Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction activity of AgCoCu oxides on reduced graphene oxide in alkaline media

• Iyyappan Madakannu,
• Indrajit Patil,
• Bhalchandra Kakade and
• Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha Datta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1020–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.89

• , and a limiting current density of 5.3 mA·cm−2 in 0.1 M KOH with an electron transfer value of 3.97 [24]. The strong interactions among the unsupported trimetallic nanoparticles leads to aggregation resulting in reduced activity and stability. In this regard, structural regulation can be obtained via

Solar-light-driven LaFe_xNi_1−xO₃ perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

• Chao-Wei Huang,
• Shu-Yu Hsu,
• Jun-Han Lin,
• Yun Jhou,
• Wei-Yu Chen,
• Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
• Yu-Tang Lin and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

• crystal diameters than LaNiO3, indicating LaFeO3 tended to grow crystal than LaNiO3 at a certain calcination temperature. However, high temperature might cause particle aggregation, leading to the lower surface area. Therefore, a moderate temperature of 700 °C was selected to obtain the perovskite

• sol–gel solution could help the separation of LaFexNi1−xO3 crystals, leading to less particle aggregation. Moreover, the elemental analysis of the samples was also carried out using energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS). The Fe contents of the samples with different Fe/Ni atomic ratios were identified

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• limited owing to the aggregation of these phases, resulting in the decrement of active sites during photocatalysis [27]. In order to further increase the effectiveness of these heterostructures, the fabrication of efficient TiO2 materials for a homogeneous dispersion of Bi2WO6 through its morphological

• . The signals of Bi and W overlap to a great extent and uniformly distribute along the nanotube without aggregation. These signals are a little broader than those of Ti, revealing that Bi2WO6 nanoparticles spread along the TiO2 nanotube surface. Besides, the signals of Bi, W, and Ti interlaced among the

• powder (16.0 m2·g−1) [52]. This is mainly benefited from the uniform and compact dispersion of Bi2WO6 nanoparticles on the hierarchical TiO2 nanotubes without aggregation. The corresponding pore size distribution pattern analyzed by the BJH model exhibits a sharp peak at approx. 3 nm and a wide peak at

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• remarkable at concentrations greater than 8 µg/mL through affecting the aggregation of phenol-soluble modulins into amyloid fibrils. This result suggests that BBR may be a therapeutic agent against microbial-generated amyloid-involved diseases. BBR is also a phytochemical exhibiting a strong antiviral

• solvent that possesses many hydroxy groups. The hydrogen atoms of these hydroxy groups and the oxygen atoms of methoxy and furyl groups of BBR form hydrogen bonds, which can effectively avoid the aggregation of BBR NPs. Therefore, glycerol acts as a stabilizer to improve the distribution and stability of

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• diameter of about 13 nm according to DLS measurements. GSH-modified GNPs displayed similar morphology and sizes (Figure 2b) [6][45]. When GNPs-GSH were further modified with Rh6G2, the size of the modified GNPs was slightly increased, and no aggregation occurred (Figure 2c) [46]. Furthermore, the surface

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• BMP-7 by approximately 30% and 80%, respectively, at the end of day 21 [56]. The results showed that the spatiotemporal compartmentalization of growth factors in different delivery systems was responsible for the individual and sequential release and might prevent aggregation of the growth factors

Alcohol-perturbed self-assembly of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein

• Ismael Abu-Baker and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 355–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.30

• effect glycine may have on the disk to rod transition. Lee et al. investigated the coagulation of TMV virions in alcohol–water–LiCl solutions [33]. They concluded that ethanol increases hydrophobic interactions between virions, and LiCl screens electrostatic repulsion, leading to significant aggregation

• mixture of disks and short stacked disks in TEM (Figure 2). DLS showed primarily disks, with a small population of larger particles, which is likely due to dust or aggregation. In addition to disks and stacked disks, long helical rods were observed at pH 5.5 without alcohol present. At pH 5.5, ethanol

• aggregation or a small population of rods. Instead, disks became the dominant structure, with short stacked disks forming over time. Even after 2 weeks at room temperature, the 3.5 mol % ethanol sample at pH 5.5 was indistinguishable from a pH 6.8 sample with no ethanol (Figure S2, Supporting Information File

