Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors

• Tomasz Marszalek,
• Maciej Gazicki-Lipman and
• Jacek Ulanski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1532–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.155

• with the accompanying chemical reactions, is presented in Figure 1. There is a number of advantages of the parylene technology. First of all, being a gas-phase diffusion-controlled process, it yields smooth pinhole-free conformal coatings with excellent penetration abilities. Second, there are several

• parylene layer, assures a sufficient protection of OFETs against oxygen and water, which is especially important for transistors with n-type channels. Schematic representation of the deposition process of Parylene C with the respective chemical reactions. Reprinted with permission from [28], copyright 2016

Spin-chemistry concepts for spintronics scientists

• Konstantin L. Ivanov,
• Alexander Wagenpfahl,
• Carsten Deibel and
• Jörg Matysik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1427–1445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.143

• Introduction In general, chemical reactions are discussed in terms of thermodynamics: reaction enthalpy, reaction entropy and free energy. It is also recognized that steric and charge effects can lead to kinetic control of the reaction dynamics by introduction of activation energies. In some cases, chemical

• chemistry as a new field, which was initially mainly run by physical organic chemists as well as EPR and NMR spectroscopists. The discovery of CIDEP and CIDNP was followed by reports of MFE [8][9] on chemical reactions and MIE [10][11]. All these effects originate from the spin-conserving nature of most

• chemical reactions and from singlet–triplet interconversion in radical pairs, which is sensitive to external magnetic fields and local hyperfine fields of magnetic nuclei. Although experiments have been done in gas phase (see Sections IV.A and V.A of [2] and the references therein) and in solid state (e.g

A top-down approach for fabricating three-dimensional closed hollow nanostructures with permeable thin metal walls

• Carlos Angulo Barrios and
• Víctor Canalejas-Tejero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1231–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.124

• –gel chemical reactions [1][2][3][4][5]. These procedures allow the synthesis of disperse, hollow nanostructures with precise control of their physical and chemical properties, such as size, shape, material composition and structural characteristics of the shell (thickness, permeability and surface

Energy-level alignment at interfaces between manganese phthalocyanine and C₆₀

• Daniel Waas,
• Florian Rückerl,
• Martin Knupfer and
• Bernd Büchner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 927–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.94

• interfaces as discussed below. There is no evidence for any additional contribution to the spectra and all spectra can be well described by a superposition of the spectra of pure C60 and MnPc. This clearly indicates the absence of chemical reactions at the interface studied here, as otherwise additional

Photo-ignition process of multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferrocene by continuous wave Xe lamp illumination

• Paolo Visconti,
• Patrizio Primiceri,
• Daniele Longo,
• Luciano Strafella,
• Paolo Carlucci,
• Mauro Lomascolo,
• Arianna Cretì and
• Giuseppe Mele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 134–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.14

• process (b). Chemical reactions relative to photo-induced electron and energy transfer in MWNTs–FeCp2 nanocomposites occurring during the photo-induced ignition process. Solvent type and amount of ferrocene used in this work.

Nanocrystalline TiO₂/SnO₂ heterostructures for gas sensing

• Barbara Lyson-Sypien,
• Anna Kusior,
• Mieczylaw Rekas,
• Jan Zukrowski,
• Marta Gajewska,
• Katarzyna Michalow-Mauke,
• Thomas Graule,
• Marta Radecka and
• Katarzyna Zakrzewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 108–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.12

• , oxygen adsorption and semiconducting behavior at higher temperatures. As can be seen in Figure 8b, for SnO2-rich heterostructures Tmax is about 100–125 °C, while for TiO2-rich heterostructures as shown in Figure 8c, Tmax is much higher within the range of 200–250 °C. From the thermodynamics of chemical

• reactions it is well known that oxygen adsorption (described, e.g., by the coverage degree Γ) is an exothermic process and decreases with temperature [34]. Under the experimental conditions this situation is given when the adsorption processes remain in thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e., at temperatures

Numerical investigation of depth profiling capabilities of helium and neon ions in ion microscopy

• Patrick Philipp,
• Lukasz Rzeznik and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1749–1760, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.168

• dynamics (MD) simulations, possible changes in the sample upon irradiation due to chemical reactions, as they are included in reactive force fields [27][28][29], are not contained in the model, but SD_TRIM_SP has the advantage to allow for the simulation of high fluences up in the 1018 ions/cm2 range, i.e

Enhanced detection of nitrogen dioxide via combined heating and pulsed UV operation of indium oxide nano-octahedra

