Chemical bath deposition of textured and compact zinc oxide thin films on vinyl-terminated polystyrene brushes

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Caroline G. Hofmeister,
• Peter Lindemann,
• Cheng Huang,
• Johannes Baier,
• Andreas Leineweber,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Christof Wöll,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Joachim Bill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 102–110, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.12

• ; thin film growth; zinc oxide; Introduction Due to its promising properties like photoemission in the UV range and its high piezoelectric coefficient, zinc oxide (ZnO; space group P63mc) is interesting for a wide range of applications. Several research groups investigate its application in light

Effects of electronic coupling and electrostatic potential on charge transport in carbon-based molecular electronic junctions

• Richard L. McCreery

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 32–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.4

• various probes such as UPS and inverse photoemission for molecular layers on surfaces [14][31][40][62][63], and photocurrents for intact molecular junctions [51][52]. Finally, the conjugated covalent bond between the aromatic π-systems of the carbon substrate and aromatic molecular layer is responsible

Plasma fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: functionalization and thermal stability

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Axel Hemberg,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2263–2271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.232

• the vCNTs. A temperature-dependent study was performed and the resulting defluorination process is discussed based on the analysis carried out using different techniques such as XPS, ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and Raman spectroscopy. We observed that oxygen present in the plasma

• sample annealed to T = 300 °C (blue curve) shows the dominating structures generated by the grafted species [42][43] due to their higher cross section for photoemission with respect to carbon (hν = 31 eV): the O 2p-like states around 7 eV, the C–F bonding orbitals and the F 2p-like states around 9 and 11

• electronic properties with respect to the pristine metallic behavior. Upon heating at 500 °C, the fluorine-related states appear at 11 eV as a low intensity shoulder with respect to the high intensity feature generated by oxygen-related states (black curve). Since the cross section for photoemission from the

Core-level spectra and molecular deformation in adsorption: V-shaped pentacene on Al(001)

• Anu Baby,
• He Lin,
• Gian Paolo Brivio,
• Luca Floreano and
• Guido Fratesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2242–2251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.230

• system in the presence of a full core hole on the different non-equivalent C atoms and its weighted average taking into account their multiplicity. In Figure 4 we plot the core level C 1s photoemission spectra (XPS) obtained by experiment, and by simulations for free undistorted pentacene and pentacene

Nitrogen-doped graphene films from chemical vapor deposition of pyridine: influence of process parameters on the electrical and optical properties

• Andrea Capasso,
• Theodoros Dikonimos,
• Francesca Sarto,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Giovanni De Bellis,
• Maria Sabrina Sarto,
• Giuliana Faggio,
• Angela Malara,
• Giacomo Messina and
• Nicola Lisi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2028–2038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.206

• films were characterized by atomic force microscopy, Raman and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The optical transmittance and electrical conductivity of the films were measured to evaluate their performance as transparent conductive electrodes. Graphene films grown by pyridine reached an electrical

• precursor, exploring a range of temperatures between 930 and 1070 °C, and assessing the effect of hydrogen in the CVD gas mixture. A comprehensive range of characterizations (atomic force microscopy, Raman and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, optical and electrical measurements) was run to ascertain the

• -ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) with Mg Kα X-ray radiation at 1253.6 eV (VG Escalab MkII Spectrometer). The samples were treated in air at 200 °C for a few minutes before XPS to remove possible organic contaminants. AFM Graphene-films transferred on silicon have been characterized by tapping-mode

Electrical properties and mechanical stability of anchoring groups for single-molecule electronics

• Riccardo Frisenda,
• Simge Tarkuç,
• Elena Galán,
• Mickael L. Perrin,
• Rienk Eelkema,
• Ferdinand C. Grozema and
• Herre S. J. van der Zant

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1558–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.159

• comparable with charge injection barrier values, found in literature from photoemission spectroscopy of comparable OPE molecules [46][47]. In order to understand in more detail the transport in the single-molecule junctions mediated by the four different anchoring groups we performed DFT+Σ calculations

Charge carrier mobility and electronic properties of Al(Op)₃: impact of excimer formation

• Andrea Magri,
• Pascal Friederich,
• Bernhard Schäfer,
• Valeria Fattori,
• Xiangnan Sun,
• Timo Strunk,
• Velimir Meded,
• Luis E. Hueso,
• Wolfgang Wenzel and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1107–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.112

• additional electrons, and thus, Al(Op)3, should be characterized by both lower HOMO and LUMO energy levels as compared to Alq3. In a recent work, Al(Op)3 deposited on a magnetic cobalt substrate was investigated by means of ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and near-threshold photoemission