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• ) Magnetic hysteresis curves of individual Fe3O4 nanoparticles as well as NPCs. The insert shows aggregation of NPCs dispersed in aqueous solution by a magnet. (d) DLS characterization of NPCs dispersed in cell culture medium. (e) DLS results of NPCs suspension after five heating/cooling cycles. Photothermal

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• reported by Rehman [8], who used the photodynamic properties of TiO2 for killing HeLa cancer cells. The hydrophobic nature of photosensitizers commonly used in photodynamic therapy led to selectivity and aggregation issues that jeopardize their effectiveness. Therefore, TiO2 nanoparticles (nps), which

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• been developed by Zeng et al. for the removal of organic dyes and heavy metal ions from water. The HNTs has been modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) in order to overcome the aggregation of HNTs owing to their high length-to-diameter ratio, but it has also enhanced the separation ability

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• , −8 mV [40]. Thus, both the HbMP and the bacteria showed a negative zeta potential and strong aggregation due to different charges seems unlikely. In the CCD process there are some centrifugation steps in the preparation of the HbMP. After centrifugation, both the particles and the majority of the

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• the backbone, acidification of amines, hydrogen bonding, exciplex formation, amine oxidation, and solvent-induced aggregation were reported as factors that amplify the weak luminescence of PEI and amine-containing dendrimers [15][16][17][18][20][24]. The luminescence of these materials is especially

• performed at magnetic mode indicated particles of approx. 20 nm in size, which suggests a slight particle aggregation (Figure 1b). According to the literature, it is usually not uncommon to obtain different results using AFM and TEM analysis. However, due to a higher resolution and material-related

• stabilized magnetic nanoparticles [60]. The antibody conjugation may stabilize the particles further, preventing aggregation and hence reducing the hydrodynamic size [61]. Therefore, Erb conjugation may result in a reduction of the surface energy of magnetic nanoparticles and pave the way for a decrease in

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• in the production chain that might cause detrimental issues, for example, NP aggregation. In this respect, low-pressure plasma-based sputtering onto liquids (SoL) is a relatively new synthetic approach in which the purification step can be avoided. This technique is based on the sputtering of

• aggregation of NPs in the reaction mixture. Generally, the chemical methods are low-cost and allow one to produce large quantities of NPs; however, a couple of drawbacks can be highlighted and include contamination from precursor chemicals, use of solvents, and generation of sometimes hazardous by-products

• reversible agglomeration, irreversible aggregation, or Ostwald ripening (Figure 7) [77][79][80][83][110]. When agglomerates or aggregates form a precipitate in colloidal solution, the process is called coagulation. The fact that such secondary processes take place in a colloidal solution of primary metal NPs

Heating ability of elongated magnetic nanoparticles

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova,
• Nikolai A. Usov and
• Vladimir A. Oleinikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1404–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.104

• nanoparticles. In this work it is shown that the SAR of a dilute oriented assembly of clusters decreases by almost an order of magnitude with an increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles in a cluster in the range η = 0.04–0.2. One of the ways to prevent the aggregation of nanoparticles into dense

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

•  6b,c shows the aggregation of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles in some areas, in analogy with what has been reported in [25]. The formation of aggregates was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In correspondence with the agglomeration we observed a higher intensity of the O, Fe, and Co

• magnetic field of 50 mT was applied, while for higher values of magnetic fields the d33 value tends to decrease. This could be due to the aggregation of the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles forced by intense magnetic fields, resulting in a reduced alignment efficiency of the polymeric chains, as suggested in [25

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• D is then estimated by [43][51]: This analysis also predicts the power law governing the growth within the fractal space. Growth of fractals in unique geometrical patterns has been predominantly a subject of theoretical treatment. The diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) model was proposed in 1981

• , better sensing characteristics can be expected. Thus, fractal geometries show great prospect to be considered as sensor templates, regardless of the used material. The nucleation, growth, and diffusion-limited aggregation of nanoparticles results in the formation of interesting fractal morphologies with

• length scales depicting the change in fractal geometry as a function of the fractal dimensions D and L. Figure 2a was adapted with permission from [48], © 2009 Geological Society of Malaysia. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0 (b) Diffusion-limited aggregation. Random aggregate of 3600 particles on

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• molecule, on a SiO2 surface. The simulations reveal the processes driving the initial phase of nanostructure formation during FEBID, including the nucleation of Pt atoms and the formation of small metal clusters on the surface, followed by their aggregation and the formation of dendritic platinum

