A single-source precursor route to anisotropic halogen-doped zinc oxide particles as a promising candidate for new transparent conducting oxide materials

• Daniela Lehr,
• Markus R. Wagner,
• Johanna Flock,
• Julian S. Reparaz,
• Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres,
• Alexander Klaiber,
• Thomas Dekorsy and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2161–2172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.222

• longitudinal optical phonon–plasmon coupling and describes the interaction of collective oscillating free carriers (plasmons) with LO phonons [80]. Consequently, the concentration of free carriers increases with Cl doping. The dielectric properties of thin ZnO1−xClx pellets were investigated with impedance

Nonconservative current-driven dynamics: beyond the nanoscale

• Brian Cunningham,
• Tchavdar N. Todorov and
• Daniel Dundas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2140–2147, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.219

• refer to it generically as the waterwheel effect. Here the connection between the waterwheel effect and the stimulated directional emission of phonons propagating along the electron flow is discussed in an intuitive manner. Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics show that waterwheel modes self-regulate by

• winds generate forward-travelling ripples on a lake, or the uncompensated stimulated emission of directional phonons [12][15]. However, this process hinges on momentum conservation, and for waves, this information requires a sufficiently long-ranged physical property. For atomic motion under current

• for longitudinal phonons in a chain with 200 mobile atoms of mass M = 10 amu. The 200 eigenvalues {kj} of the 200 × 200 dynamical response matrix give rise to 2 × 200 eigenfrequencies: positive and negative square roots of the eigenvalues divided by mass, ωj = . Each eigenvector of the dynamical

Thermoelectricity in molecular junctions with harmonic and anharmonic modes

• Bijay Kumar Agarwalla,
• Jian-Hua Jiang and
• Dvira Segal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2129–2139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.218

• transport characteristics across the junction, mediated by molecular vibrational modes. Consideration of the phononic thermal conductance κph is particularly important for a reliable estimate of ZT, as the thermal conductance Σ should include contributions from both electrons and phonons. We now estimate

Simulation of thermal stress and buckling instability in Si/Ge and Ge/Si core/shell nanowires

• Suvankar Das,
• Amitava Moitra,
• Mishreyee Bhattacharya and
• Amlan Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1970–1977, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.201

• composite system. In the same way, the presence of an interface modulates the state of phonons in these nanowires and the analytical estimation of the net thermal expansion by conventional thermo-mechanical theory becomes unfeasible. In view of these difficulties, atomistic simulations have been employed to

Large-voltage behavior of charge transport characteristics in nanosystems with weak electron–vibration coupling

• Tomáš Novotný and
• Wolfgang Belzig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1853–1859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.188

• coupling regime only but which would use simplified (semi)analytical formulas for the IETS features with non-equilibrated phonons. It turns out that there are two methods yielding inconsistent results, namely a paper by Urban et al. [18] and a study by us [19] for the inelastic current noise extended by

Enhancing the thermoelectric figure of merit in engineered graphene nanoribbons

• Hatef Sadeghi,
• Sara Sangtarash and
• Colin J. Lambert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1176–1182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.119

• Fourier’s law, where q is the heat flux, κ = κpl + κe is the thermal conductance due to phonons (κpl) and electrons (κe) and is the temperature gradient [1]. Nanostructures show significantly different thermal properties than bulk crystals in which acoustic phonons are the main heat carriers. The reasons

Combination of surface- and interference-enhanced Raman scattering by CuS nanocrystals on nanopatterned Au structures

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Nikolay A. Yeryukov,
• Larisa L. Sveshnikova,
• Tatyana A. Duda,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Victor A. Gridchin,
• Evgeniya S. Sheremet and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 749–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.77

• str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Novosibirsk State Technical University, pr. Karl Marx, 20, Novosibirsk, 630092, Russia Semiconductor Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.6.77 Abstract We present the results of a Raman study of optical phonons in CuS

• advantages of SERS and IERS and demonstrate stronger SERS enhancement allowing for the observation of Raman signals from CuS NCs with an ultra-low areal density. Keywords: copper sulfide (CuS) nanocrystals; interference-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; phonons; surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; Introduction

• sensitivity as shown for several semiconductor NC types [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The SERS effect by longitudinal optical (LO) phonons of CdS in Ag–CdS composite nanoparticles in solution and on a solid substrate was demonstrated [1][2]. Resonant SERS enhancement by LO phonons of CdSe was

Morphological and structural characterization of single-crystal ZnO nanorod arrays on flexible and non-flexible substrates

• Omar F. Farhat,
• Mohd M. Halim,
• Mat J. Abdullah,
• Mohammed K. M. Ali and
• Nageh K. Allam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 720–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.73

• , acoustic modes with Aacoustic = A1 + E, and optical modes with Ooptical = A1 + (2 × B1) + E1 + (2 × E1). The A and E modes are polar and split into transverse optical (TO) and longitudinal optical (LO) phonons while the B modes are silent modes. According to the selection rules, E1, E2 and LO are Raman

