Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• /bjnano.15.117 Abstract By employing a model of nanomaterials with polymorphic phase transitions and using a thermodynamic approach to describe the effects of vacancy saturation, irradiation dose, powder dispersion, and surface energies, we demonstrate the possibility of radiation-induced phase

• are stable) because of surface effects. There is an intermediate zone of sizes and parameters where radiation-induced defects become important so that the α-phase particle is unstable without irradiation but becomes stable under irradiation. For large sizes and low temperatures, the α→β transformation

• cannot occur regardless of irradiation because of bulk driving forces; initially, α-phase particles are stable, whereas the β-phase particles are unstable. In some cases, nucleation requires a large additional energy change, resulting in a low probability of phase change fluctuations. This behavior is

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• ion irradiation these PtCl2 or PtBr2 species experience ion-induced sputtering. The difference between halogen and Pt sputter rates leads to a critical ion dose at which only Pt remains in the film. A comparison of the different ion/precursor combinations studied revealed that this sequence of

• ][53][54]. An ideal precursor candidate would have sufficient volatility and stability for the transport of intact gas phase precursor molecules during the process. The ligands should readily and cleanly be liberated from the precursor upon irradiation to provide a metallic deposit in the path of the

• ion beam. For Pt deposits, although MeCpPtMe3 meets the volatility and stability requirements, the inability to directly desorb the cyclopentadienyl ligands results in significant carbon contamination upon ion irradiation [21]. Alternatives to the carbon-rich MeCpPtMe3 complex are the four coordinate

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• irradiation increased the mRNA expression in the cytoplasm [160]. In addition to polyplexes, lipoplexes, another widely used vector, have also been studied for siRNA delivery. For instance, Hu et al. described the encapsulation of siRNA (specifically of c-Myc-targeting siRNA) in a core–shell lipoplex for

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• of amorphous oxide nanopowders, the precipitation of nanocrystalline metal oxides, and the drying and thermal treatment of oxide films [23]. However, there has been comparatively less focus on studying chemical reactions in sol–gel solutions under microwave irradiation [24][25][26][27]. Numerous

• oxides have been synthesized by exposing precursor solutions to microwave irradiation, including MgO [28], RuO2 [29], ZrO2 [30], WO3 [31], SiO2 [32], TiO2 [33][34], and ZnO [12]. The microwave power utilized in these processes varied from 140 W [34] to 850 W [29]. ZnO is a widely studied n-type oxide

• -structural characterizations of the resulting materials and investigates their photocatalytic performance for the mineralization of oxalic acid in aqueous solutions under simulated solar irradiation. Results and Discussion As-prepared samples The synthesis process involved the preparation of precursor

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• . The series in panel (c) shows consecutive steps of the alignment process, where each step is a new milling (red lines) and irradiation process (red field shows irradiated area) with a total dose of 500 nC/nm2. The scale bar in (c) is 10 μm long. Resistance measurements of a free-standing nanowire

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• particles at 4 h p.i., highlighting the superior efficacy of the active targeting strategy over EPR-based passive targeting. X-ray irradiation of tumor-bearing mice treated with targeted AuNCs demonstrated a significant enhancement in radiotherapy effectiveness (Figure 5C). In combination, the selective

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• and a cross section through the middle of the ion beam spot for a simulated sample volume of 600 nm × 600 nm × 400 nm after an irradiation time of 990.0 ns is shown in Figure 3. The simulations for 5 keV in the nanoampere beam current range (Figure 3A) and picoampere beam current range (Figure 3B

• plotted after an irradiation time of 990 ns. The color scales are fixed to 340 K max for better comparison. SEM micrographs showing cross sections that were cut into collagen using (A) 30 keV gallium ions with 1 nA beam current and 1.4 × 1013 ions·cm−2 and (B) 5 keV gallium ions with 1.4 nA beam current

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• ][10][11]. Besides, in the case of radiotherapy, fibrosis, atrophy, and neuronal damage caused by irradiation can occur [12][13]. Consequently, novel treatments try to reduce the secondary effects while retaining the benefits of standard approaches. Chemotherapy is one of the most extensively applied

