Anchoring of a dye precursor on NiO(001) studied by non-contact atomic force microscopy

• Sara Freund,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Nathalie Marinakis,
• Edwin C. Constable,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Catherine E. Housecroft and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 242–249, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.26

• lie between 3.5 and 4.3 eV [25][26][27][28][29], and given that scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) can only be performed on thin NiO films grown on metals [30][31], non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) in ultra-high vacuum is the technique of choice. Due to its hardness and high reactivity

Transition from silicene monolayer to thin Si films on Ag(111): comparison between experimental data and Monte Carlo simulation

• Alberto Curcella,
• Romain Bernard,
• Yves Borensztein,
• Silvia Pandolfi and
• Geoffroy Prévot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 48–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.7

• Alberto Curcella Romain Bernard Yves Borensztein Silvia Pandolfi Geoffroy Prevot Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS-UMR 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France 10.3762/bjnano.9.7 Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES

• regime where multilayer silicene has been claimed to form (470–500 K), a good agreement is found with AES intensity variations and STM measurements within a Ag surfactant mediated growth, whereas a model with multilayer silicene growth fails to reproduce the AES measurements. Keywords: Auger electron

• ], ARPES [31] and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction [32]. The diamond-like structure of the film has been confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) [33] and optical measurements [34]. The Ag termination of the surface has been also demonstrated by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) [34], metastable

Adsorption of iron tetraphenylporphyrin on (111) surfaces of coinage metals: a density functional theory study

• Hao Tang,
• Nathalie Tarrat,
• Véronique Langlais and
• Yongfeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2484–2491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.248

• vacuum disappears upon adsorption on the metal surfaces. The high-spin state of physisorbed FeTPP is stable on all adsorption sites. This result reveals that an external permanent element such as a STM tip or an additional molecule is needed to use FeTPP or similar molecules as model system for molecular

• molecule (e.g., NO, CO) or atom (Cl) in order to modify the coordination number [8][9][10][11]. Only few reversible manipulations of spin were achieved without additional ligand, as the one shown by N. Lin et al. on a single FeTPP molecule junction in a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) [12]. In this

• S = 1 associated with a conformational change by passing from a saddle shape to a planar shape in the presence of the STM tip. To the best of our knowledge, the stability as well as the activation barrier between HS and IS FeTPP have not yet been investigated. In this paper, a brief analysis of the

Robust procedure for creating and characterizing the atomic structure of scanning tunneling microscope tips

• Sumit Tewari,
• Koen M. Bastiaans,
• Milan P. Allan and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2389–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.238

• Sumit Tewari Koen M. Bastiaans Milan P. Allan Jan M. van Ruitenbeek Huygens–Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, Netherlands 10.3762/bjnano.8.238 Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) are used extensively for studying and manipulating matter at

• the atomic scale. In spite of the critical role of the STM tip, procedures for controlling the atomic-scale shape of STM tips have not been rigorously justified. Here, we present a method for preparing tips in situ while ensuring the crystalline structure and a reproducibly prepared tip structure up

• to the second atomic layer. We demonstrate a controlled evolution of such tips starting from undefined tip shapes. Keywords: adatom imaging; mechanical annealing; scanning tunneling microscopy (STM); STM tip; tip apex; Introduction After the advent of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) in 1981

Surfactant-induced enhancement of droplet adhesion in superhydrophobic soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves

• Oliver Hagedorn,
• Ingo Fleute-Schlachter,
• Hans Georg Mainx,
• Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2345–2356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.234

• crystal structure and scanning tunneling microscope (STM) analysis by Koch et al. [46] showed that polar groups of the primary alcohols are introverted and the nonpolar proportion is orientated to the outside of the platelet-shaped wax crystals. According to our results, it is concluded that surfactants

Ester formation at the liquid–solid interface

• Nguyen T. N. Ha,
• Thiruvancheril G. Gopakumar,
• Nguyen D. C. Yen,
• Carola Mende,
• Lars Smykalla,
• Maik Schlesinger,
• Roy Buschbeck,
• Tobias Rüffer,
• Heinrich Lang,
• Michael Mehring and
• Michael Hietschold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2139–2150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.213

