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Search for "array" in Full Text gives 381 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
A chemiresistive sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites and machine learning classification
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 411–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.34
- 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic 10.3762/bjnano.13.34 Abstract The selective detection of ammonia (NH3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon oxides (CO2 and CO), acetone ((CH3)2CO), and toluene (C6H5CH3) is investigated by means of a gas sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites. The array
- data by principal component analysis to be a highly accurate method reach to 99% of the classification of six different gases. Keywords: feature extraction; gas sensor; pattern recognition; sensor array; Introduction The control and monitoring of toxic gaseous substances, such as ammonia, nitrogen
- powerful tool to address the abovementioned drawbacks is the implementation of a multisensor array combined with appropriate pattern recognition and classification tools [6]. Recently, classification in gas sensing applications has been carried out by principal component analysis to identify the difference
Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32
- the first time. They used single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to prepare a suspended cross bistable switch array. Table 1 summarizes the structures and the voltage of CNT-NEM switches described in the literature. In addition to bridge and cantilever structures, the vertical structure further
Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31
A broadband detector based on series YBCO grain boundary Josephson junctions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 325–333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.27
- dynamic range by a factor of 5. For typical YBaCuO Josephson junctions fabricated on a ZrYO bicrystal substrate by magnetron deposition, the following parameters were obtained at a temperature of 77 K: responsivity = 9 kV/W; NEP = 3·10−13 W/Hz(1/2); power dynamic range = 1·106. Keywords: array
- applications the performance of the HTSC devices is limited by the fairly low impedance of the JJ. It leads to moderate conversion efficiency in Josephson mixers [15][16] and reduced absorbed power in JJ detectors [17]. One possible way to solve this problem is to replace a single JJ by a chain or an array of
- of the three-port configuration increases due to better antenna matching, each individual port in the array receives less power than in the case of a single port in the antenna. Due to the serial connection of the JJs into a common receiving system, the elements share the power among them. The more
Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15
- phosphate ions than the rutile phase in body fluids, supporting the deposition of apatite. A titania nanotube array (anatase) showed increased cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation [67]. Titanium heart valves are also very compatible and compete with regular tissue valves [68]. In addition
A photonic crystal material for the online detection of nonpolar hydrocarbon vapors
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 127–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.9
- array with a sensing matrix of polydimethylsiloxane, have been determined by using scanning electron microscopy and by the results of specular reflectance spectroscopy based on the Bragg–Snell law. A new approach has been proposed for the application of this sensor in chemical analysis for the
- of a monolayer of spherical particles placed on a substrate. 3D structures, which appear in the form of a crystalline colloidal array (CCA), are called opal structures (spherical particles close-packed in an ordered structure). If the structure has been placed in a matrix and the particles have been
- , the structure has a face-centered cubic lattice (FCC), therefore, it can be assumed that the structure is filled by 74% with PS and that the remaining volume is filled with air or polydimethylsiloxane [34][35]. Figure 2 shows the surface of a crystalline colloidal array obtained by using scanning
Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2
Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88
- -assisted chemical etching was used by Qin et al. [79] to prepare a dendritic array of Si/WO3 NW composites, which was tested for the detection of NO2 gas at room temperature. Figure 17a–e SEM and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images of Si/WO3 NWs. Figure 17f shows the XRD
A new method for obtaining model-free viscoelastic material properties from atomic force microscopy experiments using discrete integral transform techniques
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1063–1077, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.79
- single Voigt unit in series with a spring. Details about the simulation and the material parameters can be found in the Methods section. Linear ramp stress is applied to the material, from which the corresponding strain is calculated. This calculation gives the stress vs strain as a time-dependent array
An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77
