Energy-level alignment at interfaces between manganese phthalocyanine and C₆₀

• Daniel Waas,
• Florian Rückerl,
• Martin Knupfer and
• Bernd Büchner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 927–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.94

• fullerene C60. We show that this energy-level alignment depends upon the preparation sequence, which is explained by different molecular orientations. Moreover, our results demonstrate that MnPc/C60 interfaces are hardly suited for application in organic photovoltaic devices, since the energy difference of

• investigations a pre-cleaned Au(100) crystal, controlled by core-level PES spectra, was used as a substrate, on which the MnPc/C60 heterojunctions were prepared. The fullerene and manganese phthalocyanine films were grown step by step at room temperature via evaporation of the two materials from home-built

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• summarized. Finally, the growth properties of inner tubes inside SWCNTs filled with fullerene and organometallic molecules are considered. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes The SWCNTs can be synthesized by the arc-discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) techniques. A detailed overview of

• can also be obtained by the “cloning growth” and organic synthesis, as described in detail in review [132]. Inner tube growth inside SWCNTs While the coalescence mechanism is generally accepted for the formation of inner tubes from fullerene-filled SWCNTs [133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141

Modeling adsorption of brominated, chlorinated and mixed bromo/chloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins on C₆₀ fullerene using Nano-QSPR

• Piotr Urbaszek,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz,
• Celina Sikorska,
• Maciej Haranczyk and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 752–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.78

• bromine and/or chlorine in dibenzo-p-dioxins on their sorption ability on the C60 fullerene surface. Halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PXDDs, where X = Br or Cl) are ever-present in the environment and accidently produced in many technological processes in only approximately known quantities. If all

• natural processes occurring in the environment, the total amount of chlorinated PXDD derivatives is constantly decreasing, while the amount of brominated and mixed congeners (molecules based on the same carbon skeleton differing by the number and type of substituents) is increasing [11]. Fullerene C60

• – opportunities and risks of possible surface interactions Fullerene C60 [12][13][14], discovered in 1985, has a soccer ball-like structure [15] with a chemical structure representative of carbon nanostructures. Its unique properties and shape make C60 and its derivatives promising candidates for various

Analysis and modification of defective surface aggregates on PCDTBT:PCBM solar cell blends using combined Kelvin probe, conductive and bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Hanaul Noh,
• Alfredo J. Diaz and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 579–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.62

• Hanaul Noh Alfredo J. Diaz Santiago D. Solares Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States of America 10.3762/bjnano.8.62 Abstract Organic photovoltaic systems comprising donor polymers and acceptor fullerene

Nanostructured carbon materials decorated with organophosphorus moieties: synthesis and application

• Giacomo Biagiotti,
• Vittoria Langè,
• Cristina Ligi,
• Stefano Caporali,
• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda,
• Anna Flis,
• K. Michał Pietrusiewicz,
• Giacomo Ghini,
• Alberto Brandi and
• Stefano Cicchi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.52

• allotropic species of carbon, fullerene, carbon nanotubes and graphene being the most studied and used. Since their discovery [1][2][3], they have become very attractive for researchers, due to their peculiar physical and chemical proprieties such as chemical and thermal stability, electronic conductivity

Fundamental properties of high-quality carbon nanofoam: from low to high density

• Natalie Frese,
• Shelby Taylor Mitchell,
• Christof Neumann,
• Amanda Bowers,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Klaus Sattler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2065–2073, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.197

• different from the structure in the sphere. The spherical morphology can be due to the presence of a 5/6 network with isolated pentagons surrounded by hexagons, similar to the fullerene structure. However, this structure cannot be used for the negative-curvature surfaces in the neck area. Heptagons or sp3

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• polymers. Carbon nanotubes CNTs were first discovered by Iijima in 1991, who produced multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) through arc-discharge evaporation [33]. The synthesis of CNTs can be linked to the discovery of fullerene C60 (buckyball) in 1985 [34]. CNTs can be regarded as one dimensional carbon