• participation is usually beyond the role of just being a solid support for the reactants. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) it is possible to actively study the elementary processes of on-surface reactions. Different types of reactions such as Ullmann coupling, imine coupling, boronic anhydridation

• thoroughly investigated. In addition to the imaging, the tunnel tip was active in promoting the reaction by local energy transfer to and local transport of the reactants. Endothermal on-surface reactions of a whole molecular monolayer can be initiated by a corresponding heating process after deposition. STM

• ambient conditions [27]. Molecular mixture at solid−liquid interfaces could possibly initiate chemical reactions and be monitored in situ with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Metal complexation reactions, polymerizations [28][29][30] and photochemical dimerization [31] are shown to be initiated at

Electronic structure, transport, and collective effects in molecular layered systems

• Torsten Hahn,
• Tim Ludwig,
• Carsten Timm and
• Jens Kortus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2094–2105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.209

• interactions. The master-equation (ME) approach focuses on the many-body state of the molecular system and traces out the degrees of freedom of the electrodes, e.g., the top and bottom Au or Ni electrodes discussed in the previous sections or the tip and the substrate in an STM setup. We are here interested in

• itself to approximate expansions in the tunneling between the molecule and the leads. The method is thus powerful for strong interactions but weak hybridization between the molecules and the electrodes (STM tip and substrate). The ME approach requires the formal separation of the system into the molecule

• has been studied intensively [54][55][56][57][58][59] but is still not completely solved [60]. For STM, the tunneling amplitudes describing tunneling between the tip and the molecule or the substrate depend on the tip position. It is highly desirable to obtain realistic, system-specific tunneling

Adsorbate-driven cooling of carbene-based molecular junctions

• Giuseppe Foti and
• Héctor Vázquez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2060–2068, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.206

• . STM break-junction measurements are often carried out in solution, where, in addition to target molecules, solvent molecules are also present [11][12][13][14][15][16]. The presence of contaminants that might diffuse on the surface and cause fluctuations in conductance or sudden changes in the junction

Intercalation of Si between MoS₂ layers

• Rik van Bremen,
• Qirong Yao,
• Soumya Banerjee,
• Deniz Cakir,
• Nuri Oncel and
• Harold J. W. Zandvliet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1952–1960, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.196

• the growth of Si on MoS2. Our scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observations are very similar to those reported by Chiappe et al. [30]. However, we arrive at the conclusion that Si intercalates between the MoS2 layers. In order to verify our conclusion we have performed additional spectroscopic

• performed with an Omicron STM-1 room-temperature scanning tunneling microscope in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). The UHV system is composed of three separate chambers: a load-lock chamber for a quick entry of new samples and STM tips, a preparation chamber with facilities for sample heating, ion bombardment and

• evaporation of silicon and an STM chamber. The base pressures in the STM chamber and the preparation chamber are below 3 × 10−11 mbar and 5 × 10−11 mbar, respectively. The MoS2 samples are purchased from HQ graphene. Prior to inserting the samples into the lock-load system they were cleaned by mechanical

Coexistence of strongly buckled germanene phases on Al(111)

• Weimin Wang and
• Roger I. G. Uhrberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1946–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.195

• Weimin Wang Roger I. G. Uhrberg Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden 10.3762/bjnano.8.195 Abstract We report a study of structural and electronic properties of a germanium layer on Al(111) using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low

• an atomic model consisting of a strongly buckled (2×2) germanene layer, which is stable in two different orientations on Al(111). Simulated STM of both orientations fit nicely with experimental STM images and the Ge 3d core-level data decomposed into four components is consistent with the suggested

• model. Keywords: core-level spectroscopy; DFT; germanene; STM; Introduction The properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials are currently subjected to intense experimental and theoretical studies. The research is focused on many important properties predicted by theory for various conceivable 2D

Structural model of silicene-like nanoribbons on a Pb-reconstructed Si(111) surface

• Agnieszka Stępniak-Dybala and
• Mariusz Krawiec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1836–1843, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.185

• , and suppress the nanoribbon–substrate interaction. The proposed structural model reproduces well all the experimental findings. Keywords: density functional theory (DFT); scanning tunneling microscopy (STM); silicene; Si nanoribbons; Introduction The discovery of the exotic nature of graphene [1][2