• active, while the E and TO are forbidden. Due to the long-range electrostatic forces, the phonons with A1 and E symmetry are polar and hence exhibit different frequencies for the TO and LO phonons. Every mode corresponds to a band in the Raman spectrum, with the A1 phonon vibration polarized parallel to

Structural, optical, opto-thermal and thermal properties of ZnS–PVA nanofluids synthesized through a radiolytic approach

• Alireza Kharazmi,
• Nastaran Faraji,
• Roslina Mat Hussin,
• Elias Saion,
• W. Mahmood Mat Yunus and
• Kasra Behzad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 529–536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.55

• explained by means of modification and breakdown in the chain structure of PVA upon gamma irradiation, as previously explained by FTIR results. According to [30], the principle of heat transport is explained by phonons where k can be written as follows [31]: where ρ is the density, Cp is the specific heat

Raman spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the structure and electronic properties of carbon-atom wires

• Alberto Milani,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Valeria Russo,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Andrea Lucotti,
• Franco Cataldo and
• Carlo S. Casari

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 480–491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.49

• ]. This apparent contradiction can be solved by relaxing the infinite chain model. While only phonons at Γ have non-negligible Raman activity for an infinite polymer, for finite chains, vibrations located on the LO branch at different points of the 1st Brillouin zone can also be Raman active, due to end

Nanoporous Ge thin film production combining Ge sputtering and dopant implantation

• Jacques Perrin Toinin,
• Alain Portavoce,
• Khalid Hoummada,
• Michaël Texier,
• Maxime Bertoglio,
• Sandrine Bernardini,
• Marco Abbarchi and
• Lee Chow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 336–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.32

• wavelengths (red–green). Si and Ge are indirect gap materials, requiring phonon scattering for optical absorption/emission to take place. However, Q-size effects present in porous semiconductors can promote optical transitions without the need of phonons by breaking the momentum conservation rules and/or by

Silicon and germanium nanocrystals: properties and characterization

• Ivana Capan,
• Alexandra Carvalho and
• José Coutinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1787–1794, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.189

• Si such transitions are rather unlikely to take place as the large k-space mismatch between conduction band minimum and valence band maximum states implies the involvement of phonons. On the other hand, the dispersionless and tunable nature of the electronic structure of Si NCs holds many promises in

Numerical investigation of the effect of substrate surface roughness on the performance of zigzag graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors symmetrically doped with BN

• Majid Sanaeepur,
• Arash Yazdanpanah Goharrizi and
• Mohammad Javad Sharifi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1569–1574, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.168

• -lattices [25]. BN-doped ZGNRs may be used as a channel material for nanometer-sized conventional field effect transistors. Although the one-atom thick nature of GNRs makes them highly sensitive to their environmental surroundings, for example, the substrate material, phonons from the substrate and charged

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

Optical and structural characterization of oleic acid-stabilized CdTe nanocrystals for solution thin film processing

• Claudio Davet Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Mauricio Ortega-López,
• Manuel A. Pérez-Guzmán,
• A. Mauricio Espinoza-Rivas,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Rebeca Ortega-Amaya,
• L. Gerardo Silva-Vidaurri,
• Virginia C. Castro-Peña and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 881–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.100

• technique to assess the structure of semiconductors also at the nanometer-scale. In particular, Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to size effects, because like the excitons, phonons experience quantum confinement effects depending on the crystal size. In CdTe, the quantum confinement effect is revealed by the

Challenges in realizing ultraflat materials surfaces

• Takashi Yatsui,
• Wataru Nomura,
• Fabrice Stehlin,
• Olivier Soppera,
• Makoto Naruse and
• Motoichi Ohtsu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 875–885, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.99

• substrate were deposited at the same rate in the absence of DPPs. We note that DPPs were not generated near the bottom of the scratches because the substrate material around this area did not have dimensions at the nanometer-scale, and thus coherent phonons could not be excited. Deposition at the ridges was

Structural and thermoelectric properties of TMGa₃ (TM = Fe, Co) thin films

• Sebastian Schnurr,
• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Valeriy Y. Verchenko and
• Andrei V. Shevelkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 461–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.54

• conclusion on the amorphous state of the presently discussed films has immediate implications on their thermoelectric behavior. First of all, the scattering of electrons is dominated by the static disorder rather than by phonons. As a consequence, phonon drag effects, which usually are responsible for strong

Photoelectrochemical and Raman characterization of In₂O₃ mesoporous films sensitized by CdS nanoparticles

• Mikalai V. Malashchonak,
• Sergey K. Poznyak,
• Eugene A. Streltsov,
• Anatoly I. Kulak,
• Olga V. Korolik and
• Alexander V. Mazanik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 255–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.27

• ≈270 cm−1 can be associated with CdS surface phonons [14]. The peaks at ≈242 cm−1, ≈318 cm−1 and ≈342 cm−1 are not characteristic of In2O3 (which has Raman modes at approximately 308, 365, 504 and 637 cm−1 [15][16]) and are not observed for the In2O3 substrate without deposited CdS. The presence of

Pure hydrogen low-temperature plasma exposure of HOPG and graphene: Graphane formation?