- biotherapeutics, drugs, and vaccines through the skin. A wide range of microneedle structure, design, geometry, and microneedle array densities is manufactured using different rapid prototyping and microfabrication technologies such as deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) [2], lithography [3], hot embossing [4], and
- example using porous silicon, is one possible solution [39][40][41]. However, a hydrogel reservoir which could be much larger than the microneedle array seems a better option, since it can swell to achieve greater load which can be released under finger pressure in combination with microfluidic
- -opened, conical, bevelled tip, (3) material selection, (4) fabrication feasibility, (5) application, (6) layout of the arrays, (7) density, (8) total number of microneedles, and (9) surface layer state (e.g., hydrophobicity). In addition, microneedles are defined according to their array density, length
Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72
- pathways to further improve the recessed nanoelectrode arrays based on anodic alumina templates are discussed. Keywords: anodic alumina; gold; nanoelectrode array; recessed electrode; templated electrodeposition; Introduction A nanoelectrode array (NEA) is a set of regularly arranged isolated metal
- direct-writing using electron beam lithography [11][12] or ion beam milling [13][14]) are limited by the ensemble area and expensive in mass production, but allow one to precisely tune the parameters of an array (a geometry of individual electrodes and the distance between them) over a wide range. An
- available porous AAO films with a highly irregular structure to prepare the Au nanowell electrodes with 600 nm depth by templated electrodeposition. It is worth noting that the percentage of nanoelectrodes in the array that are involved in electrochemical reactions has not been discussed in detail. At the
The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66
- layer of filters (i.e., kernels). Each filter is an array that contains parameters. Each filter is convoluted with each image resulting in mappings of the extracted features. These are called “feature maps”. The number of feature maps for an image is the number of filters applied to the image. In
Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 725–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.57
- interactions, undisputedly one of the most important groups of animals [37]. The chitinous exoskeleton is often mentioned as the basis of structural diversification and considered a key innovation for the success of insects [37][38][39]. The versatility of the cuticular integument provides a broad array of
- rough surfaces [158][162]. Pad material (structure) that is soft under compression but strong under tension It is well known that an array of thin fibres is soft under compression, but exceptionally strong under tension [253]. This is the key principle of both pad architectures: hairy and smooth (Figure
Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54
- . Lee et al. proposed a based Hg2+ ion sensor based on ZnO nanowires and carbon nanotubes for detecting toxic pollutants [17]. The ZnO nanowire (NW) array acted as power source. When Hg2+ ions were detected, the system powered a light-emitting diode (LED). Li et al. designed a self-powered heavy metal
- under exposure to oxygen (O2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas, and water vapor. The sensitivity to H2S gas was as low as 100 ppm. The design of the whole self-powered sensor system consists of three parts. A ZnO NW array as the piezoelectric energy generation module, Ti foil and Al layer as electrodes, and
- array showed high sensitivity and fast response [19]. At room temperature, the piezoelectric voltage of the NiO/ZnO NW array was reduced from 0.388 V (in dry air) to 0.061 V (at 1000 ppm H2S), and the response was approximately 10 times that of naked the ZnO NW array. An In2O3/ZnO heterostructure was
A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52
- comprising an arrangement of discs of 100 nm diameter with a pitch of 200 nm were irradiated, demonstrating the capability of the focused helium ion beam method to achieve magnetic property engineering in the form of a nanoscale periodic array. In follow-up work, consistent magnetization reversal for all
- ion irradiation of crystalline materials under certain conditions is the formation of a so-called gas bubble superlattice, comprising a periodic 3D array of nanobubbles imposed onto the host lattice. This can result in so-called radiation hardening of the material, which is of particular significance
Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33
- from the formation of the particle clusters. Equations 5–11 can now be expanded in order to describe particle assembly in two dimensions. Aggregation in two dimensions Next, we consider two variations of an infinite, two-dimensional (2D) array of particles, that is, a uniform square lattice and a
- where the van der Waals and double layer forces are balanced (net force is zero). (a) 1D array of particles that undergo (b) uniform assembly or (c) non-uniform assembly. (a) Two-dimensional square lattice of particles with a uniform spacing of d. A single particle centered at the origin, O, feels the
Intracranial recording in patients with aphasia using nanomaterial-based flexible electronics: promises and challenges
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 330–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.27