• really been obtained. The same problem concerns Si nanoribbons (NRs) grown on the Ag(110) surface [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. The scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images show isolated 1.6 nm wide ribbons [32][35][41]. However, no hexagonal structure is visible in the STM topography. First

• substrate because the results of the DFT calculations of [45][46] were very promising in view of silicene formation. We started from the thinnest Pb substrates, which are and reconstructions of Pb on Si(111). Our STM studies on the Pb-reconstructed Si(111) surface revealed that deposited Si atoms form

Non-intuitive clustering of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone on Au(111)

• Ryan D. Brown,
• Rebecca C. Quardokus,
• Natalie A. Wasio,
• Jacob P. Petersen,
• Angela M. Silski,
• Steven A. Corcelli and
• S. Alex Kandel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1801–1807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.181

• the molecules of the linear dimer row. The spacing in the bulk dimer is 8.5 Å, and thus this feature is packed too closely to represent a planar dimer structure with the binding motif of the bulk crystal. Even accounting for inaccuracy in the STM imaging, the close-packed periodicity should be larger

• after deposition. The samples were then transferred to a cryogenically cooled STM (Omicron LT-STM) in an ultrahigh-vacuum chamber, and imaged once the temperature had equilibrated at 77 K. Typical imaging conditions used were a 10 pA tunneling setpoint with a tip–sample bias of +1.00 V, unless otherwise

• basis-set superposition error, the Boys and Bernardi counterpoise correction was applied to all systems. 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (left) and 9-fluorenone (right). a) STM topography image, 250 Å × 250 Å, of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone on Au(111), with a representative row (red) and some representative

(Metallo)porphyrins for potential materials science applications

• Lars Smykalla,
• Carola Mende,
• Michael Fronk,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Michael Hietschold,
• Georgeta Salvan,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Tobias Rüffer and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1786–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.180

• this section. Thin films of the free-base porphyrin H2TPP(OH)4 were deposited by OMBD (pressure approximately 1 × 10−8 mbar, temperature around 350 °C) on Au(111) and Ag(110). The thin films were characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments with a variable-temperature STM device

• annealed at 150 °C for one hour to achieve uniform coverage [44][45]. The voltage dependence of the appearance of the molecules in STM was investigated and it was realized that bias voltages of larger than 0.7 V were required in order to clearly observe H2TPP(OH)4 in two different states, denoted as 1 and

• 2. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements enabled us to determine the HOMO–LUMO gap of 1 to be 2.0 ± 0.1 and of 2 to be 2.5 ± 0.1 eV. If the STM is measured inside the HOMO–LUMO gaps, geometry effects dominate and all molecules in the ordered layer look quite identical. This changed when bias

Adsorption and diffusion characteristics of lithium on hydrogenated α- and β-silicene

• Fadil Iyikanat,
• Ali Kandemir,
• Cihan Bacaksiz and
• Hasan Sahin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1742–1748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.175

• ]. Hydrogenated α- and β-silicene on a Ag(111) surface Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements revealed that hydrogenated silicene on Ag(111) surfaces exhibits two different perfectly ordered phases, which are hydrogenated α-(3×3)-silicene and hydrogenated β-(3×3)-silicene [30]. For simplicity, we name

Transport characteristics of a silicene nanoribbon on Ag(110)

• Ryoichi Hiraoka,
• Chun-Liang Lin,
• Kotaro Nakamura,
• Ryo Nagao,
• Maki Kawai,
• Ryuichi Arafune and
• Noriaki Takagi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1699–1704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.170

• SiNR on Ag(110). To isolate SiNR from the Ag substrate, we lift up an individual SiNR with the tip of a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and fabricate a nanojunction in which the lifted SiNR bridges the gap between the STM tip and the substrate. This method enables us to isolate the

• SiNR from the substrate electronic system and elucidate the intrinsic properties. We measure the differential conductance (dI/dV) spectra of the nanojunctions and find a sharp peak structure at the Fermi level. Results and Discussion Figure 1a shows a topographic STM image of the Ag(110) surface after

• results are nicely matched with those reported in the previous STM works [25][26]. We measured dI/dV spectra as a function of the STM tip location. Figure 2a,b shows the spectra measured in the narrow and wide voltage ranges. One sees that these spectra are very similar to each other and do not depend on

