Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• (key constituents in these products) may create immune responses; see discussion in [97]. How much of the injected dose reach the target? Most studies performed with drug-loaded NPs have been performed with the goal of targeting and treating tumors, and there are numerous reports showing that only a

• may not be good enough, as the drug needs to reach its intracellular target (often in the cytosol) to be active. Thus, quantification of NPs in the tumor area is important to understand what happens with the NPs following i.v. injection; however, far from being sufficient to evaluate the therapeutic

• potential of such NPs. Furthermore, in most articles describing the amount of drug taken up in the tumor area, it has not been investigated if the drug is still present inside the NPs and not able to reach its target. To our knowledge, there is only one publication describing a method to determine how much

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• encompasses an overview of emerging FET-based biosensors and useful guidelines to reach the best device dimensions, favorable design, and realization of FET-based biosensors. Consequently, it furnishes researchers with a detailed perspective on design considerations and applications for future generations of

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• regeneration and give an insight about bone regeneration, production techniques of the electrospun nanofibers, and varying formulation parameters in order to reach different drug delivery goals. This review also provides an extensive market research of electrospun nanofibers and an overview on scientific

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• Heteropterygidae can reach impressive life expectancies [41][44], with anecdotal reports extending over five years. The change in attachment performance was quantified through attachment force measurements. Because of the different properties of arolium and euplantulae [31][33], the attachment forces of whole

Investigation on drag reduction on rotating blade surfaces with microtextures

• Qinsong Zhu,
• Chen Zhang,
• Fuhang Yu and
• Yan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 833–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.70

• machining process and the spacing between tool paths. Thus, the machining coverage rate does not reach 100%, resulting in a residual height h as shown in Figure 20b. To sum up, the microtexture here meets the quality requirements. Results of the experiments The experimental results are given in Table 11 and

• Figure 23, the drag reduction performance of the microtexture blade is the best when the angle of attack is 57°; ηξ in the experiment can reach −3.7%. Although the difference between the simulation results and the experimental results is large under the other two attack angles, the trend of ηξ of the two

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• values, which could reach up to 565.99% [63]. Antibacterial activity of salt-containing scaffolds Suppose we apply a scaffold that contains an antibacterial agent (in our case, salt) for wound dressing. It is important to note that it would not just be a mechanical barrier from the pathogens but also an

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• data point, tp ≈ 10−3 s, yields two opposite situations. For GO, tp < τGO, the surface charge distribution does not reach the equilibrium configuration during the acquisition time, while for rGO, tp ≫ τrGO, measurements are carried out in equilibrium. It is important to note that the time evolution in

• height measurements in AM-AFM mode, the presence of an oscillating surface charge introduces additional dynamic effects typically overlooked, which, under certain conditions, should be considered when calculating the tip–sample interaction. Also, we have identified a relaxation time required to reach the

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• infinitesimal solid angle. Though the large fraction of the sputtered atoms is evacuated from the region affected by the ion beam and does not influence the milling process, some of the atoms can reach the irradiated surface. The flux of such redeposited atoms can be expressed as where is the flux of sputtered

• Equation 7, taking into account that the atoms originate from the surface element dS and reach the surface element dS1 at the angle γ (see Figure 1b). Using the introduced fluxes and in accordance with [21], the rate was determined as where ni is the atomic density of the i-th material. The incident ion

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• its maximum when the GQDs reach 67% in mass (2:4)TiO2/GQDs and decreases at higher amounts of GQDs. Meanwhile, the HYP oxidation peak current is highest when the amount of GQDs reaches 80% in mass in (1:4)TiO2/GQDs. To balance between the peak currents of URI and HYP, the electrode modified by (1:4

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• (partially) reduced, under identical processing conditions with identical product nanoparticle diameters of 3 nm [72]. Moreover, the degree of reduction or oxidation was gradually tuned to reach a thermodynamically driven equilibrium with the cumulative laser pulse energy input [72][73]. It indicates a

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• the optimal concentration of CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs was 50 µg/ mL, and the optimal RF heating time to reach 41 ± 1 °C was 20 min (Figure 6a). The cytotoxicity of NFs was measured in normal liver cells (THLE-2 cells), and the cell viability rate was 105%, indicating that NFs had no significant toxic effects

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• , which limits the number of therapeutic substances able to reach the brain in order to induce a positive effect. Recently, many efforts have been made to develop systems that facilitate the passage of NDDs through the BBB. Interestingly, nanoparticle (NP) systems are gaining increasing interest among the

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• . Then, 50 μL of nanovesicles or ALN dilutions in RPMI medium with 1 μg/mL LPS was added to each well to reach the final concentration of 100 and 500 μg/mL TL or 5 and 25 μg/mL ALN. After incubation, plates were centrifuged at 125g for 5 min, the medium was removed, and cells were washed once with 100 µL

