Natural and artificial binders of polyriboadenylic acid and their effect on RNA structure

• Giovanni N. Roviello,
• Domenica Musumeci,
• Valentina Roviello,
• Marina Pirtskhalava,
• Alexander Egoyan and
• Merab Mirtskhulava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1338–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.138

• delivery of these molecular tools can be selectively directed towards cancer cells and, after their internalization, the anticancer activity could be exerted either by the entire conjugate or by the free binder after loss of the targeting agent. Thus, due to the importance of poly(rA) binders, for example

• other artificial compounds such as ethidium salts, quinacrine, and proflavine proved to be efficient binders of single-stranded poly(rA) capable of inducing self-structures of such RNA. This characteristic is absent in the compound Hoechst 33258 that acts as a poly(rA) binder, but is unable to provoke

High sensitivity and high resolution element 3D analysis by a combined SIMS–SPM instrument

• Yves Fleming and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1091–1099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.110

• re-sputtered and extracted by the secondary optics of the mass spectrometer. Titanium carbonitride-based cermet The titanium carbonitride-based cermet consists of Ti(C,N) grains with a cobalt binder percolating the ceramic grains [21]. Figure 3 shows two snapshots of a Ti(C,N) sample analysed by

• (Figure 3b). From the combined SIMS–AFM image reconstruction, we determined that the phase containing the Co binder is sputtered at a rate of 0.28 nm·μm2·pA−1·s−1, compared to a sputtering rate of 0.10 nm·μm2·pA−1·s−1 of the Ti domains. Thus, the Co binder material is sputtered 2.8 times faster than the

• , it can be noticed that the surface roughness of the grains changes in a less pronounced way than the surface roughness at the zones corresponding to the Co binder. EUV reticle test structures In the field of lithography, various test structures that mimic large extreme ultra violet (EUV) reticules

From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

• electrode. Black et al. exposed battery components to potassium superoxide dissolved in aprotic liquids and found that polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a common binder material, decomposes while lithium fluoride (LiF) is formed [81]. They suggest that LiO2, a strong base that is formed as an intermediate in

Multiscale modeling of lithium ion batteries: thermal aspects

• Arnulf Latz and
• Jochen Zausch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 987–1007, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.102

• in order to increase the available surface for insertion or conversion reactions. To ensure the mechanical stability of the electrode, binder has to be added, which in turn is not without consequences for the electrochemical properties of the batteries. Therefore the nano- and micrometer-scale

Materials and characterization techniques for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Roswitha Zeis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 68–83, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.8

• surface of the platinum catalyst and therefore hampers the reaction kinetics. Additionally, the binder material plays a key role in regulating the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the catalyst layer. Subsequently, the binder controls the electrode–membrane interface that establishes the triple phase

• cell operation. Various novel tools for characterizing and diagnosing HT-PEMFCs and key components are presented in this review, including FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, synchrotron X-ray imaging, X-ray microtomography, and atomic force microscopy. Keywords: binder; catalysts

• of carbon-supported platinum catalyst, solvent, and binder onto a GDL, followed by a drying step. There exist a wide range of catalyst layer deposition techniques, for instance, spraying [12], decal transfer [36], painting [37], rolling [38], sputter deposition [39], and doctor blade coating [27

Manganese oxide phases and morphologies: A study on calcination temperature and atmospheric dependence

• Matthias Augustin,
• Daniela Fenske,
• Ingo Bardenhagen,
• Anne Westphal,
• Martin Knipper,
• Thorsten Plaggenborg,
• Joanna Kolny-Olesiak and
• Jürgen Parisi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 47–59, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.6

• powder with 10 mg of MnOx catalyst. This active material was dispersed in ethanol and ultrasonicated for 20 min. As a binder material, 0.1 wt % Nafion/water solution was added to the catalyst/carbon paste and ultrasonicated for another 20 min. A 10 µL drop of the ink was applied on a glassy carbon disc

Template-directed synthesis and characterization of microstructured ceramic Ce/ZrO₂@SiO₂ composite tubes

• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Meike Naumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1152–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.126

• the mixed ceria/zirconia solid solution of the composition Ce0.13/Zr0.87O2 which is connecting the SiO2 particles as a ceramic binder. Based on these findings future studies may investigate the effect of this phase on the hardness, viz. the mechanical properties. Results and Discussion Synthesis of

Biocalcite, a multifunctional inorganic polymer: Building block for calcareous sponge spicules and bioseed for the synthesis of calcium phosphate-based bone

• Xiaohong Wang,
• Heinz C. Schröder and
• Werner E. G. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 610–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.72