Adsorption and electronic properties of pentacene on thin dielectric decoupling layers

• Sebastian Koslowski,
• Daniel Rosenblatt,
• Alexander Kabakchiev,
• Klaus Kuhnke,
• Klaus Kern and
• Uta Schlickum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1388–1395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.140

• chloride (KCl); scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM); scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS); Introduction Miniaturization plays a paramount role in the development of modern technology. In order to further reduce the dimensions of the basic processing units, molecular electronics is a promising approach

• . To understand the principles behind single-molecule devices, the fundamental physics of molecule-metal junctions need to be well understood and controlled. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is particularly suited to not only study the structure of an adsorbed (organic) molecule on the atomic scale

• without [5] a chemical reaction between the metal surface and the adsorbed molecule and thus to a hybridization of the molecule with the underlying electron bath of the metal surface. To access the intrinsic electronic structure of molecules using STM, it has been shown that it is in most cases mandatory

Deposition of exchange-coupled dinickel complexes on gold substrates utilizing ambidentate mercapto-carboxylato ligands

• Martin Börner,
• Laura Blömer,
• Marcus Kischel,
• Peter Richter,
• Georgeta Salvan,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Maria E. N. Fuentes,
• Carlos C. B. Bufon,
• Daniel Grimm,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Daniel Breite,
• Bernd Abel and
• Berthold Kersting

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1375–1387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.139

• photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements [41]. The present study is an extension of this work and focuses on the synthesis, characterization and deposition of dinuclear [Ni2L(L’)](ClO4) complexes 6–8 bearing the ambidentate coligands H2L4–H2L6 (Figure 1, Scheme 2

Comprehensive Raman study of epitaxial silicene-related phases on Ag(111)

• Dmytro Solonenko,
• Ovidiu D. Gordan,
• Guy Le Lay,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn and
• Patrick Vogt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1357–1365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.137

• )/(4×4) phase but slightly expanded. Because of the interaction with the Ag(111) substrate, those domains have a very different appearance in STM imaging. The / phase always coexists with the (3×3)/(4×4) and the “” superstructure and forms relatively small domains. Its similarity to the honeycomb (3×3

• be determined for the silicon deposition onto the Ag(111) surface from room temperature (RT) up to 500 °C. Results Scanning tunneling microscopy Figure 1 shows the STM images for Si deposited onto Ag(111) at different substrate temperatures in agreement with previous reports [4][8]. For deposition of

• about 0.1 of a ML at room temperature filled-states STM images (Figure 1a) show the formation of cluster-like structures on the otherwise atomically flat Ag(111) surface. The number and sizes of the clusters increase with Si deposition time but do not show any additional corrugation, which would be

Adsorption characteristics of Er₃N@C₈₀on W(110) and Au(111) studied via scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy

• Sebastian Schimmel,
• Zhixiang Sun,
• Danny Baumann,
• Denis Krylov,
• Nataliya Samoylova,
• Alexey Popov,
• Bernd Büchner and
• Christian Hess

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1127–1134, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.114

• it. In order to examine the adsorption characteristics and the electronic structure of Er3N@C80 in consideration of adsorbate–substrate interaction, we performed scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) investigations on sub-monolayer covered W(110) and Au(111

• ) single crystal substrates. Beside their potential application as electrode materials, the choice of these established standard substrate for STM/STS investigations provides the advantages of comparability to results of earlier measurements and well-known fast cleaning treatments. Experimental Er3N@C80

• was purchased from SES Research. For STM measurements, the samples was purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with Buckyprep-M column and toluene as a solvent, washed with acetone and hexane, and then transferred to the crucible of the Knudsen cell by drop-casting from toluene. To

Stable Au–C bonds to the substrate for fullerene-based nanostructures

• Taras Chutora,
• Jesús Redondo,
• Bruno de la Torre,
• Martin Švec,
• Pavel Jelínek and
• Héctor Vázquez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1073–1079, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.109

• vacancies. This provides a pathway for the formation of fullerene-based nanostructures on Au at room temperature. Keywords: Au–C bonds; density functional theory (DFT); fullerenes; scanning tunneling microscopy (STM); sputtering; Introduction In single-molecule electronics, the active element in an

