Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• many separation processes of complex matrices, such as in the clarification of beverages (i.e., milk, beer, and juices), the remediation of polluted water, or in the selective removal of bacteria and viruses from bloods. The main advantage of this technique is that membrane technology is a simple

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• produced nanomaterials Apart from incidental and engineered nanomaterials, nanoparticles and nanostructures are present in living organisms ranging from microorganisms, such as bacteria, algae and viruses, to complex organisms, such as plants, insects, birds, animals and humans. Recent developments in the

• nanomaterials that include a massive range of organisms, for example, nanobacteria, viruses as well as fungi, algae, and yeast that can produce nanoparticles in their bodies. Viruses: Viruses are the largest structurally characterized molecular assemblies known to date, which can be a non-living crystal and a

• living organism inside host cells. Generally, they are considered to be harmful as they cause disease in bacteria [121], plants [122], animals [123] and humans [124]. Advances in molecular biology have increased the possibility to genetically tailor viruses for use as catalysts and bio-scaffolds

Enzymatically promoted release of organic molecules linked to magnetic nanoparticles

• Chiara Lambruschini,
• Silvia Villa,
• Luca Banfi,
• Fabio Canepa,
• Fabio Morana,
• Annalisa Relini,
• Paola Riani,
• Renata Riva and
• Fulvio Silvetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 986–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.92

• cancer cells. To achieve selectivity, there are two main strategies. In the first one, the enzyme is exogenous and is artificially introduced into the body and selectively targeted to the tumour tissue using genes, viruses or antibodies (GDEPT, VDEPT, and ADEPT, respectively). Alternatively, the enzyme

Noble metal-modified titania with visible-light activity for the decomposition of microorganisms

• Maya Endo,
• Zhishun Wei,
• Kunlei Wang,
• Baris Karabiyik,
• Kenta Yoshiiri,
• Paulina Rokicka,
• Bunsho Ohtani,
• Agata Markowska-Szczupak and
• Ewa Kowalska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 829–841, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.77

• only a low effect on some pathogenic protozoa (e.g., Cryptosporidium sp. responsible for diarrhoea and even the death of immunocompromised patients) and viruses (e.g., norovirus). In contrast, UV disinfection is highly efficient against various microorganisms (even viruses) since absorption of UV light

• (λ = 253.7 nm) by nucleic acids induces the damage of genetic information and inactivation. However, it should be pointed out that chlorine disinfection is often complementary used because: (i) some viruses have low sensitivity to UV irradiation (e.g., adenovirus), and (ii) the lack of residual

• promote new ones. Moreover, fungi as more complex microorganisms than bacteria and viruses are much more resistant to antimicrobial agents. Therefore, there is a great need to develop new efficient antifungal materials. Regarding this, the antifungal properties of plasmonic photocatalysts have been tested

Liquid-crystalline nanoarchitectures for tissue engineering

• Baeckkyoung Sung and
• Min-Ho Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 205–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.22

• DNA, collagen, chitin, viruses, as well as phospholipids and cellulose [23][24]. In test tubes, biocolloidal systems can be finely tuned to form self-organized structures by complex interplays between entropic and enthalpic driving forces, electrostatic and viscoelastic effects, and hydrophilic and

• transitions can be quantitatively characterized by Onsager’s theory [44]. In addition, various types of rod-like viruses (fd, M13, f1 virus and TMV) have been considered as template materials for tissue regeneration. The rod-like viruses have been shown to undergo a series of lyotropic phase transitions from

• colleagues [91][92][93][94]. Specifically, substrates of ordered rod-like viruses in the nematic phase have been utilized for directed 2D growth of cells. In this case, viruses are genetically modified to express integrin-binding motifs on their major coat proteins by using phage display techniques

Photobleaching of YOYO-1 in super-resolution single DNA fluorescence imaging

• Joseph R. Pyle and
• Jixin Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2296–2306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.229

• theoretically predicted with the proposed method in this report. Keywords: diffusion; PAINT; single-molecule photophysics; super-resolution imaging; Introduction Fluorescence imaging of DNA with intercalating dyes is important for DNA sensing [1][2], nucleic acid imaging inside cells and viruses [3][4][5

Selective photodissociation of tailored molecular tags as a tool for quantum optics

• Ugur Sezer,
• Philipp Geyer,
• Moritz Kriegleder,
• Maxime Debiossac,
• Armin Shayeghi,
• Markus Arndt,
• Lukas Felix and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 325–333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.35

• objects. Both will be crucial for molecular quantum optics and future matter-wave experiments. An open future challenge will be to explore how well this method scales with the size of particles from individual monomer to trimers, chromophore-labelled biomolecules up to decorated viruses, as displayed as

Template-controlled piezoactivity of ZnO thin films grown via a bioinspired approach

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Fabian Streb,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Zaklina Burghard and
• Joachim Bill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 296–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.32

• of tobacco mosaic viruses) on the mineralization processes of ZnO films has been investigated and an extraordinary high degree of orientation was observed. In this study, we elucidate the influence of the negative charge density of two non-piezoelectric templates on the deposition of ZnO films from