- bone, which could result in brain damage. Flexible ECoG electrodes have been developed that can reliably attach to the cortex without removing skull bone, improving the recording signals [76]. Based on a flexible microelectrode array, a wrapping electrode array that can be inserted beneath the skull
- (iWEBS) was fabricated to map cortical connectivity in a wide region, as presented in Figure 5a. The microelectrode array was made of patterned Au wires passivated with SU-8 photoresist on a flexible polyimide (PI) substrate (Figure 5b). The thickness of iWEBSis was only 14.5 µm with 2 µm SU-8 and 12.5
- -noise ratio (Figure 5c, right). The real-time signals of cortical activities in different medical and drug-induced epileptic states were precisely measured when the iWEBS array was used in freely moving mice. Combined with optogenetic mapping techniques, long-range cortical interactions were
The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25
- pitch of a 10 μm rectangle to 10 nm, an array of 1000 × 1000 holes with 10 nm spacing may be created. By placing such rectangles onto a rasterized curve, this curve will be replicated in the same manner. While this approach is fast and efficient for large arrays of patterns consisting of few points, it
- than (−320 mT, Figure 5f). Remarkably, the domains in the irradiated areas shrink to a dense array of small bubble domains close to the saturation point (Figure 5f). Hence, through He-assisted sample fabrication, the formation of magnetic domains can be enhanced in a controlled manner, probably due to
Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21
- between the exposure points. Secondly, to characterize the growth, square arrays of 3 × 3 pillars, each pillar grown at a different dwell time, were fabricated. In each array, the pillar separation was 1 µm. Two types of arrays were deposited, one with short dwell times of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20
- deposition times (type 1) were deposited from (Cl,Et)AuCF3, due to its high deposition rate. For all other precursors, arrays with long deposition times (type 2) were fabricated. Figure 6 shows SEM tilt images (at 5 keV and 40 pA) of a typical array of deposited pillars for each precursor. For each deposited
- of primary electrons used to deposit a pillar. During all experiments the substrate and the precursor were heated together to 100 °C, except for (Cl,Me)AuCl, which was heated to 120 °C. For each precursor an array of 3 × 3 pillars was deposited. The lines between the points merely serve as a guide to
Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18
- detector in the dark field [20]. Kavanagh et al. used a silicon diode array as a pixelated sensor for transmission imaging to observe ion beam scattering with a static beam and as an end-point detection for pore milling into graphite sheets [21]. This work presents the design and capabilities of a dark
Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12
- control signal and readily employed in human–machine interactions. P-TENGs can also work as tactile sensors to obtain a self-powered paper piano controlled in real time. By properly cutting and folding, a paper piano was obtained by utilizing an array of P-TENGs as an interactive keyboard [94]. In the
Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 139–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.11
- , the local thickness of the sample h is determined for each pixel, as we can see in Figure 5a. EFM measurements were carried out in the same sample region, varying the bias voltage from −10 V to +10 V. This resulted in 21 images, each one an array of frequency shift values. For the same pixel element
Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1
- giardias, with ultrahigh-resolution SEM and HIM [84]. Of particular interest to the authors was the cytoskeleton of Giardia intestinalis for which HIM enabled the visualisation of “a lattice-like array material that covered the microtubular sheets of the funis.” A review article on protozoa imaging by de
Scanning transmission imaging in the helium ion microscope using a microchannel plate with a delay line detector
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1854–1864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.167
- adjust the acceptance angle interval when performed in DF. Most recently, a position-sensitive detector consisting of a silicon diode array has also been adopted for use in the HIM [31]. Later the same group also studied channeling effects on single-crystalline silicon with this detector [32]. In this
Piezotronic effect in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction nanowires used as a flexible strain sensor
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1847–1853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.166
- suitable applied electric field, the mechanism of EC etching can be described by: The corresponding SEM images are shown in Figure 2d–f. After ICP dry etching, a regular stripe array was formed (Figure 2d) and the shape of the NWs was controlled in advance during stepper lithography. Because of its high
- /GaN heterojunction NW array after ICP dry etching. (e) SEM image during EC etching. (f) SEM image of the released NW after EC etching. (a) Experimental setup showing the stress application on the AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction NW-based strain sensor. (b) I–V characteristic curves at different
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