• -tuning of the variables is required to obtain fillers with desired features. Some of these process variables are discussed in the following. Arc discharge: MWNTs were first observed in the arc discharge reaction of a fullerene reactor. This method was later employed to produce SWNTs [2][36]. Arc

• currently highest volume and surface densities of 60–70 kg·m−3 and 1016 m−2, respectively [44]. Laser ablation: Laser ablation was employed to produce fullerene. It was later applied to produce SWNTs on metal particles as catalyst. The high price of CNTs limits their widespread application. This is mainly

Facile synthesis of water-soluble carbon nano-onions under alkaline conditions

• Gaber Hashem Gaber Ahmed,
• Rosana Badía Laíño,
• Josefa Angela García Calzón and
• Marta Elena Díaz García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 758–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.67

• , particularly in the case of tomatoes with a high content of lycopene. Under elevated temperatures, oxygen and/or extremes in pH, lycopene molecules may undergo isomerization and oxidation [30][31] and/or break down into small fractions [32]. These products may form fullerene-like embryos which then reorganized

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• aromatic systems to make a strong and more conductive contact. Aromatic tripodal adsorbates The synthesis of tetraphenylmethane-based anchor with three sulfanylmethyl feet was pioneered by Aso and co-workers [92]. They designed and studied [60]fullerene-linked oligothiophene tetramer and octamer

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• important to be addressed with urgency in order to also solve other offshoot problems. In one of his last talks, Richard E. Smalley, the 1996 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry for the discovery of the fullerene, presented a list named “Top Ten Problems of Humanity for the Next 50 Years” [5]. The list was

• was only in the mid-1980s that H. Kroto, R. Smalley and R. Curl were able to detect the first fullerene molecule obtained by laser vaporization of carbon from a graphite target using mass spectroscopy [22]. The name fullerene (C60) was dedicated to the architect Buckminster Fuller who was famous for

• hexagons around the equatorial plane and exhibits a more oval shape (Figure 4) [26]. The main properties of C60 are [25]: Young’s modulus, ≈14 GPa Electrical resistivity, ≈1014 Ω m Thermal conductivity, ≈0.4 W/mK Band gap, 1.7 eV The other fullerene species show similar properties to C60. Depending on the

Negative differential electrical resistance of a rotational organic nanomotor

• Hatef Sadeghi,
• Sara Sangtarash,
• Qusiy Al-Galiby,
• Rachel Sparks,
• Steven Bailey and
• Colin J. Lambert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2332–2337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.240

• branch. The backbone consists of five interconnected phenyl rings with attached methyl groups to prevent the backbone from twisting and is stabilized at either end by a fullerene, C60 terminating group. The C60 at either end not only stabilizes the molecule, but also allows the molecule to appear more

Nanostructures for sensors, electronics, energy and environment II

• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1937–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.197

• also be used to offset these effects, acting as a valuable material for energy generation, storage, carbon sequestration [1] and sensing [2][3]. Carbon can be employed in one or more of its allotrope forms (e.g., graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerene) in devices such as organic and inorganic solar

Nanotechnology in the real world: Redeveloping the nanomaterial consumer products inventory

• Marina E. Vance,
• Todd Kuiken,
• Eric P. Vejerano,
• Sean P. McGinnis,
• Michael F. Hochella Jr.,
• David Rejeski and
• Matthew S. Hull

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1769–1780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.181

• scale between the top and bottom panels in this plot. Major nanomaterial composition pairs in consumer products. Carbonaceous nanomaterials (carbon black, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, and graphene) were combined into the same category (carbon). Grey boxes in the diagonal represent the total times each

Current–voltage characteristics of manganite–titanite perovskite junctions

• Benedikt Ifland,
• Patrick Peretzki,
• Birte Kressdorf,
• Philipp Saring,
• Andreas Kelling,
• Michael Seibt and
• Christian Jooss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1467–1484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.152

• to 5 × 10−7 cm2/V·s in hole-doped polymers) depending on the polaron effective mass. In addition to recombination rates, the mobility influences the diffusion length of electron–hole-type excitations. In polymer–fullerene solar cells, the diffusion length is significantly reduced down to the 10 nm