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• of TiO2 on p-type SiNWs. The TiO2/SiNWs heterostructure exhibited an outstanding OCM performance under simulated solar light irradiation compared to the single components. This enhanced efficiency was attributed to the intrinsic electrical field formed between n-type TiO2 and p-type SiNWs, which

• activity of TiO2/SiNWs sample under aerobic conditions is described in Figure 5. In a batch reactor, the photocatalytic CH4 oxidation progresses as a function of irradiation time. Besides ethane (C2H6), carbon dioxide (CO2) was detected as a by-product. Moreover, propane (C3H8) and H2 were observed as

• recorded in a batch reactor under different wavelengths of light. As shown in Figure 6b, no products were detected under the visible-light irradiation. The photocatalytic performance under UV illumination was significantly lower than that under full illumination. Figure 7 shows the recyclability of the p–n

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• injection systems used in any standard scanning electron microscope. Growth of smooth 3D geometries could be demonstrated for tightly focused electron beams, albeit with low silver content in the deposit volume. The electron beam-induced deposition proved sensitive to the irradiation conditions, leading to

• , Figure S5j, and the corresponding explanations). This points to incomplete dissociation in the deposition process, which embeds ligand elements in the deposited material in addition to silver. Upon electron-irradiation, such material can be further dissociated, and the contained silver can form larger

• obtained [34]. For planar deposits, similar microstructures were obtained during platinum deposition using Pt(η5-CpMe)Me3 [35] and ruthenium deposition using (EtCp)2Ru [36], both in combination with post-deposition purification employing electron beam irradiation in a water atmosphere. For the case of

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• simulants was observed at a 325 nm Raman excitation. Our findings reveal that a higher ablation yield was observed at IR irradiation than those obtained at the other wavelengths. A size decrease of the NPs was noticed by changing the liquid environment to an electrolyte. These findings have significant

• parameter on NP productivity, shape, and size distribution remains an area of ongoing research [11][12][13][14][15]. Pulsed laser irradiation of liquids (PLIL) can affect the size and shape of NPs. Various approaches are described in the literature, such as (i) laser fragmentation in liquid (LFL), (ii

• ) laser melting in liquid (LML), and (iii) laser defect engineering in liquid (LDL) [16]. In our previous work, we fabricated Ag–Cu alloy NPs using the femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation approach [17]. Similarly, Ag/Au alloy NPs were fabricated by laser ablation of single metal targets in water followed

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• are evaluated for photodegradation (PD) of methylene blue under solar simulator irradiation. Our findings revealed that WS2 exhibited the highest PD efficiency of 67.6% and achieved an impressive PD rate constant of 6.1 × 10−3 min−1. Conversely, MoS2 displayed a somewhat lower PD performance of 43.5

• ]. Typically, semiconductor-based photocatalysts, such as TiO2, ZnO2, and some other high-bandgap transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMD) have shown their ability to efficiently degrade the activated MB by irradiation [10][11]. Recently, TMD such as MoS2 and WS2, have displayed remarkable potential as

• , with over 99% degradation of MB achieved within 60 min under visible light exposure by using 10 mg of the catalyst to degrade 10 mg/L of MB [22]. Other works have shown that the MoS2–ZnO composite achieved 97% of MB photodegradation in ≈30 min under visible irradiation by using 250 mg/L of the catalyst

Electron-induced ligand loss from iron tetracarbonyl methyl acrylate

• Hlib Lyshchuk,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Thomas F. M. Luxford,
• Miloš Ranković,
• Jaroslav Kočišek,
• Juraj Fedor,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Pamir Nag

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 797–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.66

• irradiation efficiently separates the neutral MA ligand from the precursor. This suggests that dissociative ionization plays only a limited role in the deposition process since the Fe(CO)4+ fragment has a very low abundance in the mass spectrum. In contrast, the MA ligand is very efficiently cleaved in the