Superluminescence from an optically pumped molecular tunneling junction by injection of plasmon induced hot electrons

• Kai Braun,
• Xiao Wang,
• Andreas M. Kern,
• Hilmar Adler,
• Heiko Peisert,
• Thomas Chassé,
• Dai Zhang and
• Alfred J. Meixner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1100–1106, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.111

• was observed [10]. The efficiency of photoemission is quite low, typically with a quantum efficiency (QE) per tunneling electron of the order of 10−6 to 10−5 emitted photons [2]. A different approach for ultra-high resolution optical spectroscopy has emerged recently, the so-called tip-enhanced Raman

Statistics of work and orthogonality catastrophe in discrete level systems: an application to fullerene molecules and ultra-cold trapped Fermi gases

• Antonello Sindona,
• Michele Pisarra,
• Mario Gravina,
• Cristian Vacacela Gomez,
• Pierfrancesco Riccardi,
• Giovanni Falcone and
• Francesco Plastina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.78

• many-particle states of the perturbed system with one or two excited fermions. We validate our approach through the comparison with some photoemission data on fullerene films and previous analytical calculations on harmonically trapped Fermi gases. Keywords: nanostructured systems; non-equilibrium

• with a shake-up content similar to that of fullerene. We test the accuracy of the methods through the comparison with available X-ray photoemission experiments [12][13], in the fullerene case, and previous analytical calculations [32][35], in the Fermi gas case. Finally, we draw some conclusions on the

• case, another source of broadening is given by the core-hole lifetime. Besides, to cope with real photoemission experiments a further Gaussian term due to experimental uncertainties is needed [18][19]. Working at low thermal energies, we can therefore set , with B(W) denoting a broadening function

Conformal SiO₂ coating of sub-100 nm diameter channels of polycarbonate etched ion-track channels by atomic layer deposition

• Nicolas Sobel,
• Christian Hess,
• Manuela Lukas,
• Anne Spende,
• Bernd Stühn,
• M. E. Toimil-Molares and
• Christina Trautmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 472–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.48

• and ALD-coated samples was analyzed by XPS (Table 1). The spectra of the coated samples are characterized by major peaks at 532.7, 284.5, and 103.3 eV originating from O 1s, C 1s, and Si 2p photoemission, respectively. The strong decrease of the carbon contribution and the nearly constant O 1s/Si 2p

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

• Toma Susi,
• Thomas Pichler and
• Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

• work is still ongoing to identify its precise atomic bonding configurations. In general, care should be taken in the preparation of a suitable sample, consideration of the intrinsic photoemission response of the material in question, and the appropriate spectral analysis. If this is not the case

• nanomaterials, and a reference for their binding energies that are vital for compositional analysis via XPS. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; core level photoemission; graphene; substitutional doping; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); Introduction Graphitic carbon nanomaterials consist of carbon bonded via

• significant influence of the substrate for measurements of graphene [35][36], and the disentanglement of the intrinsic photoemission responses of semiconducting and metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) [37]. Furthermore, as we shall see, identifying the binding energies associated with specific

Spectroscopic mapping and selective electronic tuning of molecular orbitals in phosphorescent organometallic complexes – a new strategy for OLED materials

• Pascal R. Ewen,
• Jan Sanning,
• Tobias Koch,
• Nikos L. Doltsinis,
• Cristian A. Strassert and
• Daniel Wegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2248–2258, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.234

• depends delicately on many parameters and necessitates great care during execution and analysis [5], but the major popularity of CV and its transformation as a quick tool in many labs entails the risk of disregarding this [6]. Looking at alternative surface science-based methods, photoemission and inverse

• photoemission spectroscopy techniques are common to address the electronic properties of molecular systems under well defined conditions [7][8]. As a drawback, these methods are each limited to the occupied or unoccupied states, respectively. Moreover, in a structurally complex or inhomogeneous sample the

• CV or (inverse) photoemission studies whose results are often flawed by difficulties and ambiguities in the analysis due to a major lack of knowledge regarding structural integrity, homogeneity and cleanliness of samples. In a truly interlocked interdisciplinary effort, we have identified the

Hybrid spin-crossover nanostructures

• Carlos M. Quintero,
• Gautier Félix,
• Iurii Suleimanov,
• José Sánchez Costa,
• Gábor Molnár,
• Lionel Salmon,
• William Nicolazzi and
• Azzedine Bousseksou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2230–2239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.232