High antiviral effect of TiO₂·PL–DNA nanocomposites targeted to conservative regions of (−)RNA and (+)RNA of influenza A virus in cell culture

• Asya S. Levina,
• Marina N. Repkova,
• Elena V. Bessudnova,
• Ekaterina I. Filippova,
• Natalia A. Mazurkova and
• Valentina F. Zarytova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1166–1173, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.108

• . Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are prominent in infectious diseases of humans and animals and periodically cause epidemics and epizootics. At present, the development of new antiviral drugs based on native or chemically modified nucleic acids is under scrutiny. Researchers all over the world explore the

• therapeutic potential of NA-based drugs to fight against the genetically variable viruses including IAV. Many attempts to produce effective antiviral drugs against IAV have not yet been successful because of the low ability of NA-based drugs to penetrate into cells. In the last few years, there were a large

• nanocomposites, targeted to conservative regions of (−)RNA and (+)RNA of different IAV subtypes (H1N1, H5N1, and H3N2). Results and Discussion The choice of the most suitable regions in nucleic acids for oligonucleotide-based agents is of great importance. In order to inhibit the different subtypes of viruses

Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies

• Claudia Koch,
• Fabian J. Eber,
• Carlos Azucena,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Alexander M. Bittner,
• Holger Jeske,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Fania C. Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 613–629, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.54

• research for more than a hundred years. During the late 19th century, their behavior in filtration tests applied to the agent causing the 'plant mosaic disease' eventually led to the discrimination of viruses from bacteria. Thereafter, they promoted the development of biophysical cornerstone techniques

• diverse achievements obtained with TMV-based particles, compares them to the progress with related viruses, and focuses on latest results revealing special advantages for enzyme-based biosensing formats, which might be of high interest for diagnostics employing 'systems-on-a-chip'. Keywords: biotemplate

• ; enzyme biosensor; nanotechnology; tobacco mosaic virus; virus-like particles; Introduction In the early years of virology, viruses were primarily regarded as small infective agents sometimes causing fatal diseases. Today, viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) are seen in a different light by a

Fabrication and characterization of novel multilayered structures by stereocomplexion of poly(D-lactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) and self-assembly of polyelectrolytes

• Elena Dellacasa,
• Li Zhao,
• Gesheng Yang,
• Laura Pastorino and
• Gleb B. Sukhorukov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 81–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.10

• [12][13][14], hydrogen bonding [15][16][17] and hydrophobic interaction [18][19][20] have been investigated, and also non-water-soluble polymers, viruses [21], proteins [22][23][24][25][26], and amphiphiles [27][28][29] have been used in LBL multilayers. Among the non-water-soluble polymers, the

Peptide-equipped tobacco mosaic virus templates for selective and controllable biomineral deposition

• Klara Altintoprak,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alexander Welle,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Petia Atanasova,
• Nina Stitz,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Joachim Bill,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Holger Jeske,
• Dirk Rothenstein,
• Fania Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1399–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.145

• weight polymers [15], carbon nanotubes [16], peptide nanotubes [17], certain plant viruses [18][19][20][21], filamentous bacteriophages [22][23], and bacterial flagellae [24] have been evaluated for their applicability on a technical scale. To achieve control over mineral precipitation, the modification

• virus (TMV) were used as templates for coating with inorganic materials including Pt, Au [28], Ag [29][30], Pd [31][32], TiO2 [33], SiO2 [34], NiO [35], CdS [21], CoPt, FePt, ZnS [27][36] and ZnO [37][38][39]. Among the virus-based templates, plant viruses are especially suitable nanostructured

• hybrid rods, after ten days of mineralization was additionally measured by AFM (data not shown). For this purpose, mineralized viruses were deposited on a silicon substrate. The average of the resulting mean values of the virus height was in good agreement with the TEM data and revealed a typical

Polymer blend lithography for metal films: large-area patterning with over 1 billion holes/inch²

• Cheng Huang,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1205–1211, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.123

• blend film with very small PS droplets. This offers the possibility to fabricate sub-100 nm metal islands or sub-100 nm holes in metal films, which is comparable, e.g., to the size of viruses. Figure 3a is an AFM image of a perforated Cu film with a thickness of 20 nm. The diameters of the holes range

Capillary and van der Waals interactions on CaF₂ crystals from amplitude modulation AFM force reconstruction profiles under ambient conditions

• Annalisa Calò,
• Oriol Vidal Robles,
• Sergio Santos and
• Albert Verdaguer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 809–819, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.84

• characterize a variety of nanoscale materials, from soft biomaterials (vesicles, viruses) [16][17], to organic thin films [18][19][20][21] and self-assembled monolayers [22] in liquid and in air, especially at those short separations where breakthrough events and sample mechanical deformations occur. However

Microwave assisted synthesis and characterisation of a zinc oxide/tobacco mosaic virus hybrid material. An active hybrid semiconductor in a field-effect transistor device

• Shawn Sanctis,
• Rudolf C. Hoffmann,
• Sabine Eiben and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 785–791, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.81