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• activity of the CQDs in degrading methylene blue was evaluated under both sunlight and incandescent light irradiation, with measurements taken at 20 min intervals over a 2 h period. The CQDs, with sizes ranging from 1–10 nm, demonstrated notable optical properties, including upconversion and down

• emission when excited at 900 nm and down-conversion emission in the blue region. The photocatalytic activity of CQDs, under sunlight irradiation, in MB degradation has been confirmed by various studies [32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. In this research, samples synthesized with nitric acid exhibited the best

• ) with a 1 cm path length quartz cell. To evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the CQDs, a suspension containing CQDs and MB (10 ppm initial concentration of MB) was placed in a baker under constant stirring. Before initiating the light irradiation, the suspension was stirred for 20 min at 400 rpm in

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• , the desired properties are achieved by FIB processing of such substrates with different irradiation doses. A low-dose treatment is sufficient for cases that do not require sputtering of large amounts of material. Among such cases are the precise tuning of the magnetic characteristics of thin

• sputtering of a multilayer substrate under FIB irradiation. The results of the calculations for narrow trenches and rectangular boxes with varying aspect ratios were compared with cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of experimental test structures fabricated in the silicon

• [29] where is a vector with coordinates (x, y, z) and is the displacement rate with which each surface segment moves in the normal direction. The value of the rate depends on different ion and atom fluxes arising from irradiation by the incident gallium ion beam with the flux . The most important

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• transparent and brown in color, while the suspension of the peroxo titanium complex is opaque yellow. The prepared TiO2/GQD aqueous suspensions, in contrast, display a light yellow color, which gets darker as the ratio of TiO2/GQD in the complex increases (Figure 1a). Under 365 nm UV irradiation (Figure 1b

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• gold nanomakura within a 600–700 nm wavelength. The aspect ratio as well as anisotropy of synthesized gold nanomakura can influence photothermal response upon near-infrared irradiation. The role of carbon tail length was evident via absorption peaks obtained from longitudinal surface plasmon resonance

• purposes. Also, gold nanoparticles possess an intrinsic capacity to liberate heat upon irradiation of NIR/IR lasers making them a suitable candidate for photothermal therapy (PTT). Previous studies reported morphology-dependent heat liberation in gold nanoparticles where anisotropic particles (gold

• hydrogels) is shown in Figure 8. The net temperature rise of the gold nanomakura suspension and deionized water during visible broadband irradiation ON (heating) and OFF (cooling) for 1200 seconds each, measured using a “K-type” thermocouple is shown in Figure 8. Figure 8a shows the heating and cooling of

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• , and LRL yield nanoparticles as products, whereas LML creates submicrometer spheres. LAL, LFL, and LML process solids, whereas LRL employs solvates as precursors (Figure 1). In detail, LAL describes the laser irradiation of a macroscopic target and the subsequent removal of surface matter, which leads

• utilizes commercial-grade powders or nanoparticles to downsize the particles by laser irradiation with high fluences [7][25]; LML, in contrast, is used to isochorically alter the shape or increase the size of nanoparticles by low-fluence irradiation of nanoparticles [26][27]. A variant of LSPC is reactive

• physical synthesis method. Moreover, the irradiation of pure organic solvents with femtosecond or picosecond radiation led to the formation of numerous products induced by the intense conditions, which can be attributed to laser-induced optical breakdown and/or shockwaves. The optical breakdown of the

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• architecture on the deposit formation in electron irradiation experiments that mimic FEBID and cryo-FEBID processes. Electron-stimulated desorption and post-irradiation thermal desorption spectrometry were used to obtain insight into the fate of the ligands upon electron irradiation. As a key finding, the

• deposits obtained from Fe(CO)4MA and Fe(CO)5 were surprisingly similar, and the relative amount of carbon in deposits prepared from Fe(CO)4MA was considerably less than the amount of carbon in the MA ligand. This demonstrates that electron irradiation efficiently cleaves the neutral MA ligand from the