• process, including nucleation of Pt atoms, formation of small metal clusters on the surface followed by their aggregation, and eventually, the formation of dendritic platinum nanostructures. The morphology of the nanostructures grown during the FEBID process has not yet been thoroughly investigated on the

• number of PF3 ligands attached due to lower fragmentation probability in this region. The presence of the ligands prevents dense packing and aggregation of isolated metal clusters. As a result, the height of the deposited structures in this region is higher than that within the beam spot area. The region

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• cancer cells [50]. Furthermore, naphthalimide (NI) derivatives can also be used as end-capping materials for amino acids. Naphthalimide has unique photophysical properties and photostability as a luminescent material for aggregation-induced emission (AIE), which can display high emission properties in

• the aggregated state and can be used for imaging [51]. Importantly, NI exhibits hydrophobicity and π–π stacking due to the aromatic moieties, and is prone to dynamic aggregation, which can be used in self-assembled construction units [52]. For example, Hsu et al. [53] self-assembled NI and

• , indicating that hMSCs had a high viability in the supramolecular hydrogel formed by NI-Phe. Sarkar et al. synthesized amphiphilic molecules containing NI and histidine which formed fluorescent organic nanoparticles with J-aggregation in water/DMSO, exhibiting high emissivity upon aggregation. These particles

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• deployment in drug delivery is contingent upon controlled drug loading and a desired release profile, with simultaneous biocompatibility and cellular targeting. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), being biocompatible, are used as drug carriers. However, to prevent aggregation of bare IONPs, they are coated

• , with reduced size or aggregation [11][13][14]. In this regard, the use of drugs as both a stabilizing agent and an antibiotic could prove to be beneficial. To this end, an understanding of drug–nanoparticle interactions can enable the identification of key parameters for optimal drug loading and drug

• File 1, Table S1). Characterization of uncoated iron oxide nanoparticles and NOR Uncoated iron oxide nanoparticles (UIONPs) exhibited a hydrodynamic diameter (from DLS) greater than 1000 nm, which was due to the aggregation of ≈10 nm individual UIONPs, as observed by TEM (Figure 2a,b). The size

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• and 35 nm (Figure 4b), with the particle fraction of a size around 35 nm found more frequently (Figure 4c). Together with the finding that the type I nanoparticles were also around 35 nm in diameter (see Figure 1), this led to the assumption that there was an aggregation and merging step from the type

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• , and morphology of the products in chemical synthesis. This is also evident from the studies tabulated in Table 2, where the obtained shapes are given together with the eutectic mixture and precursor material used [79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87]. The aggregation/agglomeration of nanoparticles in

• stability of the nanoparticles is governed by the capping agent, which prevents the aggregation of nanoparticles. Several capping agents such as CTAB, citrate, polymers, and carbohydrates are extensively used to stabilize nanoparticles in their colloidal state [99]. The capping agents govern the

• aggregation and sedimentation above pH 5 [117]. The stability was enhanced upon adhesion of carrageenan to the nanoparticle surface rendering it negatively charged. Although there are little reports on using carrageenan as a safe and sustainable component for synthesizing plasmonic metal nanomaterials, the

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• , caused aggregation of the resulting positively charged Ag NPs. Nevertheless, the proposed approach enabled the successful analysis of a number of negatively charged analytes. Silver NPs treated with polyethylenimine, spermine, or spermidine were successfully used for the detection of negatively charged

• absence of NP aggregation in the presence of multicharged metal ions. Considering the strong tendency of multicharged ions to destabilize colloidal systems [26][27][28] even at low concentrations, this observation is surprising. It should be noted that it is difficult to control the aggregation of NPs in

• possible to exploit different techniques of functionalization. To avoid different effects related to the aggregation of NPs we used Ag NPs immobilized by adsorption as a convenient and reproducible SERS substrate for the investigation of the chemical treatment of the Ag surface with different reagents. To

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• work by King provided the mathematical basis [93]. The ARF can be divided into primary and secondary forces. Primary forces are applied to single particles, while secondary forces cause particle–particle interactions. Moreover, primary forces cause migration and aggregation of the particles in an

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• antimicrobial surface activity obtained with Ag/HNT-8/DIO is consistent with expectations, as well dispersed nanoparticles tend to have higher surface energy. The difference in aggregation between both samples may be explained in terms of matrix polarity. Polymer molecules are polarized to some degree