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• reached. To this end, the tip has to be displaced further by Δz > Δzc to reach the energy minimum. The hysteresis loop in Δf and I data can, therefore, be rationalized in terms of a Au–C bond that is formed upon approaching the tip to the defect up to the point of maximum attraction at Δzc ≈ Δz0. This

Insect attachment on waxy plant surfaces: the effect of pad contamination by different waxes

• Elena V. Gorb and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 385–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.35

• the plant species. The insects demonstrated significantly lower values of both the maximum traction force and the first peak of the traction force and needed significantly longer time to reach the maximum force value in the gl2 test than in the gl1 test. These effects were especially pronounced in

• maximal traction force Fmax, the value of the first peak of the traction force Fpeak1, and the time TFmax needed to reach the maximum traction force value were measured (Figure 5a). Values of Fmax, Fpeak1, and TFmax were compared among different surfaces inside the experimental set (gl1 vs plant for Fmax

• first peaks of the traction force Fpeak1 measured from the force–time curves obtained in the first and second experiment on glass (gl1 vs gl2) showed significantly lower values in the second experiment gl2 (paired t-test: t = 5.962, p = 0.033) (Figure 6b). To reach the maximum traction force values, all

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• countries’ institutions (Brazil and Argentina), and private pharmaceutical companies. The project started proposing a sublingual formulation of BNZ within liposomes or lipid nanoparticles, assuming the intact formulations could reach the blood, avoid the hepatic first-pass metabolism, and reduce the

• that the process in mammalian hosts is certainly more complex. Acceptable formulations for the treatment of the chronic phase [136], for example, should reach intracellular targets. But what is the nature of these targets and how feasible for nanomedicines is it to access them? Recently, the presence

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• FM-AFM, as well as additional driving and read-out schemes. In contrast to optical cavities, superconducting lumped-element microwave resonators easily reach the resolved-sideband regime, where the cavity linewidth is smaller than the mechanical resonant frequency [1][15]. Typically, lumped-element

Quantitative wear evaluation of tips based on sharp structures

• Ke Xu and
• Houwen Leng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 230–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.22

• al. [19] used the estimated tip diameter (ETD) as an indicator to evaluate tip wear and concluded that low set points can significantly reduce tip wear. Also, the probe can reach a predetermined amplitude faster, making faster scanning speeds possible. Huang et al. [20] not only used the ETD as an

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• . This increased contact area leads to enhanced binding affinity, resulting in the observed stronger binding across the size range. This is not the case for other proteins on the list as they are more compact and, therefore, reach the maximum number of contacts at relatively small NP sizes. Regarding the

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• additional MilliQ water to reach the desired final volume (usually 100 μL for a standard synthesis). We used a higher excess of the staple strands because of the already long storage time of our staple stock solution [34]. The mixture was then annealed to 90 °C and slowly cooled down at a rate of −7 °C·min−1

Exploring disorder correlations in superconducting systems: spectroscopic insights and matrix element effects

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander E. Lukyanov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov,
• Boris G. Lvov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 199–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.19

• take N = 50, which our calculations show is sufficiently large to mitigate finite-size effects. BdG equations (Equation 2) are solved together with the self-consistency conditions (Equation 3) in the usual way until the order parameter and the Hartree potential reach a predefined accuracy threshold [63

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• nanoparticle uptake, transport, and bioaccumulation in the food chain when ZnO NPs reach the soil, which positively or negatively affects plant growth and productivity [16]. For instance, ZnO NPs at an optimum concentration of 0.13 g/L promoted seed germination and root growth of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• prepared by antisolvent precipitation could reach up to 5.0 mg/mL, which notably increased the antibacterial activity of BBR [7]. Electrospinning is a convenient technique that allows one to fabricate nanofiber scaffolds with various compositions and structures. During the electrospinning process, a

• . Consequently, the PLA nanofiber scaffold loaded with BBR NPs gradually released a maximum of 93% of BBR during 64 h and effectively inhibited the proliferation of MRSA during 24 h. Meanwhile, the BBR concentration released from the BBR/PLA nanofiber scaffold during the first 24 h did not reach the minimum

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• , the intracellular uptake of bioactive molecules is especially hindered for hydrophobic molecules [64], making it difficult for the drug to reach the parasite. On the other hand, nanocarriers can target the interior of macrophages residing in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, effectively delivering

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• liposomes, exposes them to degradation by stomach acid, bile salts, and enzymes. Consequently, in in vivo models, intact liposomes may encounter challenges to reach the bloodstream owing to the adverse conditions of the stomach [42]. This elucidates why, in in vitro tests, the author exclusively assessed