• Oriol Gonzalez,
• Sergio Roso,
• Xavier Vilanova and
• Eduard Llobet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1507–1518, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.144

• sensors using ultraviolet (UV) activated metal oxides [13][14][15][16]. These works employ UV light as an energy efficient alternative to heating for activating chemical reactions occurring at the surface of metal oxides during gas detection. This approach could significantly cut power consumption in

Viability and proliferation of endothelial cells upon exposure to GaN nanoparticles

• Tudor Braniste,
• Ion Tiginyanu,
• Tibor Horvath,
• Simion Raevschi,
• Serghei Cebotari,
• Marco Lux,
• Axel Haverich and
• Andres Hilfiker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1330–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.124

• epitaxy (HVPE) in two stages, as previously described [29]. Metallic gallium, ammonia (NH3) gas, hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas, and hydrogen (H2) were used as source materials and carrier gases. In the source zone, GaCl was formed as a result of chemical reactions between gaseous HCl and liquid Ga. GaCl and

Functional diversity of resilin in Arthropoda

• Jan Michels,
• Esther Appel and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1241–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.115

• by single conventional dyes. Chemical reactions with the Masson and Mallory dyes were mentioned to stain resilin red. Staining of resilin with aqueous solutions of methylene blue and toluidine blue is a common method and can provide good information about the presence and distribution of resilin

Influence of synthesis conditions on microstructure and phase transformations of annealed Sr₂FeMoO_6−x nanopowders formed by the citrate–gel method

• Marta Yarmolich,
• Nikolai Kalanda,
• Sergey Demyanov,
• Herman Terryn,
• Jon Ustarroz,
• Maksim Silibin and
• Gennadii Gorokh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1202–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.111

• , independent of the pH of the initial solutions. It can be seen that the synthesis of the solid solution of strontium ferromolybdate proceeds through a number of parallel chemical reactions that leads to several phase transformation processes. It can be seen in the XRD data presented in Figure 2 that during

• through a series of parallel chemical reactions with the formation of intermediate phases SrMoO4, SrCO3 and Fe3O4, and its relative amount is reduced with increasing temperature. This leads to an increased amount of Sr2FeMoO6−x phase. Therefore, the lowest amount of strontium molybdate was observed for T

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• reactive plasma. The functional groups attached at the defect sites of MLG and CNTs can undergo further chemical reactions including but not limited to silanation, thiolation, esterification, polymer grafting, alkylation and arylation. Functionalization changes the nature of the CNTs from hydrophobic to

Experimental and simulation-based investigation of He, Ne and Ar irradiation of polymers for ion microscopy

• Lukasz Rzeznik,
• Yves Fleming,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.104

• depending on sample composition, but the emission of volatile compounds and chemical reactions taking place in the sample under ion irradiation are not taken into account. The latter include reactions between oxygen and carbon as well as the change of hybridisation for carbon. These different aspects can

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques III

• Thilo Glatzel and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1052–1054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.98

• and compared with theoretical predictions [12][13], and local charges within single molecules can be measured [14][15], however, the quantification is still under intense discussion. Chemical reactions are triggered and imaged by the AFM tip [16][17] and of course the technique is not limited to

NO gas sensing at room temperature using single titanium oxide nanodot sensors created by atomic force microscopy nanolithography

• Li-Yang Hong and
• Heh-Nan Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1044–1051, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.97

• chemisorbed oxygen ions (O2−(ads)) and nitric oxide ions (NO−(ads)) prior to UV irradiation, which are shown in Figure 7a and Figure 7b. The chemical reactions for NO are described by [20][38]: Without UV illumination, the chemisorbed ions are too stable to be removed by pumping. Under UV illumination, the

• ions are first neutralized by photogenerated holes and then react again with photogenerated electrons [13], which is shown in Figure 7c. The chemical reactions for NO can be similarly described by: Unlike the chemisorbed ions, the photoinduced ions (O2−(hν) and NO−(hν)) are only weakly bound to the ND

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• lamellar crystal. Thus, the surfaces of these crystals were covered by side-branches. By using carboxyl groups as side-branches, which allow for chemical reactions, we could functionalize the crystal with semiconducting molecules. Here, we compare properties of crystals differing in size: small

• . Consequently, the surface of such lamellar crystals will be covered by side-groups. With an appropriate choice of these groups, chemical reactions may be performed at such surfaces. Thus, such lamellae covered with side-groups represent smooth surfaces with functional groups, which allow for a covalent