• nanostructures on Au(111) at room temperature in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment. These structures were realized by soft sputtering of fullerene films on the surface with Ar+ ions and were studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). After sputtering, bright spots on the herringbone corners are

• stable fullerene-based structures proposed here might be useful for transport studies on magnetic atoms and impurities encapsulated inside molecules based on fullerenes. Results and Discussion STM room-temperature measurements Figure 1a shows a constant-current STM image acquired at room temperature

Calculating free energies of organic molecules on insulating substrates

• Julian Gaberle,
• David Z. Gao and
• Alexander L. Shluger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 667–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.71

• technologies, a thorough understanding of the competing interactions at the surface is vital. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) has been pivotal in achieving a high level of control over the molecular film structures on metal surfaces [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. However, many applications require the use of

Optimizing qPlus sensor assemblies for simultaneous scanning tunneling and noncontact atomic force microscopy operation based on finite element method analysis

• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Udo D. Schwarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 657–666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.70

• ; noncontact atomic force microscopy; quartz tuning forks; scanning tunneling microscopy; self-sensing probe; Introduction Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) [1] and non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) [1][2][3] are powerful methods allowing the visualization of the atomic structure of a surface

• , with STM probing the electronic properties of the sample and NC-AFM its chemical nature with picoampere, piconewton, and picometer resolution [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Thereby, STM relies on measuring a tunneling current collected by a conducting tip located in close proximity of the probed surface

• while NC-AFM uses the perturbation that surface forces impose on the vibration of a cantilever to sense the proximity of the surface from a tip located at the end of the cantilever [12][13][14]. It is even possible to conduct simultaneous STM and NC-AFM experiments, which deliver complementary

Ordering of Zn-centered porphyrin and phthalocyanine on TiO₂(011): STM studies

• Piotr Olszowski,
• Lukasz Zajac,
• Szymon Godlewski,
• Bartosz Such,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Res Jöhr,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymonski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 99–107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.11

• layers at room temperature and after elevated temperature thermal processing. The molecular homo- and heterostructures were characterized by high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at room temperature and their geometrical arrangement and degree of ordering are compared with the previously

• conditions. Keywords: dye-sensitized solar cells; molecular nanostructures; phthalocyanines; porphyrins; rutile surfaces; STM imaging; Introduction There is an increasing interest in optoelectronic applications of organic molecular heterostructures which utilize inorganic substrates, such as titanium

• and further ordered by thermal annealing at 150–200 °C. Although the structure of the thermally annealed CuPc islands could be characterized with low temperature (LT) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), indicating that the molecules are predominantly upright-oriented, at room temperature, the

Noise in NC-AFM measurements with significant tip–sample interaction

• Jannis Lübbe,
• Matthias Temmen,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1885–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.181

• within this work are written using power spectral densities DX for the quantity X, while simulated and experimental results are described in terms of amplitude spectral densities . Experimental All experiments are performed using a commercial NC-AFM system (UHV 750 variable temperature STM/AFM, RHK

Thickness-modulated tungsten–carbon superconducting nanostructures grown by focused ion beam induced deposition for vortex pinning up to high magnetic fields

• Ismael García Serrano,
• Javier Sesé,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow,
• Sebastián Vieira,
• Manuel Ricardo Ibarra and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1698–1708, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.162

• (STM) [20][21]. Recently, De Teresa and Córdoba proposed a strategy to grow W–C films by FIBID with controlled thickness modulation [22], which opens the route for the design of specific experiments probing the behavior of the vortex lattice as a function of magnetic field, temperature and electrical

• O (7%). The nature of the deposits is amorphous, as previous STM and transmission electron microscopy studies have demonstrated [11][13]. The W–C samples have been grown on Si3N4 substrates prepatterned with Ti pads by e-beam evaporation and lift-off techniques for magnetoresistance measurements

• higher temperature. Other weaker local minima are observed at lower fields in specific temperature ranges. Previous STM studies on the W–C superconducting films have given evidence for the vortex-lattice arrangement preferably following an Abrikosov triangular lattice [13][15][20][21][50]. Figure 4b