• Baran Eren,
• Dorothée Hug,
• Laurent Marot,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Roland Steiner,
• Dominik M. Zumbühl and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 852–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.96

• of graphite consists of D and G peaks, around 1350 cm−1 and 1585 cm−1 respectively, which arise from vibrations of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms [23][24][25][26]. The D peak is caused by breathing-like modes corresponding to transverse optical phonons near the K point of the Brillouin zone. It is an

• 2671 cm−1 for single-layer graphene) [25]. The G peak represents the optical E2g phonons at the center of the Brillouin zone. The cross-section for the C–C sp3 vibrations, when available, is negligible for visible excitation. Upon hydrogen plasma exposure of single-layer graphene (Figure 1c, 2nd panel

Nano-FTIR chemical mapping of minerals in biological materials

• Sergiu Amarie,
• Paul Zaslansky,
• Yusuke Kajihara,
• Erika Griesshaber,
• Wolfgang W. Schmahl and
• Fritz Keilmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 312–323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.35

• phase effect is on the order of 30° for strong polymer vibrations [8][9] but on the order of 400° for strong crystal phonons [3][6]. For molluscs the employment of phosphate in shell architecture has not been reported, but the radula (tooth structure) of the chitons is known to contain calcium phosphate

Current-induced dynamics in carbon atomic contacts

• Jing-Tao Lü,
• Tue Gunst,
• Per Hedegård and
• Mads Brandbyge

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 814–823, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.90

• thermodynamic equilibrium, ξ is characterized by a temperature and is related to Πr by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Note that in general x, F, and ξ are vectors and Πr is a matrix. This method was used by Wang and co-workers [28][29] to describe thermal transport in the quantum limit, with phonons in

• linearly coupled harmonic phonon bath is similar, and was given in [28]. Alternatively, the dynamics of some external phonons, not coupling to the electrons directly, may be treated explicitly in actual MD calculations, as we illustrate below (regions DL, DR in Figure 6a). The electron–phonon coupling

• + 1) is the Fermi-Dirac distribution function. We thus treat the nonequilibrium electron system as a reservoir unperturbed by the phonons. Using the nonequilibrium Greens function (NEGF) technique [36], we may write the 2nd lowest orders in M of as, The first term yields a constant force due to the

Nonconservative current-induced forces: A physical interpretation

• Tchavdar N. Todorov,
• Daniel Dundas,
• Anthony T. Paxton and
• Andrew P. Horsfield

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 727–733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.79

• emission of directional phonons. This connection with electron–phonon interactions quantifies explicitly the intuitive notion that nonconservative forces work by angular momentum transfer. Keywords: atomic-scale conductors; current-induced forces; failure mechanisms; nanomotors; Introduction Electron

• phonons, characterised by the sign of their angular momentum. This second result will close the gap between the nonconservative effect and the more familiar fundamental physics of electron–phonon interactions. Results and Discussion The gas-flow picture Under steady-state conditions, in the absence of

• phonons, the electronic properties of a nanoscale conductor are parametric functions of the classical nuclear positions. So too are the current-induced forces on the nuclei. The nonconservative component of these forces is characterised by the generalised curl expression [12][18] Here, and throughout the

Towards a scalable and accurate quantum approach for describing vibrations of molecule–metal interfaces

• David M. Benoit,
• Bruno Madebene,
• Inga Ulusoy,
• Luis Mancera,
• Yohann Scribano and
• Sergey Chulkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 427–447, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.48

Charge transfer through single molecule contacts: How reliable are rate descriptions?

• Denis Kast,
• L. Kecke and
• J. Ankerhold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 416–426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.47

• , intramolecular phonons are distributed according to a voltage driven steady state that can only roughly be captured by a thermal distribution with an effective elevated temperature (heating). An extension of a master equation for the charge–phonon complex, to effectively include the impact of off-diagonal

• ) is the Fermi distribution. Inelastic tunneling associated with energy emission/absorption of phonons is captured by the Fourier transform of the phonon–phonon correlation exp[J(t)] leading to with denoting the mean values for single phonon absorption (a) and emission (e). The exponentials in the

• one can exploit the fact that for vanishing charge–phonon coupling the model can be solved exactly. 3 Master equation for nonequilibrated phonons To derive an equation of motion for the combined dynamics of charge and phonon degrees of freedom, one starts from a Liouville–von Neumann equation for the

The description of friction of silicon MEMS with surface roughness: virtues and limitations of a stochastic Prandtl–Tomlinson model and the simulation of vibration-induced friction reduction

• W. Merlijn van Spengen,
• Viviane Turq and
• Joost W. M. Frenken

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 163–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.20

• energy to really dissipate. In every slip, the stored elastic energy is suddenly released and contributes to a rise of the temperature of the sliding interface and eventually the whole MEMS device due to the thermalization of the phonons launched into the structure upon the impact of the contacting