• fullerene C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and µh = 5.0 × 10–7 cm2/V·s in the hole-doped polymer poly(2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene) (MDMO–PPV) [2]. Absorption of photons leads to formation of tightly bound excitons that have a very low probability of dissociation. The exciton

• recombination mechanisms in polymer–fullerene solar cells. They concluded that in their devices, the recombination is a trap-assisted recombination at lower voltages and surface recombination at higher voltages. However, intramolecular recombination of excitons at traps within single-blend compounds depends

Enhanced fullerene–Au(111) coupling in (2√3 × 2√3)R30° superstructures with intermolecular interactions

• Michael Paßens,
• Rainer Waser and
• Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1421–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.147

• )R30° superstructures of fullerenes on the Au(111) surface have been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. It is shown that the deposition and growth process of a fullerene monolayer on the Au(111) surface determine the resulting superstructure. The supply of thermal energy is

• addition, hybrid fullerene–Au(111) surface states suggest partly covalent interactions. Keywords: adatom–vacancy mechanism; differential conductance; fullerene; Ising model; scanning tunnelling microscopy; Introduction Monolayers of close-packed fullerenes on metal surfaces belong to one of the most

• –metal interface. First systematic studies of close packed fullerene thin films on Au(111) surfaces using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) were performed by Altman and Colton [8][9][10]. They observed two structural arrangements, the (2√3 × 2√3)R30° and the uniform (7 × 7)R0° superlattices, with the

Electronic interaction in composites of a conjugated polymer and carbon nanotubes: first-principles calculation and photophysical approaches

• Florian Massuyeau,
• Jany Wéry,
• Jean-Luc Duvail,
• Serge Lefrant,
• Abu Yaya,
• Chris Ewels and
• Eric Faulques

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1138–1144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.115

• emitting diodes and photovoltaic cells [1][2]. Tuning the optical and conductive properties of ECPs is possible either by tailoring the polymer backbone with chemical side groups [3] or by preparing composites with nanoparticles [4][5][6][7]. ECP hybrids containing carbon nanotubes, fullerene-based

• exceed the exciton diffusion length [12], which is the case for ECP–fullerene-based solar cells in which fullerene molecules are able to capture the negative charges while the holes remain on the conjugated polymer [13]. Still, evidence for similar photoinduced charge-transfer or energy-transfer

Fulleropeptide esters as potential self-assembled antioxidants

• Mira S. Bjelaković,
• Tatjana J. Kop,
• Jelena Đorđević and
• Dragana R. Milić

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1065–1071, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.107

• , 11158 Belgrade, Serbia 10.3762/bjnano.6.107 Abstract The potential use of amphiphilic fullerene derivatives as a bionanomaterial was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the ferrous ion oxidation–xylenol orange (FOX) method. Despite the disrupted

• at the same time novel opportunities for developing diverse scientific fields, particularly in materials science [1], supramolecular chemistry [2], and medicinal chemistry [3][4]. The derivatization of fullerene with peptide units substantially modifies its original properties, rendering them

• functionalized fullerenes are able to self-assemble into a plethora of supramolecular structures, such as spheres, nanotubes, vesicles, rods, nanowires, and nanofibers [9][10][11]. Also, formation of diverse morphologies of self-assembled fullerene derivatives under different external conditions has also been

Statistics of work and orthogonality catastrophe in discrete level systems: an application to fullerene molecules and ultra-cold trapped Fermi gases

• Antonello Sindona,
• Michele Pisarra,
• Mario Gravina,
• Cristian Vacacela Gomez,
• Pierfrancesco Riccardi,
• Giovanni Falcone and
• Francesco Plastina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.78

• of them is the valence electron shake-up induced by photo-ionization of a core state in a fullerene molecule. The other is the response of an ultra-cold gas of trapped fermions to an embedded two-level atom excited by a fast pulse. Working at low thermal energies, we detect the primary role played by

• many-particle states of the perturbed system with one or two excited fermions. We validate our approach through the comparison with some photoemission data on fullerene films and previous analytical calculations on harmonically trapped Fermi gases. Keywords: nanostructured systems; non-equilibrium