• deposited on the gold and the graphite substrates where the ferroelectric PVDF–TrFE film was poled “down”. However, if the interfacial dipoles of the PVDF–TrFE film are poled “up” instead, the characteristic inverse photoemission (IPES) signature of the SCO complex in the HS form persists down to 100 K

• temperatures, the spin state is determined by the polarization of the ferroelectric substrate. If the substrate is poled “up”, the SCO molecules will remain HS; conversely, the SCO molecules will adopt the LS form for a substrate poled “down”. b) Inverse photoemission spectrum at 170 K for a 25 molecule thick

In situ metalation of free base phthalocyanine covalently bonded to silicon surfaces

• Fabio Lupo,
• Cristina Tudisco,
• Federico Bertani,
• Enrico Dalcanale and
• Guglielmo G. Condorelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2222–2229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.231

• obtained from high-resolution spectra of the relevant photoemission bands. Figure 2 reports the C 1s photoelectron spectra of Si-1-Pc (a) and PSi-1-Pc (b). The observed bands do not show significant differences between flat and porous samples. For both samples, a careful deconvolution of the band envelope

Advances in NO₂ sensing with individual single-walled carbon nanotube transistors

• Kiran Chikkadi,
• Matthias Muoth,
• Cosmin Roman,
• Miroslav Haluska and
• Christofer Hierold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2179–2191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.227

• al. [46][47][48] performed photoemission spectroscopy measurements of NO2 adsorption on purified SWNTs. Their data showed indications suggestive of the formation of NO3 and NO on the surface of the nanotube. This is in agreement with the calculations of Peng et al. [42] who reported a strong binding

UHV deposition and characterization of a mononuclear iron(III) β-diketonate complex on Au(111)

• Irene Cimatti,
• Silviya Ninova,
• Valeria Lanzilotto,
• Luigi Malavolti,
• Luca Rigamonti,
• Brunetto Cortigiani,
• Matteo Mannini,
• Elena Magnano,
• Federica Bondino,
• Federico Totti,
• Andrea Cornia and
• Roberta Sessoli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2139–2148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.223

• ]. However, it should be considered that the calculated DOS do not take into account that during the photoexcitation process the creation of a hole reduces the electron screening, the so-called final state effects in photoemission [20]. This effect becomes larger with a deeper created hole, justifying the

High speed e-beam lithography for gold nanoarray fabrication and use in nanotechnology

• Jorge Trasobares,
• François Vaurette,
• Marc François,
• Hans Romijn,
• Jean-Louis Codron,
• Dominique Vuillaume,
• Didier Théron and
• Nicolas Clément

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1918–1925, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.202

• 11-ferrocenyl-1-undecanethiol (FcC11) SAM from bottom to top. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 112: Detailed code for the “sequence method”. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Xavier Wallart for fruitful discussions on X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. J.T. PhD

Cathode lens spectromicroscopy: methodology and applications

• T. O. Menteş,
• G. Zamborlini,
• A. Sala and
• A. Locatelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1873–1886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.198

• 10.3762/bjnano.5.198 Abstract The implementation of imaging techniques with low-energy electrons at synchrotron laboratories allowed for significant advancement in the field of spectromicroscopy. The spectroscopic photoemission and low energy electron microscope, SPELEEM, is a notable example. We

• and combine chemical characterization with X-ray magnetic circular dichroism–photoemission electron microscopy (XMCD–PEEM) magnetic imaging by using the variable photon polarization and energy available at the synchrotron source. Keywords: gold (Au); graphene; intercalation; low-energy electron

• microscopy (LEEM); magnetism; nanostructures; X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD); X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (XPEEM); Introduction The cathode lens, or immersion objective lens, is used to image electrons emitted from surfaces [1]. In a microscope that uses this type of objective, the

Electronic and electrochemical doping of graphene by surface adsorbates

• Hugo Pinto and
• Alexander Markevich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1842–1848, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.195

• which in this case promotes the n-type doping [31]. Whereas one expects that electropositive adsorbates will dope graphene n-type, electronegative species should lead to p-type doping. By using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy Gierz et al. [32] demonstrated the doping of epitaxial graphene (EG

• graphene was studied by synchrotron-based high resolution photoemission spectroscopy (PES) [35]. The increase of the graphene work function due to the deposition of F4-TCNQ (Figure 5) suggests that there is an electron transfer from graphene to the molecule. In agreement with PES measurements DFT