• precursor. In addition to deposit formation by electron irradiation, the thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)4MA and Fe(CO)5 on an Fe seed layer prepared by EBID was compared. While Fe(CO)5 sustains autocatalytic growth of the deposit, the MA ligand hinders the thermal decomposition in the case of Fe(CO)4MA. The

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• dispersed in 100 mL of 10 ppm MB solution in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Before illumination, the solution was placed in the dark for 1 h under stirring to achieve an adsorption–desorption equilibrium. Aliquots of 2 mL were taken at certain time intervals during irradiation and separated by centrifuging. In

• was added, the peak magnitude for MB at 246, 292, and 664 nm decreased remarkably. The colour disappearance and the cleavage of aromatic rings were completed after 120 min of irradiation (Figure 7c). The decolourisation kinetics of MB over CF/GQDs-200 is shown in Figure 7d. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood

• photocorrosion and exhibits excellent reusability for the degradation process. The mechanism of MB degradation over the CF/GQDs catalyst is illustrated in Scheme 2. Under visible light irradiation, photogenerated holes (h+) are created in the valence bands via the transfer of photogenerated electrons (e−) from

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• by noble-gas ion irradiation [6][13][14][17][19][21][24], represents an opportunity for systematic defect studies. The work presented here was stimulated by the lack of experimental data on the actual geometry of atomic-scale defects in graphene. So far, scanning tunneling microscope (STM

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• ]. PDA-Ru nanoparticles could degrade Aβ fibrils under low-power laser irradiation because of their great photothermal effect. Moreover, PDA-Ru nanoparticles could decompose H2O2 owing to their strong CAT activity. PDA-Ru nanoparticles effectively improved memory capacity and decreased neuroinflammation

• collaborators synthesized mesoporous carbon nanospheres (PMCSs) derived from a MOF precursor, exhibiting dual photodynamic and photothermal characteristics. Utilizing this framework, concentration and temperature at thrombotic sites were elevated significantly upon local irradiation (808 nm laser), resulting in

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• fabrication on Si and Ge by 100 keV Ar+ ion beam bombardment is discussed. The irradiation was performed in the ion fluence range of ≈3 × 1017 to 9 × 1017 ions/cm2 and at an incident angle of θ ≈ 60° with respect to the surface normal. The investigation focuses on topographical studies of pattern formation

• earlier reports suggested that Ge is resistant to structural changes upon Ar+ ion irradiation, in the present case, a ripple pattern is observed on both Si and Ge. The irradiated Si and Ge targets clearly show visible damage peaks between channel numbers (1000–1100) for Si and (1500–1600) for Ge. The

• ., were taken and cut into equal pieces of 0.5 cm × 1 cm. The samples were mounted on an experimental ladder used for irradiation experiments using double-sided tape. Pieces of Si were mounted on the left-hand side and of Ge on the right-hand side of the Cu ladder. This was done to allow them to be

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

• layers [32][33] and the presence of twist between adjacent layers from the vanishing of the S modes in twisted MoS2 flakes [20][38][39][40][41]. Then, it is essential to determine the limit value of the laser power so that the above measurements are not affected by laser irradiation. Figure 1 shows the

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• cancer therapy agent, is included in the nanocomposite structure, and in vitro drug release studies under different pH conditions (pH 5.5 and 7.4) and photothermal activity at 808 nm NIR laser irradiation are investigated. The comprehensive integration of precise multifunctional nanoparticles design

• the heat produced by nanostructures under NIR laser irradiation [17][18]. Compared to traditional treatments, photothermal therapy allows for increased drug release and is less cytotoxic to healthy tissues [19]. It is a minimally invasive technique that offers the advantage of rapid recovery [20

• stability and efficiency Fe3O4 NPs, PDA/Fe3O4 NPs, and VNB/PDA/Fe3O4 NPs (at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL and in a total volume of 1 mL) were exposed to 808 nm (1 W/cm2) NIR laser irradiation for a duration of 5 min. PBS was used as a control. The temperature changes of the NP solutions were recorded using