• to compute the work distribution (Section 1), based on the knowledge of the initial ground state and the low-lying final perturbed states of the systems (Section 2). To treat the fullerene molecule, we use density-functional theory (DFT) and simulate the sudden creation of a core state, by replacing

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

• Toma Susi,
• Thomas Pichler and
• Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

• measurements on MWCNTs with greater widths even when measured with the same energy resolution. Although many different fullerene structures are known, the term fullerene (or “buckyball”) often simply refers to the spherical C60 molecule resembling a soccer ball, which was the first of their kind to be

• to firmly establish the metrology of dopants in carbon nanomaterials. Structural models of graphitic carbon nanomaterials. Clockwise from top left: graphene, graphite, C60 fullerene, and a single-walled carbon nanotube. The photoemission response of metallicity-separated and purified single-walled

Localized surface plasmon resonances in nanostructures to enhance nonlinear vibrational spectroscopies: towards an astonishing molecular sensitivity

• Dan Lis and
• Francesca Cecchet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2275–2292, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.237

• enhancement of the non-resonant SFG intensity from the metallic surface itself was mentioned to be greater than 104. Later in 1999, the authors demonstrated the feasibility to use a similar plasmonic substrate to amplify the resonant SFG signals of copper phthalocyanine and fullerene films adsorbed onto the

Two-dimensional and tubular structures of misfit compounds: Structural and electronic properties

• Tommy Lorenz,
• Jan-Ole Joswig and
• Gotthard Seifert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2171–2178, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.226

• lattice structure as they have in their bulk phases. For this reason we will not go beyond mentioning GICs here and refer the interested reader to the respective literature. Examples SnS–SnS2 layers and nanotubes In 2003, inorganic fullerene-like nanoparticles and small nanotubes were synthesized [5

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• ; Review Introduction Since the discovery of the fullerene C60 in 1985 by Curl, Kroto and Smalley [1], carbon nanomaterials have been the focus of interdisciplinary chemical research. In the following years, several other carbon based nanomaterials were discovered, namely carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [2][3][4

• the one of fullerene C60. These encouraging results could be a first step toward in situ remediation of heavy metal contaminants. Electronic applications Capacitors: Carbon materials are commonly used as electrode materials in capacitors, but the first study probing CNOs as electrode materials in

• fullerene-C60 derivatives. The measured data suggests that the intrinsic conductivity of CNOs and C60 is within the same order of magnitude. Conclusion Multi-shell fullerenes, known as carbon nano-onions (CNOs), were discovered in 1992 and are structured by concentric shells of carbon atoms in a graphitic

Non-covalent and reversible functionalization of carbon nanotubes

• Antonello Di Crescenzo,
• Valeria Ettorre and
• Antonella Fontana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1675–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.178

• closed at their ends by hemispheric fullerene caps are referred to as single-walled nanotubes (SWCNTs) and their diameter ranges from 0.4 nm to 5 nm [2][3]. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, made up of several concentric graphene cylinders, are much bigger with diameters from a few to tens of nanometers

Donor–acceptor graphene-based hybrid materials facilitating photo-induced electron-transfer reactions

• Anastasios Stergiou,
• Georgia Pagona and
• Nikos Tagmatarchis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1580–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.170

• electron donor and C60 were added to GO through an esterification reaction between the carboxyl groups of GO and the hydroxy groups present on ZnPc as well as on the fullerene derivative. Photoexcitation of ZnPc–GO–C60 at 390 nm, the wavelength at which ZnPc was predominantly excited, resulted in the

Synthesis of hydrophobic photoluminescent carbon nanodots by using L-tyrosine and citric acid through a thermal oxidation route

• Venkatesh Gude

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1513–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.164

• molecule detection, energy transfer [1]. A special form of carbon (smaller than 10 nm in size) exhibiting fascinating properties are carbon nanodots (CNDs), which are different in their properties from zero-band gap graphene, diamond, and fullerene. Carbon nanodots (CNDs) exhibit properties such as