• chemical reactions. From the analysis of AFM height images of CPE45 nanocrystal films, we found that most nanocrystals were actually considerably thicker than 5 nm. Therefore, we concluded that surfaces of nanocrystals were not covered by carboxyl groups only, but contained also a significant amount of

Microwave solvothermal synthesis and characterization of manganese-doped ZnO nanoparticles

• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Roman Mukhovskyi,
• Elzbieta Pietrzykowska,
• Sylwia Kusnieruk,
• Jan Mizeracki and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 721–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.64

• properties proves a very complex and problematic task. Obtaining Zn1−xMnxO nanomaterials with reproducible optoelectronic and magnetic properties remains an unsolved issue. Differing properties of the obtained Zn1−xMnxO result from the complexity of chemical reactions and the limitations of the currently

• properties in the case of Zn1−xMnxO is the lack of control over the doping impact on the formation of oxygen vacancies, crystalline lattice defects and dopant clusters [48]. It is presumed that there are several competitive chemical reactions in the reaction of Zn1−xMnxO synthesis, such as the oxidisation of

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

• , surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection and catalysis of chemical reactions. Furthermore, biocompatible and functionalized NPs have applications in diagnosis and treatment of cancer. For these two purposes, fluorescent and magnetic nanocrystals for detection of tumors and also nanosystems for

Light-powered, artificial molecular pumps: a minimalistic approach

• Giulio Ragazzon,
• Massimo Baroncini,
• Serena Silvi,
• Margherita Venturi and
• Alberto Credi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2096–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.214

• closed path of chemical reactions, the cycling probability is the same in both directions, unless energy is introduced into the system, as it happens in the present case in the form of light [33]. The supply of energy, however, is not a sufficient condition to bring the system out of equilibrium. In the

• energy maxima and minima, induced by light, enables the directionally controlled threading and dethreading of the molecular components. Structure formula and schematic representation of the examined molecular components. Self-assembly chemical reactions (horizontal processes) and photochemical

Materials for sustainable energy production, storage, and conversion

• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1601–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.163

• well as their function when integrated into a battery electrode. Not only can a better understanding of the transport processes and chemical reactions at the microscale be gathered, but also the development of strategies for optimizing the electrode. Such a multiscale modeling approach is presented

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• being introduced into in situ TEM, include mechanical stress [106][107], electrical stimuli [108], and chemical reactions in the gas phase or in liquid cells [50]. Although only a few studies using in situ TEM on carbon-based nanomaterials have been reported, an increase can certainly be expected. For

Improved optical limiting performance of laser-ablation-generated metal nanoparticles due to silica-microsphere-induced local field enhancement

• Zheren Du,
• Lianwei Chen,
• Tsung-Sheng Kao,
• Mengxue Wu and
• Minghui Hong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1199–1204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.122

• the nanoparticle dispersion. Keywords: laser ablation; local field enhancement; microspheres; nanoparticles; optical limiting; Introduction Laser ablation in liquid (LAL) is a versatile technique to fabricate nanoparticles. Conventional synthesis of nanoparticles by chemical reactions is usually

The convenient preparation of stable aryl-coated zerovalent iron nanoparticles

• Olga A. Guselnikova,
• Andrey I. Galanov,
• Anton K. Gutakovskii and
• Pavel S. Postnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1192–1198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.121

• borohydride were purchased from Aldrich and were used without further purification. Deionized water was used for all chemical reactions. All the solvents were obtained from Aldrich and used as received. Powder X-ray diffraction data were collected on a Shimadzu XRD-7000 diffractometer (30 min) using Cu Kα

Multiscale modeling of lithium ion batteries: thermal aspects

• Arnulf Latz and
• Jochen Zausch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 987–1007, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.102

• interface of electrolyte and active particles or the complex chemical reactions leading to the growth of the SEI, plating and electrochemical reactions initiated in the bulk of the electrolyte at high potentials. A successful strategy for the development of predictive theories and simulation tools has

Simple approach for the fabrication of PEDOT-coated Si nanowires

• Mingxuan Zhu,
• Marielle Eyraud,
• Judikael Le Rouzo,
• Nadia Ait Ahmed,
• Florence Boulc’h,
• Claude Alfonso,
• Philippe Knauth and
• François Flory

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 640–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.65

• as a catalyst for the SiNWs etching, which was carried out for 2 min. The Ag catalyst was finally (Step 3) dissolved by immersion into 69% HNO3 for 30 min. The chemical reactions associated to each step are the following: Step 1: 4Ag+ + Si + 6F− → 4Ag + SiF62− Step 2: 2H2O2 + 4H+ + Si + 6F− → 4H2O