• , bacteriophages and viruses which exhibit diverse properties for the controlled formation of devices with possible application in areas such as sensors, photonics, energy storage as well as electronic transistors [4][5][6][7][8]. Fabrication of necessary functional hybrid materials often require well-defined 1D

• substrate with higher microwave power led to uncontrolled, rapid increase of the solution temperature and boiling of the solvent methanol (bp ≈ 65 °C). This led to a detachment of the viruses as no visible virus structures afterwards could be detected on the substrate surface by AFM analysis after this

Overview of nanoscale NEXAFS performed with soft X-ray microscopes

• Peter Guttmann and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 595–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.61

• high productive at synchrotron sources. Macromolecular crystals of proteins, viruses or nuclic acids are studied at the atomic structural level [1]. The development of drugs by understanding the interaction is greatly influenced by this technique. X-ray microscopy techniques enable the study of thick

Filling of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres

• Reece D. Gately and
• Marc in het Panhuis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 508–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.53

• delivery and medical imaging applications of SWCNT and MWCNTs have been identified, this line of research has only very recently emerged [117][118][119]. Further investigations into the selective binding of functional groups and various viruses or tumours could provide for an effective drug delivery system

Nanoparticle interactions with live cells: Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of nanoparticle size effects

• Li Shang,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Xiue Jiang,
• Linxiao Yang,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Thomas Simmet and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2388–2397, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.248

• , especially in view of possible implications regarding biosafety and biomedical applications of nanomaterials [1][2][3][4][5]. Because NPs have sizes similar to those of biological molecules and assemblies such as proteins or viruses, they are able to invade cells by hijacking the cellular endocytosis

• material, e.g., lipoprotein particles, protein assemblies, viruses and NPs, these are typically encapsulated in vesicles and selectively transported into and out of the cells via endocytosis and exocytosis, respectively [9][10]. Depending on the size of the transport vesicle, cargo properties and the

Apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy of sparsely labeled tobacco mosaic viruses and the intermediate filament desmin

• Alexander Harder,
• Mareike Dieding,
• Volker Walhorn,
• Sven Degenhard,
• Andreas Brodehl,
• Christina Wege,
• Hendrik Milting and
• Dario Anselmetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 510–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.60

• facilitates an optical resolution down to 20 nm. Furthermore, the use of standard mass-produced AFM cantilevers spares elaborate probe production or modification processes. We investigated tobacco mosaic viruses and the intermediate filament protein desmin. Both are mixed complexes of building blocks, which

• for an adequate signal to noise ratio (SNR). Besides, fluorescence and topography data are inherently aligned allowing easy superposition and localization of single fluorescence peaks within topographic features. Many biological systems from single molecules to cells and viruses are mixed complexes

Photocatalytic antibacterial performance of TiO₂ and Ag-doped TiO₂ against S. aureus. P. aeruginosa and E. coli

• Kiran Gupta,
• R. P. Singh,
• Ashutosh Pandey and
• Anjana Pandey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 345–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.40

• microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and viruses, because it has high photoreactivity, broad-spectrum antibiosis and chemical stability [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The photocatalytic activity of annealed TiO2 sturdily depends upon its existing phase, i.e., anatase, rutile, brokite. The anatase phase shows an

Paper modified with ZnO nanorods – antimicrobial studies

• Mayuree Jaisai,
• Sunandan Baruah and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 684–691, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.78

• cause of extensive damage to precious books and manuscripts [1][2]. In relation to this, documents in hospitals and research centers are carriers of infectious agents, such as disease-causing bacteria and viruses. Extreme care needs to be taken especially by people working in such organizations while

Drive-amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy: From vacuum to liquids

• Miriam Jaafar,
• David Martínez-Martín,
• Mariano Cuenca,
• John Melcher,
• Arvind Raman and
• Julio Gómez-Herrero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 336–344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.38

• conditions in both regimes. In liquid, the absence of significant van der Waals forces results in a monotonic interaction [4] and the feedback in both FM and AM is often perfectly stable. However biological samples, such as viruses, tend to contaminate the tip and introduce attractive interactions causing FM

• high resolution. FM is able to overcome the limitations of AM making it possible to obtain high-quality images of the viruses and other biological samples [29][30]. However, FM is only stable while the tip is clean and the conservative interaction is repulsive, but once the tip becomes contaminated

• magnitudes grow monotonically with the tip–sample distance. Figure 7b shows this dependence again with the same tip but this time contaminated after scanning a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate with viruses adsorbed on it. While the dissipation is still monotonic, the frequency shift is not

Magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical NMR-based diagnostics

• Huilin Shao,
• Tae-Jong Yoon,
• Monty Liong,
• Ralph Weissleder and
• Hakho Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 142–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.17

• to sensitively identify and quantify a wide range of biological targets including DNA/mRNA, proteins, enzyme activities, small molecules/drugs, bacteria, viruses and mammalian tumor cells, as summarized in Table 2. As described previously, the detection mode of DMR depends on the size of its target