sulfide aqueous solution or treated with ammonium hydroxide

• surface with an acidic/base aqueous solution (e.g., HCl/H2O, NH4OH/H2O) [16]. If not only the oxide layer but also the suboxide layer of GaAs need to be etched, different methods can be utilized which combine both processes: semiconductor surface oxidation and etching. In this case, also acidic and basic

• (ending with the same suffix) but with an extra sulfur-passivation step utilizing a 10% ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S aqueous solution (SA10). The passivation was conducted within a separate additional stage just before the ALD process. Thus, the numerical suffixes in both groups denote the specific path of

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• -mode microwave (Initiator, Biotage) was employed. In a typical batch synthesis of the SERS substrate, 12 mM of an aqueous solution of silver acetate was mixed with ethanol in a 2:1 ratio. Three substrates were placed in a 5 mL microwave vial which was filled up to 3 mL with water/ethanol/precursor

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• prepared according to [52] using the sol–gel method. A 1.23 mol/L aqueous solution of sodium tungstate dihydrate (Na2WO3⋅2H2O) was added into a 12 mol/L aqueous solution of nitric acid under constant rapid stirring. The prepared sol of tungstic acid was washed in distilled water using multiple