• vascularization and tissue supply with oxygen. Much progress has been achieved in rapid prototyping/3D printing techiques in the last years. 3D printing is a computer-controlled layer-by-layer technology. Thereby a binder (binding solution) is printed into each layer of powder, a step-wise process that finally

Constant-distance mode SECM as a tool to visualize local electrocatalytic activity of oxygen reduction catalysts

• Michaela Nebel,
• Thomas Erichsen and
• Wolfgang Schuhmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 141–151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.14

• microscopy (4D SF/CD-SECM) was utilized for the investigation of the activity distribution of oxygen reduction catalysts. Carbon-supported Pt model catalyst powders have been immobilized in recessed microelectrodes and compared to a spot preparation technique. Microcavities serve as platform for the binder

• recessed electrodes have already been reported [33][34] and a further miniaturization of the modified surface area is therefore possible. Furthermore, immobilization of the catalyst powder within the cavity of the recessed microelectrode allows for avoiding any binder additive such as, e.g., Nafion that is

• commonly used for rotating disk electrode studies or spot preparation [23]. Since the influence of Nafion on the catalytic activity is still not fully understood [35][36][37], the investigation of the catalyst material in absence of any binder is an additional advantage of this sample preparation method

Influence of particle size and fluorination ratio of CF_x precursor compounds on the electrochemical performance of C–FeF₂ nanocomposites for reversible lithium storage

• Ben Breitung,
• M. Anji Reddy,
• Venkata Sai Kiran Chakravadhanula,
• Michael Engel,
• Christian Kübel,
• Annie K. Powell,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 705–713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.80

• placed in an incubator (Binder) to maintain a constant temperature of 25 ± 0.1 °C or 40 ± 0.1 °C. The electrochemical studies were carried out using an Arbin battery cycling unit. Results and discussion Optimization of ball milling conditions It was shown that a pretreatment of the CFx precursor directly

AFM as an analysis tool for high-capacity sulfur cathodes for Li–S batteries

• Renate Hiesgen,
• Seniz Sörgel,
• Rémi Costa,
• Linus Carlé,
• Ines Galm,
• Natalia Cañas,
• Brigitta Pascucci and
• K. Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 611–624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.68

• battery, which depends mainly on the type of binder that is used [5][6][7]. Related to the morphology and volume changes of the cathodes, it was found that the sulfur cathodes expand while discharging and shrink while charging. The thickness change of the electrode was measured to be approximately 22% [8

• capacity of approximately 1000 mA·g(sulfur)−1 [19][20]. Another approach is based on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on a nickel foil without any binder. To date, these binder-free CNT cathodes contain the highest published total ratio of sulfur (90%) in an electrode [21]. The advantage of

• the SC-CMC samples were prepared by spraying, it was not possible to obtain a reversible capacity, which is most likely due to the formation of a crust-like layer on the cathode surface upon cycling (Figure 2f). As one can see in Figure 2e, the application of a CMC binder in a sulfur cathode caused

Surface induced self-organization of comb-like macromolecules

• Konstantin I. Popov,
• Vladimir V. Palyulin,
• Martin Möller,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Igor I. Potemkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 569–584, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.61

• side chains. For the discrepancies Binder et al. [23] offered two possible explanations. First, they may arise because of the use of the persistence length in the experiment, while the use of alternative measures of rigidity may lead to consistent results between modeling and experiment. Second, the

• spontaneously curved conformations under certain conditions, but failed to find the regime of complete separation into two distinct domains. Further studies were done by Binder et al. [44][45] for combs with high grafting density (bottle-brushes). They suggested that separation in comb copolymers with two types

• ), correlations along the backbone rapidly decayed [45]. The extrapolation of the correlation length to T → 0 showed that, even in this case, there was no long-range ordering. Moreover, Binder et al. mention that at finite M values, the cross section will look like a butterfly rather than a circle, as this

Sorting of droplets by migration on structured surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 215–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.25

• energy. In section B–C they point into the same, in sections A–B and C–D, however, into opposite directions (drawing: Birgit Binder, Tübingen). Double line-up of cones similar to a zip fastener constructed from the left part of Figure 4. The apex half-angle ε of the cones increases from point A (ε ≈ 0

• °) to point B (ε = εmax). Apart from one or two cones, the droplet does not touch the solid substrate (drawing: Birgit Binder, Tübingen). Acknowledgements We wish to thank two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments. One of them suggested the idea depicted in Figure 5. We also want to thank

• Birgit Binder, Tübingen, for drawing Figure 4 and Figure 5, and James H. Nebelsick for critically reading the English manuscript.