Towards precise defect control in layered oxide structures by using oxide molecular beam epitaxy

• Federico Baiutti,
• Georg Christiani and
• Gennady Logvenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 596–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.70

• ports: four of these are occupied by the two growth chambers, a load lock and a storage chamber, leaving four spare ports for a future expansion of the system. It will be possible to attach, for example, spectroscopic tools such as angular resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), time-of-flight ion

CoPc and CoPcF₁₆ on gold: Site-specific charge-transfer processes

• Fotini Petraki,
• Heiko Peisert,
• Johannes Uihlein,
• Umut Aygül and
• Thomas Chassé

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 524–531, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.61

• ) hexadecafluoro-phthalocyanine (CoPcF16) to gold are investigated by photo-excited electron spectroscopies (X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES)). It is shown that a bidirectional charge transfer determines the

• allow the discussion of site-specific charge-transfer processes. Keywords: Auger parameter; charge transfer; interfaces; organic semiconductors; photoemission; phthalocyanines; polarization screening; Introduction In order to develop and improve the performance of organic-based electronic devices an

• mechanism [13][20]. The aim of the present work is a more comprehensive study of the interfacial charge transfer between CoPc or CoPcF16 and metals by using core level X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES), valence band ultraviolet photoemission

Thermal stability and reduction of iron oxide nanowires at moderate temperatures

• Annalisa Paolone,
• Marco Angelucci,
• Stefania Panero,
• Maria Grazia Betti and
• Carlo Mariani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 323–328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.36

• , infrared and photoemission spectroscopy measurements. Results: The chemical state of the nanowires is typical of the Fe2O3 phase and the stoichiometry changes towards a Fe3O4 phase by annealing above 440 K. The shape and morphology of the nanowires is not modified by moderate thermal treatment, as imaged

• . Thermogravimetry measurements distinctly show the mass reduction due to oxygen loss, and infrared transmittance and core-level photoemission measurements allow to follow the reduction process of the iron ions at different temperatures, showing the chemical reduction to Fe3O4 starting at moderate temperatures

• maximum magnification, beam energy of 10 keV). The X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) measurements have been carried out at the Lotus laboratory at the “Università di Roma La Sapienza”, in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system with a base pressure of 1 × 10−10 mbar, un-monochromatized Al Kα photon source

Interaction of iron phthalocyanine with the graphene/Ni(111) system

• Lorenzo Massimi,
• Simone Lisi,
• Daniela Pacilè,
• Carlo Mariani and
• Maria Grazia Betti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 308–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.34

• observed for CoPc on Gr/Ni(111) [17]. We present a valence band UV photoemission study of the FePc adsorption on Gr/Ni, which brings to light a direct evidence of an interaction between the FePc molecule and the Ni substrate. Experimental Experiments were performed in situ in ultra-high-vacuum (UHV

• direction perpendicular to ΓK confirm the strong shift of the Dirac point, while the gap opening is attributed to a strong hybridization of the Gr-π* states with the Ni d bands [22]. The photoemission data in the low binding energy region for the iron phthalocyanine molecules deposited on the Gr/Ni surface

• hybrid state suggests a molecule interaction with the Gr/Ni(111) interface, which validates the suggestion of a molecule–substrate interaction that is mediated by graphene. This is in agreement with recent investigations, in which electron energy loss and photoemission spectroscopy were used [14][15

Extracellular biosynthesis of gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) nanoparticles, their biodistribution and bioconjugation with the chemically modified anticancer drug taxol

• Shadab Ali Khan,
• Sanjay Gambhir and
• Absar Ahmad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 249–257, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.27

• ) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The Gd2O3–taxol bioconjugate was confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy and was purified by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Keywords: bioconjugation; biodistribution; gadolinium oxide; humicola sp; transmission

• ° and a time of 5 seconds per step at 40 kV voltage and a current of 30 mA. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) XPS of Gd2O3 nanoparticles powder was carried out on a VG microtech ESCA (XPS) 3000 spectrometer. The base pressure during XPS analysis was 1 × 10−9 Torr and Mg Kα X-ray radiation (1253.6

Fabrication of carbon nanomembranes by helium ion beam lithography

• Xianghui Zhang,
• Henning Vieker,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 188–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.20

• ) lithography have been utilized to fabricate CNMs from SAMs [11][12]. The EUV photon induced cross-linking is, for that matter, related to secondary electrons generated by the photoemission process [11]. Turchanin et al. investigated the electron induced cross-linking of biphenylthiol (BPT) SAMs on gold with